Women, War, and Warlike Divinities Author(s): F. Graf Source: Zeitschrift fr Papyrologie und Epigraphik, Bd. 55 (1984), pp.

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245

WOMEN, WAR, AND WARLIKE DIVINITIES I.

War of the was politai gives to the affair of later of Greek times. Lysistrata and did sustain only them passive standing wailing the not yuv? fight. heat and men; rc?Aeuoc of the heroes and ueA?cei, repeat are according and victims besieged activities "the endangered men and desperate is x?v in defending from of military or towns, for children, towns. towns the self-pre when the the noise of roofs the it, proverbs to in laoi of is quite used Xenophon, expeditions. booty. following children old Epic the or men, Of after Homeric the counsel another ?rci xcov did not 3) society,

?'av?pecci will

Hector vein.

Andromache

1)
yuv? 2) them they depicts fit

cxpaxnyei Women to

cxpaxorce?euexai Their cold, nature, marching the walls of usually war, sometimes from the tiles only

rcapa?oicov. make Thus, poetry battle, old women course the upon servation, women of outer the men. and there

were

participants, on and the crying,

frightened, 4) During the useless were defences invading and Corcyra

Peloponnesian crowd" were of fallen, but

evacuated aiding

instances had enemy,

women by these

throwing were enough

stones acts

characteristically in such a situation

Thucydides rcap?

surprised stand

could

cpuciv

the

battle.6)
Thus, it is no surprise They the performed was that did not of the by 520. (1971) the women participate the soldiers a more For 7) army. alone potent the role did not in The play the a prayers sphagia that, a of virgin. in role in and immediately in some The Homer Die the rituals

surrounding before the the battle animal 1) Horn.II. and

warfare. during were victim 6,491 Homer

sacrifices before legends, erection J.

departure by replaced

(except one,

Th.Kakridis,

f.; Ar.Lys. Revisited

women

68/75;

G.Wickert-Mischnat,

cp. Frau

(Archaeologia
2) 1851) 5,76), 3) 4) 5) 27,4 6) 67,1; Pyrrh. attacked Plut.Pyrrh. 7) Cp.

Hom?rica

R)

(1982).
Corpus 4,1); 2,60). Suid. Paroemiographorum 154 (Macar. r 502. Graecorum 3,12). 353 (1839 (Ap?stol.

E.Leutsch-F.G.Schneidewin, vol. 2,107 (Greg.Cypr.cod.M. cp. Xen.oec. Horn.II. Thuc. (Sparta). Thuc. Polyaen. 34,2f. Sparta, 27,4 R.Lonis, 2,4,2 8,69f.; (Plataeae). Pyrrhus Paus. 1,13,<8; (cp. the and girls (Polyaen. Guerre et 8,49). religion vol. 1,233 7,23. 18,514f., 2,78,3 cp. (Plataeae), Ps.-Hes. cp. (Diogen.

scut. 4,123,4

237f. (Mende and Skione); Plut.Pyrrh.

3,74,1 was

killed

(Corcyra), in

cp. Argos older

Diod. such by When in men

Polyaen. women helped

8,68). the

13,56,7; a tile. 273 B.C. digging

Sail.lug. Plut. Pyrrhus trenches,

l'?poque

classique

(1979)

95-7;

no

help
8) Burkert, young

in W. Kendrick
as to Explicit Homo Necans as men victims)

Pritchett,
the (1972), A.Henrichs, sphagia:

The
77f.,

Greek

State

at

War
for Hardt

III
the 27

(1979).
virgin account (1982) cp. W. with (but 208-224.

; Aesch.Sept.230 a pseudo-historical for in: Entretiens

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246

F.Graf

of

the

tropaion only the the we must for meets

and soldiers. women could have the the

the

cerned the victory. below), The When the offered for the of Greek is and the the made a role

paean 9) in the

of Not

victory enough details

celebrated are

on known and as a

the to banquet

battlefield allow after indicator us to the

con assess

of If it prayer

vixn^npi-a, Tegean by town outside was the the himself and to is bids

sacrifice inversion men the Scaean women is his and to his house Hector pray to play alone. only

take been besieged women

the

serious

(see

10)
thing gate, no he part, to to a it or town. is left asks and go go vow to with for what What have and to the them the the the the any is prayed a womenfolk. to pray is to

performed

Hector gods; by prayer

11 )
the to to town. would marked a

in old

another men. he a

instance

prayer acropolis women salvation ordinary surprising to

12)

Hector

supposed mother to make

Zeus; dedicate

refrains peplos in this crisis between the the

of

palace the

Athena peculiar for sexes;

13)
Nothing do in a serious

war;

dichotomy libation product are Seven. and them the even To of of

would Athene

Zeus

wine, female less the

women

dedicate

peplos,

typical The women

labour. prominent in of anxious the temples all and is the the battle into gods another girls, are the concerned after the II. ritual besieged Eteocles none houses for the cry, of to the victory; after his town, points their pray Thebes out business, there salvation all of that of that

Aeschylus' the and silently; Thebes remains and to sphagia he sends he

chorus before the to

oracles away from prays offerings women

himself rich young

vows the

dedications ololyge,

14)
prayer.

So aspect emergencies, however, women polis a) and

far, was

the the by some

findings business throwing stories directly, and Spartan their army, (above, 8,4,1 180. See, defeat

are of

clear. the Greek or contradict

War

in

its

practical stood preferably clear cut leave

as aside

well and silently.

as

its acted There

religious only in exist, in of which the

male. by praying, this

Women

stones which take the king the

picture, the secure

stories world

act to When destroyed 9) 10) Cp.

more fight the

to

arms of

and the

even

armies Cleomenes women of

enemy. the led Argives by the at poetess the river Telesilla, Sepeia

attacked Argos,

R.Lonis

note (Greek however,

7)

129f. custom Xen.hell. in a Persian 7.2.9 and setting?); D.Schaps, R.Lonis, "The

(above,

Cp. Xen.Cyr. note 7)

Women

of

Greece
11) 12) 13) 14)

in

Wartime,"
6,240.

CP 77

(1982)

196.

Horn.II. Ps.-Hes.scut. Horn.II. Aesch.Sept. e?va?

245-8. 6,269ff. 208ff. deouc. Cp. , esp. G.Wickert-Mischnat 265f. ?xx?c ot5c (above, '?yaAu?xcov note e?xou 1) x? 31-33. xpeiccco,

iuuu?xouc

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Women,

War,

and

Warlike

Divinities

247

took women Enyalios, later putting Hermaios,

to and

arms left a

and the god

manned city war by a '

the

walls.

Cleomenes The worshipped in the Argive by Aphrodision, on the the as is date however, of main nor trial problem: given war by against the prophesying later a men matter is still

gallantly women men. set

refrained up Telesilla her moon festival women. a statue

from of

attacking

untouched. normally relief In this women

of

151'

herself among in the of her

was books, month the

commemorated on to a helmet.

showing day of the held the of men controversy. as new the

addition, victory, dressed story

commemorate where the of though about local battle. the Cleomenes be at least a

Argives and

17) 18)
The historical back, at from the least other attack whereas battle at

Hybristika, The the reality. in part, river

authenticity Sepeia, The to of story the the

this its the historian

exact women,

1 9)
debated, although it goes not

is

Socrates our of put Argos to

20)
Argos, witness, the for defence not though Hieronymus Cleomenes, sources female

is knows by

known neither

accounts of he more, Cleomenes stresses there

Herodotus, town was chronological the akm? in and much to a

against that might

the

women, Argos.

21 )
attacking the (452-1 who connect victory date of B.C.) was tried Telesilla over men: Telesilla would

Further is

controversial, preclude 488 the B.C. famous tha

participation Finally oracle

around with

22)

worse, Argos

given

ciAA'oxav
??eA?cni rcoAA?c Herodotus, story, at Argos 15) 16) but one though much less he knows

? OnAeia
xai 'Apyeicov and cites with xu?oc

x?v
?v

?ppeva
'Apye?oiciv

vix?caca
?pnxai, d?cei not the ... connect slaves which that verbatim). in recent years, it with occured Herodotus this

?ucpiopucp?ac the oracle, the rule is

x?xe does of quite quotes been

appropriately after 4,245 The C Sepeia.

23)
(Polyaen. Aphrodision

generation

It 8,33 has

unthinkable Plut, excavated nearly

Plut.mu?.virt. Paus. 2,20,8-10.

cp. BCH 92 (1968) 1025-1039; BCH 96 (1972) 138-54.

17) Plut., ibid, (above,

93
note

(1969)
15).

986-1013;

95

(1971)

745-7;

F.Croissant,

18)
Ph.A.Stadter,

Cp. and
For

esp. the
a

F.Jacoby,
Plutarch's

in:
Historical

FGrHist 209.
cp.

vol.
Methods

Illb
(1965)

(text)
45-52;

45-7

(ad 310
R.A.Tomlinson,

F 6) ;

Argos
19) H.Bengtson,

Argolid
first

(1972)
orientation Geschichte

D.Asheri, (19775)

Ann.ESC 162.

32

(1977)

29-32;

or

simply

Griechische

20)
of 21) 22) 67-72 23) 84 Q

FGrHist
as Hdt. For (born The

310
rather

F 6

(with
small).

Jacobi

and

St?dter,

I would

Socrates

judge

the

importance

6,75-84. the date of 490 in Telesilla B.C.). H.W.Parke-D.E.W.Wormell, 1,158f.); cp. the rule (1975) Religion of R.Crahay, slaves The J.Fontenrose, La literature in Argos cp. Delphic The Oracle Delphic oraculaire (1956) Oracle vol.2 cp. M.E.Colonna, Ann.Fac.Lett.Naples 5 (1955)

around oracle

no. 313

(1956)

(historical 134 (unhistorical), For 172-5.

oracle,

R.F.Willetts,

(1978) chez H?rodote Hermes 87

(1959)
Hommages Vidal-Naquet,

495-506;
Claire

C.Sourvinou-Inwood,
Pr?aux in: Myth, 357-63; and

CQ 24
D.Asheri, Society,

(1974)
ed.

193;
Ann.ESC

R.Compernolle,
32 (1977) (1981) 21-48;

in:
P. 187-200.

R.L.Gordon

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248

F.Graf

would source this b) army ever, victorious. Messenian battle their

have has account When sliped armed

done no

so, trace

had of historical

he the

known womenJs

the

Telesilla defence of

story. Argos, it

Thus, is

since wiser

our not

main to credit

with the away

reliability. besieged the Sparta, the the a group took women their the Aphrodite It to took nearly victory, 'Ev?rcAioc could town empty Messenians Spartan of be soldiers Messenians, off their fatal the or have arms error; Spartans *QrcAicu?vn. happened in any army of Messene, of men. in had after an The open a part Spartan battle, the arriving immediately and their there clothes, followed erected Nothing Messenian a a statue of the women, and escape Messenian how were of after attacked where wild the the

Spartans and

attacked fought meantime,

themselves, In troops the and what

noticed them; they

sent they The

and own the

seeing womenfolk.

upon sexual and in war, c. bravely issue, arms, them vixn^nP^a To

Spartans scramble.

recognized To Venus suggests in king the women the enemy, king. the After men and Feaster and enslaved been Herodotus, carefully in were the of the commemorate Arma ta,

temple this or, story

of

authenticity. none. Charillus, attack, led and by but one carried their not ensuing Woman" temple or the when

presumably, their

Under

Spartans the battle

attacked seemed (also called took

Tegea. without Choiro) many

The

Tegean decisive took to

army

withstood the attacked the Spartan to this Ares; Tegean

Marpessa, the victory, even given sacrifice, "the Alea also by the knows He it, tells Deinias leader as army. not Jacoby. S.Wide, has a first One day. the

They women part a whom

prisoners, performed the

among

alone of stele the there the

sacrificial representing

meat. Ares was not erected only

record

victory "the agora;

Fuvaixodoivac, in the the chains This authenticity. fit nothing chains the queen in the third of into the about in the century Tegea, but story Tegean of

Women were of who of this again) as an

Feast", preserved Marpessa. rejects war, knows aition

of but

Athena, the Felix

the has 2fi )

25)
its cannot

Spartans,

weapons Jacoby account

analyzed who as gives he

Spartan the temple B.C., and of role

history of of Alea calls depicts regular the

and the of

he story

(once

women. Athena. the her

for perhaps

the in

27)
female not

Argos, Marpessa, of women version of any

writing but (who of female

not leader

Perimede, have no part

he the

28 )
Tegean and to 1,20,29-32, The name here is side does with cp. Choiro difficult speak

war), is at

The

Polyaenus, intervention;

finally, it seems 24) 25) etc.,

entirely least

different prudent

29)

Lact.div.inst. Paus. but 8,48,4f. their relevance

Lakonische sexual to assess.

Kulte

(1893) Ar.Ach.

137. 773

connotations,

26)
27)

FGrHist
Hdt. 1,66.

Illb

(text) 306

27-31. F 4.

28)
29)

Deinias
Polyaen.

FGrHist
1,8.

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Women,

War,

and

Warlike

Divinities

249

III. Thus, what gaining stories a. Tegea, b. the here temple is we left a victory as are is left the with narrative over aitia. of the statue a epiclesis of an men. They statue three stories content, How are we without the to paradox explain any of this historical women paradox? credibility; fighting All and the

serve

explain: of Enyalios at Argos and a relief of Ares at

existence with and

Tuvaixodoivac; armed Aphrodite at Sparta and a relief of armed

Telesilla
c. How rituals? The the insists), was logical, or both. Not the his very invented. it relief. far the

in
Argive does

the

Argive
ritual

Aphrodision;
of the content Hybristika. correspond to these representations or

the

narrative

easient But the

to if relief This must

account it is was story, belong

for really dedicated then, either

is

the Telesilla only is to

relief who after

of is

Telesilla: represented story since Enyalios it of is

the

story (as

explains Pausanias

the and of

her

intervention aetio Hybristika

earlier, the statue

clearly to the

or

much of

is Athena

known Polias Mycenae

about

Enyalios shows his this. is the not statue

at military

Argos.

An

archaic

inscription and the the really finds women

from from

t?menos sanctuary

character, We do not that know it The which Aphrodite, however, complicated, is are else the cult about of the a in god

near their and not confuse

confirm and it

where was

dedicated Enyalios constantly be two

statue, Ares the divinities.) road to to

even was the together statues things at wrong, Argos,

certain dedicated. inscriptions with there, more Ares and we

whom two (as

literary show had were

sources them a said to

against Ares, The To make

distinct at the by "because he Lucian's or of

31 )
Mantineia.

double to writes be

temple dedications that either who. not must must A mentioned, 30) Scripts

32)
Polyneices. Telesilla's got the however, the greater some than significant marks be from Greece women's

Lucian of women":

33)
to is, he tell is

victory name

Pausanias testimony,

no (if,

position that

suggests importance from role the to SEG 168 ritual guess XI. no.2; SEG XI. in the

something in story ritual. the was and

extemporalizing): have have similar and The of been played

Ares

(Enyalios) They

appears

dedication.

the of who 327 the

uncertainty it would

Hybristika. worshipped. L.H.Jeffery, near R.A.Tomlinson

No

divinity Earlier The Mycenae, Local in

is this

unwise Argos (1961)

inscription Archaic

sanctuary cp.

1965,68-71;
presumably

BCH 90
from the

(1966)
same

782,
sanctuary

91

(1967)

653-7;
298;

a dedication

Ergon (above, note

of^weapons,

8)

209f.
31) The confusion is story, 30. F.Jacoby, but the sanctioned by the hand-books, cp. M.P.Nilsson, Ge

schichte
32) with 33) the

der
Paus. Telesilla Luc.erot.

griechischen
2,25,1.

Religion

I3
FGrHist different

(1967)
Illb

519.
(text) aitia for 47 the connected statues this temple contradict.

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250

F.Graf

century sexual pretations is but of just also the

W.R.Halliday role of one for new in by women. reversal which example. the moon, himself the role time a

understood against Nilsson'

the the (that

Hybristika then they fashionable were would the Hybristika in The role in the a

as

rite

of

passage

with inter marriage) for the the time for ex men form,

magico-religious festival account take month reversal both, of in women of not collective only place Hermaios, the act ritual like at

34)
of

This the of

explanation ritual: liminality, god. in the

period a liminal reversal

named is men,

Hermes, plained like

story:

The Aphrodite Roman also Near absolutely back o? and xoi to ,

Spartan of students contradicts Eastern

legend Sparta of

(b) challenged

gives

another the wits she of

aition of

for Hellenistic

statue.

The

armed and

epigrammatists puzzling In marked Aphrodite by Diomedes, rebukes is the paradox. contrast in she her world

rhetoric: the Homeric Inanna, war and

for

both,

was

36 )
to Homer

She the is

image Ishtar, battle. mocks her, rcoAeun^cx

Aphrodite. and Astarte, wounded Zeus Her

goddesses alien to

When and ?pya.

hurries gently: of women

Olympus, x?xvov

Diomedes ?u?v, ???oxai

himself world

*
An

love. armed

37)
Aphrodite, the there then, paradox is (inst.or. course, Sparta an presumably Aphrodite BSA 16 ARW points the of is no the smaller aition of The the from "With a East, Cyprus, Spear". inversion corresponds Quintilian: answer it is has from cur two of to sexual the armata parts. there we In more F.Vian, and the know only fashionable Griechische La the guerre ephebes that of an other roles paradox apud An than of Lace the

fighting statue. daemonios Aphrodite, have "Eyxeioc, 34) tations (1906) (1952) esting, 35) come

women: Still, Venus? of to perhaps

question 2,4,26). to

armed she must Aphrodite place interpre Feste des g?ants (inter in

where

38 )

W.R.Halliday, in L.R.Farnell,

371-3; F.Schwenn, connects 280 the but unfounded). Der which

the (1909-10) 212-9; 7 (1904) M.P.Nilsson, 90; ARW 22 233f. (1923-24) with Ares

festival

(unfounded)

A.Boethius,

January/February, Hermes and

argivische would cp.

Kalender even better fit

(1922) into

liminality moon); (new 339,62 D Gr. (on 55,303

Theophr.ap.Porph.abst. cp. 14,639 ap.Athen. also Ph.Borgeaud,

Carystius Samos);

"Jahresfuge". and Inscr.Or.Gr.Sel. 2,16 on B (reversal Crete); sur le Recherches dieu

54 a

puts

the

Hermaios For

into

Plut.qu. Pan

(1979)
36) Suppl. lenistic 37) 95-7. has and -

passim.
Epigrammatists 11 (1880) Epigrams Horn.II. the from 668-70; (1965) 5,311-430. story consequences, though s.v.; somewhat of Le?nidas A.S.F.Gow vol.2, Cp. Anat and 334. of and Tarent D.L.Page, For rhetors onwards, The cp. Meaning similar Violent the of de El?ments P.Fargues klassischen la the epos Greek lange orientaux (1974) Epoche cp. Greek K.T?mpel, JbClPh Hel 2,4,26. (1978) the goddess 70-82; tabl.VI. Anthology. Quint.inst. of Aphrodite of (1969)

P.Friedrich, Aqht, where The

Cp. disastrous of 38) course, Hsch. P.Chantraine,

The a

A.S.Kapelrud, less pertinent, The ?tymologique H.Herter, Hommages und Cults

mocking Goddess of

Gilgamesh, States grecque dans 73-98; (1977)

and Aphrodite 61-76; (1960) grecque J.E.Dugand, der archaischen Griechische Religion note 12-23. Friedrich 37) (above,

563; For

L.R.Farnell, cp. Dictionnaire see the East,

II (1896) 311. (1968) la religion W.Burkert, 238f.;P.

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Women,

War,

and

Warlike

Divinities

251

Greece are its name Apollo, Mukal. Aphrodite centuries Oriental this statue the in Its

where traceable spear Amyclae and

we as derives itself goes But was at this not

hear well. from

about

an

armed

Aphrodite, the of from old the statue

Corinth, of

Oriental Apollo Warrior Cypriote the at

affiliations Amyclae God. epiclesis god an armed for quaint of of story such were must is licence women a religion, the about ritual suspended. be another very con Argaeus the the terror, and more of called Dionysus his young re the a The with place of

39)
Similarly the iconography comes Walter half over have

Oriental the

perhaps back, is only it for the sought a as only taken must

"AuuxAoc, suggests,to Since Orient,

Burkert the answer. from been And ritual: form there the the

Phoenician of

40)

the but more

statue also than is the

preserved just heart a

Sparta,

something since the of ritual paradoxical ritual. seems norms for us, The

antique meaning must sexual must point orgy as in form, extrapolation with figure. with attacked women rushed to the by strange,

Spartans. in

be to after the

appearance Behind the hide life the of of orgy

paradoxical the victory, Hybristika, is from unattainable the rituals, is also Dionysus: a

indeed of since cult

to daily

which, actual

Argive

though,

narrative cult often nected was young women treated. Bacchic Pseudanor cult or Finally, a He statue describes

ritual. where similar when superior

41 )

Dionysus sexual

unusual ' There cult the attack of

accounts story the about

42)

fighting army Argaeus under

Macedonian Taulantii,

king

numerically the the hills enemy towards built "Imitators" but, concerned is Tegea as with

ordered attire, with

on

the the

flank. enemy of (of

In who,

Bacchic seized

from

Thereupon girls is both

Argaeus

temple

Dionysus

Wex?avcop Nothing his

Miu?AAcovec, known, seem there

warriors). Hybristika, reversal. women.

43)

the sexual its Ares is after

Argive role of

statue,

with with No

Again, at least

the in But

aition Pausanias' the

explains time. of

and

an only

epiclesis. the one

ritual

attested, the victory.

sacrifice

44)

epiclesis cp. dissent

Armed 39) E.M.Yamauchi, in H.Conzelmann, 40) 41) cult F 328 Ishtar of Ishtar of W.Burkert, Again,

Paus. 2,5,1; Aphrodite in: C.H.Gordon Essays Nachr.Gott.Ges. Grazer one could as well (Cyprus) religions Lawanzatija Btr. think as 4 of to Cat. du

sacred (1973) 1967,8. (1975) ritual her Oriental 68,51; Proche is clothed 68-71.

prostitution 213-22;

Pi.frg.122, W.Burkert,

239;

transvestism: cognates: Macrob.sat. Orient in

Aphrodite Amathus 184; in Uruk: Les of Hittite

to it belongs Athens Philochor.

the 757 the in:

Greek FGrHist F 1); statue

FGrHist 3,8 (cp. (1970) 132; asiatique male M.Darga, garments,

Melanges
42) Tac.ann. 43) garments 44) 20 the

Mansel(1974)
Eur.Bacch. 11,312f. Polyaen. and/or Paus. (1920-21) festival 224f.

953.
486f.; Liv. 39,8-19 (scandal of 155-60). a female statue in male the Bacchanalia, cp.

A.J.Festugi?re,

Etudes
(cp. 4,1. sexual 8,48,4f. 234f. was -

de
The -

religion

grecque
HSCP would 82

et

hell?nistique

(1972)

89-109);

A.Henrichs, epiclesis attributes.

(1978) suggest

ARW that

M.P.Nilsson, and W.P?tscher, still held in

Griechische Gymn Pausanias' 66

Feste (1959) time. 6f.

(1906) are

407, wrong

F.Schwenn, in assuming

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252

F.Graf

Ares for highly tells Pausanias Such legends Ares' out Thrace. thirteenth period is

most Ares.

likely

derives It might and women have

from

ritual obsolete Teles, in for fit

where in an the the other which is

the

women

held time. the of third

sacrificial Such cent. and Geronthrae. of Ares. since points Lydia in the a ritual B.C.,

meal is

45)
uncommon

become

Pausanias' of

paradoxical. were this, ritual forbidden at least

author sanctuaries Spartan unusual historically B.

us

that

Enyalios, at

confirms a paradoxical make name is him well

46)
The

sanctuary characteristics not The of a barrel, one Sparta, for a the of ritual legend, Dionysus from scholar the

would from Thrace, in

come

true, rather, from where,

attested foreignness, and Ephialtes Hermes behind freed this

Mycenaean as do the him again: myth. usually at of a cycle in a eat men, fight on Rome. dog, of

Linear derivations up in

his

essential

or

47)

Otos month,

locked him Homeric statues

more

than In freed

recognized image of time Enyalios of

of fettered

licence but

48)
are

fettered as is

certain Spartan

topsy-turvy-dorn, received this the in free the the time ephebes which men, usual womenfolk, the but order a nocturnal incorporated fought women

Saturnus sacrifice into the

49)

Furthermore, sign rituals; rules. the similar. the agora

Enyalios

another ephebic without the agora, be Tegea,

reversal, the ritual place a certain occupied sacrifice, of Ares, of time, by the

after A gathering For

each sacrifice

other

and same was them

without of and things

these

would at

reversed Ares reigned. IV.

was

51 )

among

The conclusion, responds 45) relief

stories,

them, however,

give seems on the that

us

only

glimpse The paradox cult

of

the on

rituals the the from level story a

behind of of

them. narration women of the

One cor

certain. level the of

to The -

paradox

reality: derives would have

alternative is less 24,11; (above, likely, Paus. note

since 3,22,6. 2) 1,392 note

epiclesis Pausanias The no.11; 31) 517. same

feature this. Heracles

mentioned for Macrob.sat. evidence: religieuses

Teles 46) Schneidewin 4 7) Gymn tablettes 48) 66

Suid. The Les

prohibition T 502; Mycenaean mentions

in 1,12,28.

Leutsch

M.P.Nilsson (1959) 12-14;

(above,

myc?niennes Cp. W.Burkert

M.G?rard-Rousseau, 38-40. (1968) (above, note 38) 263;

W.P?tscher, dans les

M.Riemschneider

gives

comparative

study:
for 1040. 50) Carians offered 49) a

AAntHung
Sparta provisional

8
Paus.

(1960)
3,15,7; interpretation: -

4-34.
the Roman material in Gesammelte Roscher, Schriften Myth.Lex. (1975) 4,437; vol.2, K.Meuli,

Paus.

3,14,9f.

In

Greek

s.v. (Suid. to Enyalios

?uucx) Kapix?v (E.Sokolowski, I.e.; Ov.fast.

tradition, or Thracians Lois sacr?es

dogs

are (Ov. des

sacrificed fast. cit?s to 1,389f.); grecques. Hecate

by

barbarians, dogs are Suppl?ment

Paus. (1962) no.85,30; Paus. B; 54,277 3,14,9; in der griechisch-r?mischen even their bite pollutes C.H.Greenwalt 51) have to If be Lucian given jr., was for Ritual

Plut.qu.R. 1,141), und Magie in (see

and 111,290 D) are catharmata Religion, ibid., Early note Historic 33), a diss. no.112

(F.Sokolowski, Dinners

(Plut.qu.R. Der Hund (H.Scholz, Berlin 1937,12-22); iv also B). Cp. (1978). interpretation would

Sardis similar

trustworthy Argos.

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Women,

War,

and

Warlike

Divinities

253

fighting of cult On other. sidered is a or

to a

save ritual

the

polis with

is unusual level,

narrative features, then, about into about with the life in the their the

device those rituals their transition

pointing of inverted must function. of be

to

representation

normality. similar have New it to already Moon seems as other at Day. least each con It

purely This, the

structural however, Hybristika: to be more had no day, says they

nothing fit

We the but

impossible that at Tegea, The with this

precise connection with a

function, warfare of the cult as naturally far but polis. of

probable rituals For women. either instruction however, into an the "many gymnasion, is les, normality were they off a obviously the the unknown cenotaph other

they

rather,

crucial we suggested of or of may ephebic the Ares

52)
Ares, as we performed can see, since by concerned the (whose be towards gathered and, women of the from games (from prominence presence women auspices the Tegean of cult every which when women marks around Hera, ritual the formed incorporated sunset around performing in night of day women the Achil this of military aition, the

ceremony Enyalios ephebeia

the are, -

rituals warfare is is cycle day of things the an meeting part

and the ephebic suggest rituals. Olympian in the

with the

enough, Elean ceremony could us of that Elis town, Wailing

53)
paideia. how the Pausanias games, old gymnasion wailed the young for men, the Tegean

An

unknown) of before Achilles for

ritual tells women of him. at this a transition their

him", place of This

54)
the beginning time in

they of

inversion

ordinary ritual period

customs, served of women Heraia. it day-time, conceivable at as the again Thus night, under

warrior-hero. to the

extraordinary After their of and the own the closing It cycle. existence about are group Pelopidas more were brought of its known of is games games, men, it at

Olympic achieved the with the that

excluded). performed the festival hero, own of Since a deity. comparable even to the

the the opening in least

gathering of

warlike

women's part

ritual

in

Sparta of At which in two to least we

is

not

certain, with one case,

it an the At historically

would inversion aition Thebes,

be of is the

rash normality,

speculate however, to d'?tat the of other the

function. in stories was narrated According the of the rc?Aei lune Greece. with

Cults

Aphrodite in are

comparable coup

concerned. one

versions, the latter when they go up ?auxcoi, grecque to young

accurate, Spartan as hetaerae 52) a prayer more for On

legendary. celebrating in.Partisans moon, xfli La

version, men

the disguised weapons

pro

polemarchs were

Aphrodisia Pelopidas, Athenians ?i??vai xai la pens?e

carried

the of new the day to the gods xaya?a material; C.Pr?aux,

dans

the Acropolis Demosth. 25,99, 86f. (1973)

for cp.

53)
priest Acharnae, 54) the

The best
of Ares M.N.Tod, Paus.

known
and Greek

example
Athena Historical

is
Areia

the

Attic
in the Inscriptions

oath
temple

of
of

the

ephebes,
these (1948) divinities

inscribed
at no.204.

by

vol.2

6,23,3.

55)

Cp.

W.Burkert,

Homo Necans

(1972)

118.

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254

F.Graf

and

immediately of at the reality is passage disguised attested the

stabbed polemarchs, end from of

the

polemarchs. a their to echo the cults regular term private motives of Aphrodite. V. of

The festival office life. now

legend

appears

to performed of who us;

explain by dissolution kill, trans

the the

Aphrodisia magistrates marks in

apparently the The familiar festival hetaerae to

the

office men,

being

ritual

vestism

in

other

58 )

No and the a do we other Nor are them. ference the the times

common they aitia

function share discussed strangeness in out -

can only

be the

assigned same the ritual, content,

to structure.

the

three In

rituals this, narrative or a relief. they

of

Argos, correspond

Sparta, to refers and ritual If turn to to

Tegea: three paradoxical not want

above: in details a of the which women of

paradoxical a statue, but of in aitia our the in ritual three refer structure women behaved gain women no simple their were to

content Myth and we sadly

correspond to evidence do the find

structure was, cases, historical of in the

atmosphere. have to

what

function is, the

evidence

missing. realities: they behind a re

fighting signs for a

narrative If by opposition male world there

the

paradoxical to fighting life, how

cultic it value totally reality,

reality is

is

reference the

Greece, semantic

inversion: to of the

women where thus

through absent it may from some

ordinary war. otherwise Myth

almost of

is

mirror

project

unthinkable.

59)

Ithaca

F.Graf

56) 57)

Xen.hell. For Aphrodite

5,4,4-6, and

cp.

W.Burkert, in

ibid., general

180f. cp. F.Sokolowski, HThR 75

magistrates

(1964)
58) 59) city

1-8.
See It when is men note not fail 41. by chance in that so men) Cahiers this (1973) the same fits Fontenay basic the the (ritual structure Aristophanic of world 17 (1979) as women save Old the in in general formalizing the this Comedy,

for (nightmarish, in: Les M.Rosellini, cp. model heuristic underlying Ill 6 Et.Lett. C.Ca?ame,

doing Athenian

underlies plot de

reversal 11-32.

Lysistrate: of For cp. far Greek

also the W.Burkert, (cp. analysis own and Ritual (1979) 48); my 217 Z?rcher (18./19. Zeitung Sept.)

paragraph 52-82 who, Structure in position 1982,69f.

however, in and History Zurich my inaugural

language) too goes

Mythology Neue lecture,

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