Transient Bending of A Piezoelectric Circular Plate

International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 46 (2004) 18451859
Transient bending of a piezoelectric circular plate

X.Z. Zhang
a
, M. Veidt
b,
, S. Kitipornchai
c
a
Department of Aircraft Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian 710072, Peoples Republic of China
b
Division of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
c
Department of Building and Construction, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong
Received 27 September 2003; received in revised form 2 September 2004; accepted 7 October 2004
Available online 1 December 2004
Abstract
Thin, piezoelectric circular plates are frequently used as active components in transducer and smart
materials applications. This paper reports on the exact, explicit solution for the transient motion of a
piezoelectric circular plate, built-in or simply supported on the edge and electrically grounded over the
entire surface. Expressed by elementary Bessel functions and obtained via exact inverse Laplace transforms,
the solution enables the efcient calculation of accurate system parameters.
r 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Piezoelectric disc; Transient behaviour; Bending; Circular plate
1. Introduction
Mechanically and electrically sensitive and controllable piezoelectric materials and components
are widely recognised as one of the most important resources for the development of advanced
self-monitoring and self-adaptive structures, e.g. Ref. [1]. Thus, many investigations have studied
electro-mechanical coupling effects in piezoelectric plates and shells with various congurations,
e.g. Refs. [25]. Of particular signicance for the current investigation is the problem of a thin,
circular, piezoelectric plate under axisymmetric loading. In addition to being a basic engineering
ARTICLE IN PRESS
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doi:10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2004.10.002
Corresponding author. Tel.: +61 7 3365 3621; fax: +61 7 3365 4799.
E-mail address: m.veidt@uq.edu.au (M. Veidt).
structure, its geometry and loading conditions are particularly t for modelling piezoelectric
transducers and sensors, components widely used in laboratories as well as in service.
For isotropic elastic materials, a good account of axisymmetric static bending of circular plates
is recorded in Ref. [6]. Similar problems for piezoelectric materials are discussed in Refs. [7,8].
Natural vibrations of circular plates are treated in Refs. [911] for elastic and in Ref. [8] for
piezoelectric materials. The reported natural vibration mode solutions are expressed as linear
combinations of Bessel functions of two different kinds. Due to this encumbrance, the natural
frequency equations are complicated and difcult to solve. Attempting to bypass this difculty,
irregular boundary conditions are sometimes invoked, which are rarely encountered in real
applications. This accounts for the fact that few references are available for the transient motion
in elastic materials [12,13], for piezoelectric materials, to our knowledge, there is none.
This article investigates the transient bending characteristics of a thin, piezoelectric circular
plate under axisymmetric, mechanical loading, electrically grounded over the whole surface and
built-in or simply supported at the edge. Using classical theory of plates, e.g. Ref. [6], and the
theory of electric potential, e.g. Ref. [2], for piezoelectric materials, exact, explicit solutions are
developed. The space-dependent terms of the transient solution are expressed in terms of a single,
elementary Bessel function, whose analytic behaviour and numerical evaluation are readily
available, and the explicit time history of the solution is obtained by precise inverse Laplace
transformation. Thus, accurate results of system characteristics can easily be obtained applying
simple numerical procedures.
2. Formulation of the problem
A thin, circular plate (radius a, thickness h, h5a) is considered made from a transversely
isotropic piezoelectric material of crystal class 6mm [2]. Initially, it is assumed that the plate is
built-in at edge r a and grounded electrically over the entire surface. Axisymmetric deformation
of the plate is caused by static tensile traction qr; acting on the top surface z h=2 and
distributed symmetrically about the axis r 0; Fig. 1.
Due to symmetry, the displacements and strains in the plate are expressed as [14]
u ur; z; v 0; w wr; z;
r

qu
qr
;
y

u
r
;
z

qw
qz
; g
yz
0; g
zr

qw
qr

qu
qz
; g
ry
0; (1)
ARTICLE IN PRESS
r
z
a
h
q(r)
Fig. 1. Sketch of piezoelectric circular disc with major system parameters.
X.Z. Zhang et al. / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 46 (2004) 18451859 1846
where u; v; w are the displacement components in the radial, circumferential and axial direction,
respectively, and
r
;
y
;
z
; g
yz
; g
zr
; g
ry
are the corresponding normal and engineering shearing
strains.
In piezoelectric materials, mechanical strains and electric eld strength components are
coupled. For a class 6mm material, the constitutive relations describing the coupling are [2]
s
r
s
y
s
z
t
yz
t
zr
t
ry
_
_
_
c
11
c
12
c
13
0 0 0
c
12
c
11
c
13
0 0 0
c
13
c
13
c
33
0 0 0
0 0 0 c
44
0 0
0 0 0 0 c
44
0
0 0 0 0 0 c
66
_
_
_
z
g
yz
g
zr
g
ry
_
_
_
0 0 e
31
0 0 e
31
0 0 e
33
0 e
15
0
e
15
0 0
0 0 0
_
_
_
_
E
r
E
y
E
z
_
_
_
_;
with
c
66
c
11
c
12
=2 (2)
and
D
r
D
y
D
z
_
_
_
_
0 0 0 0 e
15
0
0 0 0 e
15
0 0
e
31
e
31
e
33
0 0 0
_
_
_
z
g
yz
g
zr
g
ry
_
_
_
11
0 0
0
11
0
0 0
33
_
_
_
_
E
r
E
y
E
z
_
_
_
_; (3)
where D
r
; . . . are dielectric displacements; E
r
; . . . electric eld strengths; c
11
; . . . stiffnesses; s
r
; . . .
normal and shearing stresses; e
15
; . . . piezoelectric constants; and
11
; . . . permittivities.
Axisymmetry of the problem requires
D
r
D
r
r; z; E
r
E
r
r; z; D
y
E
y
0; D
z
D
z
r; z; E
z
E
z
r; z: (4)
The solution to the problem is developed on the basis of classic thin plate theory, e.g. Ref. [6],
which reduces the three displacement components to a single function, viz. the mid-plane
deection of the plate, wr; 0 wr; by assuming
r

d
2
w
dr
2
z;
y

1
r
dw
dr
z; g
zr
0: (5)
In addition, the thin plate theory assumption s
z
0 within the plate yields
z

e
33
E
z
c
13
r

y
c
33
: (6)
With Eqs. (2) and (6), s
r
and s
y
in the plate are written as
s
r
c
11
r
c
12
y
e
31
E
z
; s
y
c
12
r
c
11
y
e
31
E
z
; (7)
ARTICLE IN PRESS
where
c
11
c
11

c
2
13
c
33
; c
12
c
12

c
2
13
c
33
; e
31
e
31

c
13
c
33
e
33
: (8)
Multiplying the two sides of Eqs. (7) by z and integrating the resulting equations with respect to z
in interval [h=2; h=2] yields the bending moments
M
r

h
3
12
c
11
d
2
w
dr
2
c
12
1
r
dw
dr
_ _
e
31
_
h=2
h=2
E
z
r; zz dz;
M
y

h
3
12
c
12
d
2
w
dr
2
c
11
1
r
dw
dr
_ _
e
31
_
h=2
h=2
E
z
r; zz dz: (9)
Introducing Eqs. (5)(9) into the moment balance equations for the plate
M
r
r
dM
r
dr
M
y
Qrr 0 with Qr
1
r
_
r
0
q r r d r (10)
results in the equilibrium equation for the plate
r
2
r
2
w
qr
D

e
31
D
r
2
E
z0
r with r
2
d
2
dr
2

1
r
d
dr
; (11)
where
D
c
11
h
3
12
and E
z0
r
_
h=2
h=2
E
z
r; zz dz: (12)
As for the electric displacements, one obtains employing Eqs. (3) and (5)
D
r

11
E
r
; D
y
0; D
z
e
31
r

y

33
E
z
; (13)
where

33

33

e
2
33
c
33
: (14)
Substituting Eqs. (13) into the equation of electrostatics for axisymmetric problems, e.g. Ref. [2]
qD
r
qr

D
r
r

qD
z
qz
0 (15)
and employing Eq. (5) yields
11
qE
r
qr

E
r
r
_ _

33
dE
z
dz
e
31
r
2
w: (16)
Introducing the electric potential jr; z and the coordinate transformation according to Eqs. (17)
E
r

qj
qr
; E
z

qj
qz
; z
11

33
_
z; (17)
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Eq. (16) becomes
q
2
j
qr
2

1
r
qj
qr

q
2
j
q z
2

e
31
11
r
2
w: (18)
The problem is therefore formulated to nd the solution of the two coupled partial differential
equations (11) and (18) in association with the following mechanical and electrical boundary
conditions and symmetry constraints for the built-in, fully grounded piezoelectric plate
r 0 :
dw
dr
0; r a : w
dw
dr
0; (19)
r a : j 0; z
h
2
: j 0; z
h
2
: j 0: (20)
3. Solution for the static problem
The complete piezoelectric solution to the static problem is composed of two solutions: (i) for
the plate under the action of qr and allowing for a certain amount of radial bending moment
along the edge and (ii) for the plate under the action of a radial bending moment applied at the
edge. The complete solution is a suitable superposition of the two solutions, ensuring that the
condition dw=dr 0 holds at r a: The solution is therefore written in the form
wr ~ wr wr; jr; z ~ jr; z jr; z: (21)
To nd the rst solution, we assume
~ wr
1
j1
A
j
J
0
a
j
r; ~ jr; z
1
j1
B
j
g
j
zJ
0
a
j
r: (22)
Meanwhile, qr=D is expanded into a series in terms of Bessel functions, as
qr
D
q
1
J
0
a
1
r q
2
J
0
a
2
r ; (23)
with
q
j

2
a
2
1
J
2
1
a
j
a
_
a
0
rqrJ
0
a
j
r dr; j 1; 2; . . . : (24)
In Eqs. (22)(24), J
0
ar and J
1
ar are Bessel functions of the rst kind of order zero and one,
respectively, e.g. Ref. [15], and a
j
are the positive roots of
J
0
aa 0: (25)
Substituting Eq. (22) into Eq. (18) results in equations of the form
B
j
g
00
j
z a
2
j
g
j
z
e
31
11
a
2
j
A
j
; j 1; 2; . . . : (26)
g z is determined using
g
00
j
z a
2
j
g
j
z a
2
j
(27)
ARTICLE IN PRESS
and boundary conditions (20), which results in
g
j
z 1
cosha
j
z
cosh
a
j
h
2
_ _; B
j

e
31
11
A
j
with

h
11

33
_
h: (28)
Eqs. (22) and (28) are substituted into Eqs. (17), which yields
~
E
z
r; z
11

33
_
q
~
f
q z

11

33
_

1
j1
B
j
a
j
sinha
j
z
cosh
a
j
h
2
_ _J
0
a
j
r;
~
E
z0
r

33
11
_
h=2
h=2
~
E
z
r; z z d z

33
11
_

1
j1
B
j

h
2
a
j
tanh
a
j
h
2
_ _ _ _
J
0
a
j
r;
r
2
~
E
z0
r

33
11
_

1
j1
B
j
a
2
j
2
a
j
tanh
a
j
h
2
_ _

h
_ _
J
0
a
j
r: (29)
Substituting Eqs. (22), (28) and (29) into Eq. (11) and equating the individual j-terms gives
A
j

q
j
a
4
j
C
j
; C
j

e
2
31
D

33
3
11
a
2
j
2
a
j
tanh
a
j
h
2
_ _

h
_ _
: (30)
The rst solution, ~ wr and ~ jr; z; satises Eqs. (11), (18), (19) and (20), except the boundary
condition dwr=dr 0 at r a: To satisfy this condition, the second solution, wr and jr; z; is
considered. Let wr have the form
wr Cr
2
a
2
w
1
r; (31)
where constant C and function w
1
r have to be determined. Substituting Eq. (31) into Eqs. (11)
and (18) with qr 0; it is found that w
1
r and jr; z must satisfy the following equations:
r
2
r
2
w
1

e
31
D
r
2
E
z0
; (32)
q
2
j
qr
2

1
r
q j
qr

q
2
j
q z
2

e
31
11
r
2
w
1
4C: (33)
The second solutions are expanded in the similar way as the rst solutions, viz.
w
1
r
1
j1
F
j
J
0
a
j
r and jr; z
1
j1
G
j
g
j
zJ
0
a
j
r; (34)
with g
j
z given in Eq. (28). Following similar steps than those used to derive A
j
and B
j
; one
obtains
F
j

1
a
2
j
q
j
C
j
C
a
4
j
C
j
; G
j

e
31
11
F
j

q
j
C
a
2
j
_ _
; j 1; 2; . . . ; (35)
ARTICLE IN PRESS
with
q
j

8
aa
j
J
1
a
j
a
: (36)
It has to be noted that for j 1; 2; . . . ; C
j
is negative, becoming zero only in the unrealistic case of
h 0: Therefore, for

ha0; a
4
j
C
j
in Eq. (35) is always greater than zero, making F
j
always
bounded.
The second solution, wr and jr; z satises Eqs. (11) with qr 0; (18), (19) and (20), except
the boundary condition dwr=dr 0 at r a: This boundary condition
r a :
d ~ wr wr
dr
0 (37)
results in a linear, algebraic equation for C, whose value can easily be determined. Hence, the
functions wr ~ wr wr and jr; z ~ jr; z jr; z are known and describe the exact,
complete static solution.
4. Solution for the transient problem
For the transient problem, in which the inertia force and the time dependence of the unknown
functions must be taken into consideration, Eqs. (11) and (18) need to be rewritten as
r
2
r
2
wr; t
rh
D
q
2
wr; t
qt
2

qr; t
D

e
31
D
r
2
E
z0
r; t; (38)
r
2
jr; z; t
q
2
jr; z; t
q z
2

e
31
11
r
2
wr; t with r
2
q
2
qr
2

1
r
q
qr
: (39)
The boundary conditions are the same as Eqs. (19) and (20), and the initial conditions are
t 0 : w _ w j _ j 0: (40)
For the external load qr; t in Eq. (38) we assume
qr; t qrHt; (41)
where qr is given, and Ht is the Heaviside step function.
Introducing the Laplace transforms
w
r; s
_
1
0
wr; te
st
dt and j
r; z; s
_
1
0
jr; z; te
st
dt: (42)
Eqs. (38) and (39) become
r
2
r
2
w
r; s
rhs
2
D
w
r; s
qr
sD

e
31
D
r
2
E
z0
r; s; (43)
r
2
j
r; z; s
q
2
j
r; z; s
q z
2

e
31
11
r
2
w
r; s: (44)
ARTICLE IN PRESS
The unknown functions in Eqs. (43) and (44) contain the transform parameter s, otherwise the
two equations resemble the equations for the static case, Eqs. (11) and (18). Therefore, the
solution to Eqs. (43) and (44) can be obtained similarly. The transient solutions are written in
terms of two solutions as
w
r; s ~ w
r; s w
r; s;
j
r; z; s ~ j
r; z; s j
r; z; s: (45)
For the rst solution we assume
~ w
r; s
1
j1
A
j
sJ
0
a
j
r; ~ j
r; z; s
1
j1
B
j
sg
j
zJ
0
a
j
r: (46)
Substituting Eqs. (46) into Eq. (44) yields
B
j
s
e
31
11
A
j
s; (47)
and g
j
z is given in Eq. (28). Substituting Eqs. (46) and (47) into Eq. (43) yields
A
j
s
q
j
s
1
rhs
2
D
a
4
j
C
j
; C
j

e
2
31
D

33
3
11
a
2
j
2
a
j
tanh
a
j
h
2
_ _

h
_ _
; (48)
where q
j
is given in Eq. (24).
The rst solution satises Eqs. (43), (44) and the transformed initial and boundary conditions,
apart from dw
r; s=dr 0 at r a; which cannot be satised by the rst solution alone. To

satisfy this condition, the second terms, w
r; s and j
r; z; s; are required. Let the former be in

the form
w
r; s w
1
r; s w
2
r; s with w
1
r; s Csr
2
a
2
; (49)
where Cs is an unknown function. w
2
r; s and j
r; z; s must satisfy
r
2
r
2
w
2

rhs
2
D
w
n
2

rhs
2
Csr
2
a
2
D

e
31
D
r
2
E
z0
; (50)
r
2
j

q
2
j
q z
2

e
31
11
r
2
4Cs w
2
r; s: (51)
An additional expansion is introduced as
rhr
2
a
2
D
c
1
J
0
a
1
r c
2
J
0
a
2
r ;
with
c
j

4rh
D
J
2
a
j
a
a
2
j
J
2
1
a
j
a
; j 1; 2; . . . ; (52)
where J
2
ar is the Bessel function of the rst kind of order two.
ARTICLE IN PRESS
The unknown functions in Eqs. (50) and (51) are assumed as
w
2
r; s
1
j1
F
j
sJ
0
a
j
r; j
r; z; s
1
j1
G
j
sg
j
zJ
0
a
j
r: (53)
Following similar steps to the ones outlined in the development of the static solution, one obtains
a
2
j
G
j
s
e
31
11
a
2
j
F
j
s q
j
Cs;
a
4
j

rhs
2
D
_ _
F
j
s Cs s
2
c
j

q
j
C
j
a
2
j
_ _
C
j
F
j
s: (54)
Solving Eqs. (54) yields
F
j
s
Cs s
2
c
j

q
j
C
j
a
2
j
_ _
rhs
2
D
a
4
j
C
j
; G
j
s
e
31
11
F
j
s
q
j
Cs
a
2
j
_ _
: (55)
The solutions w
r and j
r; z in Eq. (45) satisfy Eqs. (43), (44) and all initial and boundary
conditions in the problem, providing Cs is xed to full
r a :
d ~ w
n
dr

dw
1
dr

dw
n
2
dr
0; (56)
where based on Eqs. (46), (49) and (53) the solutions of the individual terms are
d ~ w
dr

1
j1
a
j
A
j
sJ
1
a
j
a;
dw
1
dr
2Csa and
dw
2
dr

1
j1
a
j
F
j
sJ
1
a
j
a: (57)
Consequently, Cs must be
Cs
Ps
Qs
; (58)
with
Ps
1
j1
a
j
q
j
DJ
1
a
j
a
rh
1
s
1
s
2
a
2
j
; a
j

D
rh
a
4
j
C
j
;
Qs 2a
D
rh
1
j1
c
j
s
2
q
j
C
j
a
2
j
s
2
a
2
j
a
j
J
1
a
j
a: (59)
ARTICLE IN PRESS
To prepare for inverse Laplace transformation, Cs is rewritten as
Cs
1
s
1
j1
L
j
Q
j
s
; (60)
where
L
j

a
j
q
j
DJ
1
a
j
a
rh
;
Q
j
s F
0
s
2
a
2
j

1
k1
C
k

j1
k1
a
2
j
a
2
k
C
k
s
2
a
2
k
1
kj1
a
2
j
a
2
k
C
k
s
2
a
2
k
;
with
F
0
2a
D
rh
1
k1
c
k
a
k
J
1
a
k
a;
C
k

Da
k
J
1
a
k
a
rh
c
k
a
2
k

q
k
C
k
a
2
k
_ _
: (61)
The inverse Laplace transform is applied to w
r; s and j
r; z; s to obtain the nal solution in

the time domain. The inversions of A
j
s and B
j
s in Eqs. (47) and (48) are easily obtained using
standard Laplace transform tables, e.g. Ref. [16]. Denoting the inversion of As by At; the result
for A
j
s is
A
j
t L
1
A
j
s
q
j
a
4
j
C
j
1 cosa
j
t; j 1; 2; . . . : (62)
The result for B
j
s follows directly from Eqs. (47) and (62)
B
j
t L
1
B
j
s
e
31
11
q
j
a
4
j
C
j
1 cosa
j
t; j 1; 2; . . . : (63)
To obtain the inversions of F
j
s and G
j
s in Eqs. (55), rst consider the inversion of Cs and
Cs=s
2
a
2
k
: Cs is a regular function in the entire s-plane, except at s 0 and the poles of Qs:
It can be shown that all the zeros of Qs are distinct, consisting of conjugate pure imaginary
numbers, i.e. s s
1
i; s
1
i; s
2
i; s
2
i; . . . ; where s
1
; s
2
; . . . are positive numbers. Therefore, Cs has
simple poles at s 0; s
1
i; s
1
i; s
2
i; s
2
i; . . . . Based on this and applying the residue theorem [16],
we obtain
Ct L
1
Cs
1
j1
L
j
Q
j
0

1
j1
L
j
1
k1
coss
k
t
s
2
k
Q
k
_ _
;
with
Q
k
F
0

j1
n1
a
2
j
a
2
n
C
n
a
2
n
s
2
k
1
nj1
a
2
j
a
2
n
C
n
a
2
n
s
2
k
2
: (64)
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Similarly,
C
k
s
Cs
s
2
a
2
k
1
ss
2
a
2
k
1
j1
L
j
Q
j
s
; k 1; 2; . . . (65)
has simple poles at s 0; a
k
i; a
k
i; s
1
i; s
1
i; s
2
i; s
2
i; . . . with a
k
being different from the poles s
k
of Qs: Thus, the time space solution for C
k
can be written as
C
k
t L
1
C
k
s
1
a
2
k
1
j1
L
j
Q
j
0

cosa
k
t
a
2
k
1
j1
L
j
Q
j
ia
k
1
j1
L
j
1
m1
coss
m
t
s
2
m
a
2
k
s
2
m

Q
m
_ _
: 66
Employing Eqs. (64) and (66), the inversions of F
j
s and G
j
s are
F
j
t L
1
F
j
s
D
rh
c
j
Ct c
j
a
2
j

q
j
C
j
a
2
j
_ _
C
j
t
_ _
;
G
j
t L
1
G
j
s
e
31
11
Ft
q
j
a
2
j
Ct
_ _
; j 1; 2; . . . : (67)
With Eqs. (67), (64), (48) and (47) the exact, explicit solutions for the transient problem can be
written as
wr; t
1
j1
A
j
t F
j
tJ
0
a
j
r r
2
a
2
Ct;
jr; z; t
1
j1
B
j
t G
j
tg
j
zJ
0
a
j
r: (68)
The exact solutions for the bending moments M
r
r; t and M
y
r; t are obtained introducing Eqs.
(68) into Eqs. (9) and considering Eqs. (17).
5. Numerical results and discussion
This section provides solutions of parametric studies for the transient loading of piezoelectric
circular plates. It has to be noted that the purpose of the simulations are to demonstrate the
effectiveness and capability of the newly developed analytical solution and not necessarily the
discussion of a particular design or practical application. The disc has radius a 10 mm and
relative thickness h a=10: The material properties are [17]: c
11
139 GPa; c
12
78 GPa; c
13

74 GPa; c
33
115 GPa; c
44
26 GPa;
11
6:5 pF=m;
33
5:6 pF=m; e
31
5:2 C=m
2
; e
33

15:1 C=m
2
; e
15
12:7 C=m
2
and r 7500 kg=m
3
: The plate is built-in at r a and electrically
grounded on the whole surface. The external load is a 1 MPa uniform traction. The results have
been calculated including between 20 and 30 terms in the Bessel function series.
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Fig. 2 show the radial distribution of the deection at different moments in time: briey after
applying the uniform load, Fig. 2a, and later in time. The corresponding radial and circumferential
moment distributions 200 ms after loading are shown in Fig. 3. These results demonstrate that the
newly developed solution is numerically stable and enables the calculation of the plate characteristics
anywhere within the plate and for small as well as large times. The curves in Figs. 2 and 3 show that
the initial conditions (40) and boundary conditions at r 0: dw=dr 0 and at r a: w dw=dr
0 are satised. The quality of the numerical results can be quantied by calculating the residual error
if the numerical results are substituted back into the governing equations (43) and (50) and
boundary conditions (56). It is found that the equations are satised with an accuracy better than
10
18
; which is a strong indication of the quality of the numerical results.
By letting e
31
0 the electro-mechanical coupling disappears and the solution reduces to that of
a transversely isotropic circular plate. In addition, letting c
13
c
12
and c
33
c
11
reduces the
solution to that of an isotropic elastic circular plate, which is discussed for example in Ref. [9].
The solution can be extended to cover different boundary conditions. The case of a simply
supported circular plate is considered in the following. For the simply supported case the
boundary Eq. (56) has to be replaced by
r a :
~
M
r
M
r1
M
r2
0; (69)
where
~
M
r
r; s
1
j1
E
j
A
j
s; E
j
b
1j
J
1
a
j
a b
2j

D
a
2
j
C
j
_ _
J
0
a
j
a;
ARTICLE IN PRESS
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
r/a []
r/a []
w

[
n
m
]

t = 0.2s
t = 0
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
t = 8s t = 2s
w

[
n
m
]

(a)
(b)
Fig. 2. Radial distribution of deection: (a) shortly after the application of the load and (b) later in time.
b
1j

h
3
12
a
j
c
11
c
12
a
; b
2j

h
3
12
c
11
a
2
j
;
M
r1
r; s
h
3
6
c
11
c
12
Cs;
M
r2
r; s
1
j1
E
j
F
j
s
D q
j
a
4
j
C
j
CsJ
0
a
j
a
_ _
: (70)
With Eqs. (69) and (70) the solution for Cs is
Cs
Ps
Qs
; (71)
where
Ps
E
1
q
1
D
rh
1
ss
2
a
2
1
E
2
q
2
D
rh
1
ss
2
a
2
2
Qs
h
3
6
c
11
c
12
D
1
j1
q
j
a
4
j
C
j
J
0
a
j
a
E
1
D
rh
s
2
c
1

q
1
C
1
a
2
1
s
2
a
2
1
E
2
D
rh
s
2
c
2

q
2
C
2
a
2
2
s
2
a
2
2
: 72
Comparing Eqs. (72) with (59), it is seen that, respectively,

Ps; Ps;

Qs and Qs are similar
functions in s, and

Qs also has distinct zeros at conjugate pure imaginary points. Therefore, Ct
for the simply supported case can be calculated applying the same inversion procedure as before.
As mentioned above, the coefcient e
31
is the dominant factor describing the electro-mechanical
coupling. The static deection solution ~ wr given in Eqs. (22) shows that each term in the series is
ARTICLE IN PRESS
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
r/a []
Mk [N]
k = r,
t = 0.2s
t = 0
M
r

M

Fig. 3. Radial distribution of bending moments shortly after the application of the load.
the product of a mode function J
0
a
j
r and a coefcient of magnitude A
j
: Eqs. (30) show that
a
4
j
C
j
is positive and monotonically increases for increasing j e
31
j: Thus, an increase in j e
31
j
results in a decrease in jA
j
j without changing the sign of A
j
; which, in consequence, reduces the
global deection ~ wr:
Since the total deection of the plate is the sum of ~ wr and wr; a more elaborate evaluation is
required to enable a comprehensive conclusion on the effect of e
31
: But based on the above, it is
expected that an increase in j e
31
j will reduce the deection of the plate. This is demonstrated in
Fig. 4, which show that the electro-mechanical coupling substantially reduces the magnitudes of
wr; t and M
r
r; t for the piezoelectric plate compared to the corresponding transversely isotropic
plate with j e
31
j 0:
6. Conclusions
In this paper an exact, explicit solution for the transient, transverse loading of a thin
piezoelectric circular plate has been developed. The solution is given in terms of elementary Bessel
functions and analytical inverse Laplace transforms. The solution enables the efcient calculation
of the plate characteristics anywhere within the plate for small as well as large times with secured
accuracy. It is demonstrated that the piezoelectric constant e
31
controls the electro-mechanical
coupling and has a signicant effect on the deection and bending moment amplitudes.
ARTICLE IN PRESS
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
r/a []
w

[
n
m
]
e
31
0
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
r/a []
M
r

[
N
]

e
31
=0
e
31
0
(a)
(b)
e
31
=0
Fig. 4. Inuence of electro-mechanical coupling parameter e
31
on radial distribution of: (a) deection and (b) radial
bending moment.
Acknowledgements
The support of this work by the Australian Research Council under Grant A10027167 and the
City University of Hong Kong under Grant SRG7001468 is greatly acknowledged.
References
[1] Rao SS, Sunar M. Piezoelectricity and its use in disturbance sensing and control of exible structures: a survey.
Applied Mechanics Review 1994;47:11323.
[2] Tiersten HF. Linear piezoelectric plate vibrations. New York: Plenum; 1969.
[3] Kapuria S, Dumir PC, Sengupta S. An exact axisymmetric solution for a simply supported piezoelectric cylindrical
shell. Archive of Applied Mechanics 1997;67:26073.
[4] Guo N, Cawley P, Hitchings D. The nite element analysis of the vibration characteristics of piezoelectirc discs.
Journal of Sound and Vibration 1992;159:11538.
[5] Brissaud M. Characterization of piezooceramics. IEEE Transactions of Ultrasonics Ferroeletrics and Frequency
Control 1991;38:60317.
[6] Timoshenko S, Woinowsky-Krieger S. Theory of plates and shells, 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1959.
[7] He LH. Axisymmetric response of circular plates with piezoelectric layers: an exact solution. International Journal
of Mechanical Science 1998;12:126579.
[8] Din H, Xu R, Chi Y, Chen W. Free axisymmetric vibration of transversely isotropic piezoelectric circular plates.
International Journal of Solids and Structures 1999;36:462952.
[9] Graff KF. Wave motion in elastic solids. London: Oxford University Press; 1975.
[10] Lindsay RB. Mechanical radiation. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1960.
[11] Deresiewicz H, Mindlin RD. Axially symmetric exural vibrations of a circular disk. Transactions ASME
1955;77:868.
[12] Medick MA. On classical plate theory and wave propagation. Journal of Applied Mechanics 1961;28:2238.
[13] Reismann H. Forced motion of elastic plates. Journal of Applied Mechanics 1968;35:5105.
[14] Timoshenko S, Goodier JN. Theory of Elasticity, 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1957.
[15] Abramowitz M, Stegun IA. Handbook of Mathematical Functions. Washington, DC: National Bureau of
Standards; 1964.
[16] Spiegel MR. Theory and problems of laplace transforms. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1965.
[17] Jaffe B, Cook WR, Jaffe H. Piezoelectric ceramics. London: Academic Press; 1971.
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Transient Bending of A Piezoelectric Circular Plate

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International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 46 (2004) 18451859

Transient bending of a piezoelectric circular plate

r; s=dr 0 at r a; which cannot be satised by the rst solution alone. To

r; z; s; are required. Let the former be in

r; z; s to obtain the nal solution in

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