Viscosity Measurement Laboratory ENB434 Tribology

Aaron Palm 07565887

Queensland University of Technology

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Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION CONCLUSION LIST OF REFERENCES APPENDICES 3 3 4 7 8 9 10

Figure 1 Section view of cone-plate viscometer ____________________________________________________________________3 Figure 2 Working plane of cone, from cone-plate viscometer_____________________________________________________5 Figure 3 Experimental Shear Stress vs. Shear Rate curves @ 25C _______________________________________________6 Figure 4 Experimental Viscosity vs. Shear Rate curves @ 25C ___________________________________________________6 Figure 5 Viscosity vs. Shear Rate curves of Newtonian and Non-Newtonian fluids (Stachowiak & Batchelor, 1993) ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________7 Figure 6 Shear Stress vs. Shear Rate curves of Newtonian and Pseudoplastic fluids (Stachowiak & Batchelor, 1993) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________7 Table 1 Results from experiment ....................................................................................................................................................... 4

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Introduction
Viscosity is commonly regarded as the most important rheological property of a fluid lubricant. Furthermore, the two parameters that have a dramatic effect on the viscosity of a fluid are the temperature and pressure of the fluid and the velocity gradient between the two wetted, working surfaces. Initially it may seem appropriate to increase the viscosity of the fluid lubricant to separate the two surfaces indefinitely however, this is not the case. As this requires larger forces to shear the fluid the heat of the fluid increases, leading to premature component failure. The lubricant viscosity may also be affected by the shearing rate of the fluid, depending on whether the fluid obeys Newtonian theory or not. A fluid is regarded as Newtonian when the shear rate of the fluid is proportional to the shear stress within the fluid (Stachowiak & Batchelor, 1993). A Non-Newtonian fluid does not conform to this relationship and can either be dilatant, where the fluid thickens with an increase in shear rate or pseudo-plastic, where the fluid thins with an increase in shear rate. Additionally, to measure the viscosity of the fluid lubricant at several operating conditions, a viscometer is used. In this case a cone and plate viscometer was employed, where the angular velocity of the cone is known and remains constant. Due to the shallow geometry of the cone, the shear rate also remains relatively constant, with a resistance torque placed on the cone as a result of the shearing stress governed by the fluids viscosity. This experiment will take two fluid lubricants, one being a Newtonian, thin mineral oil and the other a solution of Carboxymethyl Cellulose. Furthermore, their behaviour over a range of shear rates at three different temperatures using a cone plate viscometer will be examined, to determine whether each fluid is Newtonian or Non-Newtonian.

Materials and Methods

A fluids viscosity can be determined by the use of the cone-plate viscometer. Furthermore the cones have set dimensions and are classed accordingly. In this experiment a CP41 cone is used, illustrated in the following figure.

CP41 cone =3
R=2.4 cm

R h

Figure 1 Section view of cone-plate viscometer

The shear stress developed within the fluid as a result of the fluids resistance to movement (viscosity) induces a torque on the shaft. This torque is transferred through a highly sensitive spring that is connected to a piezo circuit, in result returning the said torque as a percentage within a range set by the size of the spring in this case; the maximum torque is 673 Nm. The experiment will measure the shear stress over a series of shear rates within VISCOSITY MEASUREMENT LABORATORY 3

the set torque range. This process will be repeated over three temperatures to determine whether the fluid is Newtonian or not.

Results
Table 1 illustrates the relationship between the shear stress and shear rate for fluid A and B. In conjunction with the governing parameters of speed in RPM and the resulting torque percentage recorded at a moderately constant temperature.
Table 1 Results from experiment

Fluid

Viscosity 22.79 cP 21.87 cP 21.87 cP 21.73 cP 21.67 cP 21.59 cP 34.15 cP 32.42 cP 29.39 cP 26.93 cP 25.12 cP 23.36 cP 5 RPM 10 RPM 15 RPM 25 RPM 40 RPM 50 RPM 3 RPM 6 RPM 15 RPM 25 RPM 35 RPM 48 RPM

Speed 0.524 rad/s 1.047 rad/s 1.571 rad/s 2.618 rad/s 4.189 rad/s 5.236 rad/s 0.314 rad/s 0.628 rad/s 1.571 rad/s 2.618 rad/s 3.665 rad/s 5.027 rad/s 9.9 % 19 % 28.4 % 47.2 % 75.3 % 93.8 % 8.9 % 17 % 38.3 % 58.5 % 76.4 % 97.4 %

Torque 66.627 Dyne-cm 127.87 Dyne-cm 191.132 Dyne-cm 317.656 Dyne-cm 506.769 Dyne-cm 631.274 Dyne-cm 59.897 Dyne-cm 114.41 Dyne-cm 257.759 Dyne-cm 393.705 Dyne-cm 514.172 Dyne-cm 655.502 Dyne-cm

Shear Stress 2.28 Dyne/cm^2 4.37 Dyne/cm^2 6.54 Dyne/cm^2 10.87 Dyne/cm^2 17.33 Dyne/cm^2 21.59 Dyne/cm^2 2.03 Dyne/cm^2 3.89 Dyne/cm^2 8.82 Dyne/cm^2 13.47 Dyne/cm^2 17.59 Dyne/cm^2 22.40 Dyne/cm^2

Shear Rate 10 20 30 50 80 100 6 12 30 50 70 96

Temp. 24.9 C 25.1 C 25.1 C 25.2 C 25.2 C 25.3 C 25.4 C 25.5 C 25.6 C 25.7 C 25.8 C 25.9 C

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By looking at an infinitely small area on the cone surface at an arbitrary radius a relationship between the shear stress, shear rate and dynamic viscosity may be drawn,

Figure 2 Working plane of cone, from cone-plate viscometer

This relationship is quantified by the following expression,

Equation 1

By selecting an infinitely small area on the disc where the height is negligible the shear rate is expressed as,
Equation 2

And the shear stress is defined as,

Equation 3

Substituting the two later equations into equation 1,

Equation 4

By integrating across the entire working area of the cone,

Equation 5

Equation 6

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Rearranging for dynamic viscosity,

Equation 7

By taking the results for Fluid A at a speed of 50 RPM the dynamic viscosity is,

Comparing this value to the given viscosity values from Table 1 a 0.21 difference is evident. Furthermore the assumption can be made that the error is a result of the difference in the amount of significant figures used in each calculation and can be considered negligible. Furthermore, by plotting the results from the experiment (Appendices) the relationship between the shear stress and shear rate of Fluid A and B at 25C were drawn,
25.00 Dyne/cm^2 20.00 Dyne/cm^2 15.00 Dyne/cm^2 10.00 Dyne/cm^2 5.00 Dyne/cm^2 0.00 Dyne/cm^2 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Figure 3 Experimental Shear Stress vs. Shear Rate curves @ 25C

FLUID A FLUID B

The following plot show the relationship between the dynamic viscosity and the shear rate of both Fluids A and B at 25C,
40 cP 35 cP 30 cP 25 cP 20 cP 15 cP 10 cP 5 cP 0 cP 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Figure 4 Experimental Viscosity vs. Shear Rate curves @ 25C

FLUID A FLUID B

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Discussion
The results from the experiment relay certain rheological features that portray the characteristics of Newtonian and Non-Newtonian fluids. To determine which is the former and later, the relationship between the fluids viscosity over a series of shear rates at a set temperature is employed.

Figure 5 Viscosity vs. Shear Rate curves of Newtonian and Non-Newtonian fluids (Stachowiak & Batchelor, 1993)

Although Figure 5 employs kinematic viscosity, dynamic viscosity may also be applied since the nature of each curve will follow the same, general form. The relationship between the viscosity and shear rate of Fluid A rendered results that emulated the characteristics of a Newtonian fluid. In contrast, the results for Fluid B follow pseudoplastic behaviour, where the viscosity decreases exponentially with an increase in shear rate. This phenomenon occurs when the initially, tightly bound molecular chains with no connecting structure between each strand, unravel and align, giving a reduction in apparent viscosity (Stachowiak & Batchelor, 1993). By considering the relationship between the shear stress and the shear rate of Fluids A and B, supporting conclusions were made.

Pseudoplastic

Newtonian

Figure 6 Shear Stress vs. Shear Rate curves of Newtonian and Pseudoplastic fluids (Stachowiak & Batchelor, 1993)

Additionally, the relationship between the shear stress and shear rate of Fluid B, matches pseudoplastic behaviour as represented in Figure 6 thus, complimenting the former conclusion that Fluid B is pseudoplastic. Through further study of the rheological properties VISCOSITY MEASUREMENT LABORATORY 7

of Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC), it was found that CMC also follows pseudoplastic behaviour and therefore, it can be concluded that Fluid B is the Carboxymethyl Cellulose solution. Furthermore, the relationship between the shear stress and shear rate of Fluid A does not take consistent form in respect to the predefined Newtonian and Non-Newtonian relationships between shear stress and shear rate. However, based on the former conclusions demonstrating that Fluid A follows the Newtonian form, it can be settled that the results for Fluid A in Figure 3 retain significant error. Experimental error may be a result of environmental effects, such as heat fluctuations due to the circulating heating system. Another being discrepancies between theory and reality, where in this case the peak of the cone theoretically comes to a point however, is slightly flat in reality to reduce wear. An additional source of error affecting the results of Fluid A, may be the volume of fluid lubricant used in the experiment. In this case a highly specific volume of 2 millilitres must be used to wet the entire working face of the cone. Thus deducing that without such error the curve for Fluid A in figure 3 would take a linear form. To determine the effects of temperature on the viscosity for each fluid, the experiment was repeated at 35C and 45C (Appendices). The results illustrate a decrease in viscosity with an increase in temperature in result, decreasing the amount of force required to shear the fluid. This was complimented by the shear stress vs. shear rate curves, which demonstrate a decrease shear stress in respect to shear rate with an increase in temperature. Furthermore, the viscosity vs. shear rate results for Fluids A and B diverge with an increase in temperature, suggesting that the cohesive forces between the molecules that surpass the molecular momentum transfer in Fluid B are greater than Fluid A.

Conclusion
The objective of this experiment was to determine which of the two arbitrary fluids are either the Newtonian, thin mineral oil or the Carboxymethyl cellulose solution. Through an involved discussion of the relationship between the shear stress and shear rates of the fluid and the relationship between the dynamic viscosity and shear rate of the fluid, particular conclusions were drawn. Furthermore, it was determined that Fluid B portrayed the same characteristics as a pseudoplastic fluid and in conjunction with further study, Fluid B was determined to be the Carboxymethyl Cellulose solution. Additionally the results for Fluid A rendered the same features as a Newtonian fluid, and was therefore deemed the Newtonian, thin mineral oil.

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List of References
Ghannam, M. T., & Esmail, M. N. (1997). Rheological properties of carboxymethyl cellulose. Applied Polymer Science , 64 (2), 289-301. Stachowiak, G. W., & Batchelor, A. W. (1993). Viscosity-Shear Rate Relationship. In G. W. Stachowiak, & A. W. Batchelor, Engineering Tribology. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier.

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Appendices
Fluid Viscosity 22.79 cP 21.87 cP A 21.87 cP 21.73 cP 21.67 cP 21.59 cP 34.15 cP 32.42 cP B 29.39 cP 26.93 cP 25.12 cP 23.36 cP 14.75 cP 14.5 cP A 14.62 cP 14.56 cP 14.52 cP 14.53 cP 25.78 cP 24.52 cP B 22.73 cP 21.37 cP 19.77 cP 18.59 cP 10.01 cP 10.19 cP 10.22 cP A 10.22 cP 10.23 cP 10.21 cP 10.23 cP 19.57 cP 19.68 cP 18.59 cP B 17.76 cP 16.68 cP 15.81 cP 15.32 cP 5 RPM 10 RPM 15 RPM 25 RPM 40 RPM 50 RPM 3 RPM 6 RPM 15 RPM 25 RPM 35 RPM 48 RPM 5 RPM 10 RPM 20 RPM 40 RPM 60 RPM 75 RPM 5 RPM 10 RPM 20 RPM 30 RPM 45 RPM 60 RPM 10 RPM 20 RPM 40 RPM 60 RPM 80 RPM 100 RPM 110 RPM 5 RPM 10 RPM 20 RPM 30 RPM 45 RPM 60 RPM 70 RPM Speed 0.524 1.047 rad/s 1.571 rad/s 2.618 rad/s 4.189 rad/s 5.236 rad/s 0.314 rad/s 0.628 rad/s 1.571 rad/s 2.618 rad/s 3.665 rad/s 5.027 rad/s 0.524 rad/s 1.047 rad/s 2.094 rad/s 4.189 rad/s 6.283 rad/s 7.854 rad/s 0.524 rad/s 1.047 rad/s 2.094 rad/s 3.142 rad/s 4.712 rad/s 6.283 rad/s 1.047 rad/s 2.094 rad/s 4.189 rad/s 6.283 rad/s 8.378 rad/s 10.472 rad/s 11.519 rad/s 0.524 rad/s 1.047 rad/s 2.094 rad/s 3.142 rad/s 4.712 rad/s 6.283 rad/s 7.330 rad/s 9.9 % 19 % 28.4 % 47.2 % 75.3 % 93.8 % 8.9 % 17 % 38.3 % 58.5 % 76.4 % 97.4 % 6.2 % 12.7 % 25.4 % 50.6 % 75.8 % 94.8 % 11.1 % 21.3 % 39.5 % 55.7 % 77.3 % 96.9 % 8.7 % 17.8 % 35.5 % 53.5 % 71.1 % 88.7 % 97.9 % 8.6 % 17 % 32.4 % 46.3 % 65.2 % 82.4 % 93.3 % Torque 66.627 Dyne-cm 127.87 Dyne-cm 191.132 Dyne-cm 317.656 Dyne-cm 506.769 Dyne-cm 631.274 Dyne-cm 59.897 Dyne-cm 114.41 Dyne-cm 257.759 Dyne-cm 393.705 Dyne-cm 514.172 Dyne-cm 655.502 Dyne-cm 41.726 Dyne-cm 85.471 Dyne-cm 170.942 Dyne-cm 340.538 Dyne-cm 510.134 Dyne-cm 638.004 Dyne-cm 74.703 Dyne-cm 143.349 Dyne-cm 265.835 Dyne-cm 374.861 Dyne-cm 520.229 Dyne-cm 652.137 Dyne-cm 58.551 Dyne-cm 119.794 Dyne-cm 238.915 Dyne-cm 360.055 Dyne-cm 478.503 Dyne-cm 596.951 Dyne-cm 658.867 Dyne-cm 57.878 Dyne-cm 114.41 Dyne-cm 218.052 Dyne-cm 311.599 Dyne-cm 438.796 Dyne-cm 554.552 Dyne-cm 627.909 Dyne-cm Shear Stress 2.28 Dyne/cm^2 4.37 Dyne/cm^2 6.54 Dyne/cm^2 10.87 Dyne/cm^2 17.33 Dyne/cm^2 21.59 Dyne/cm^2 2.03 Dyne/cm^2 3.89 Dyne/cm^2 8.82 Dyne/cm^2 13.47 Dyne/cm^2 17.59 Dyne/cm^2 22.40 Dyne/cm^2 1.45 Dyne/cm^2 2.90 Dyne/cm^2 5.82 Dyne/cm^2 11.65 Dyne/cm^2 17.45 Dyne/cm^2 21.80 Dyne/cm^2 2.56 Dyne/cm^2 4.90 Dyne/cm^2 9.09 Dyne/cm^2 12.82 Dyne/cm^2 17.79 Dyne/cm^2 22.31 Dyne/cm^2 2.00 Dyne/cm^2 4.07 Dyne/cm^2 8.17 Dyne/cm^2 12.27 Dyne/cm^2 16.37 Dyne/cm^2 20.44 Dyne/cm^2 22.51 Dyne/cm^2 2.00 Dyne/cm^2 3.89 Dyne/cm^2 7.44 Dyne/cm^2 10.66 Dyne/cm^2 15.01 Dyne/cm^2 18.97 Dyne/cm^2 21.48 Dyne/cm^2 Shear Rate 10 20 30 50 80 100 6 12 30 50 70 96 10 20 40 80 120 150 10 20 40 60 90 120 20 40 80 120 160 200 220 10 20 40 60 90 120 140 Temp. 24.9 C 25.1 C 25.1 C 25.2 C 25.2 C 25.3 C 25.4 C 25.5 C 25.6 C 25.7 C 25.8 C 25.9 C 34.6 C 34.6 C 34.6 C 34.6 C 34.6 C 34.6 C 35 C 35 C 34.9 C 34.9 C 34.9 C 34.9 C 44.3 C 44.3 C 44.3 C 44.3 C 44.3 C 44.3 C 44.3 C 44 C 44.1 C 44.1 C 44.1 C 44.1 C 44.1 C 44.1 C

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Shear Stress vs Shear Rate @ 25C

25.00 Dyne/cm^2 20.00 Dyne/cm^2 15.00 Dyne/cm^2 10.00 Dyne/cm^2 5.00 Dyne/cm^2 0.00 Dyne/cm^2 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 FLUID A FLUID B

Shear Stress vs Shear Rate @ 35C

25.00 Dyne/cm^2 20.00 Dyne/cm^2 15.00 Dyne/cm^2 10.00 Dyne/cm^2 5.00 Dyne/cm^2 0.00 Dyne/cm^2 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 FLUID A FLUID B

Shear Stress vs Shear Rate @ 45C

25.00 Dyne/cm^2 20.00 Dyne/cm^2 15.00 Dyne/cm^2 10.00 Dyne/cm^2 5.00 Dyne/cm^2 0.00 Dyne/cm^2 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 FLUID A FLUID B

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Viscosity vs Shear Rate @ 25C

40 cP 35 cP 30 cP 25 cP 20 cP 15 cP 10 cP 5 cP 0 cP 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

FLUID A FLUID B

Viscosity vs Shear Rate @ 35C

30 cP 25 cP 20 cP 15 cP 10 cP 5 cP 0 cP 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 FLUID A FLUID B

Viscosity vs Shear Rate @ 45C

25 cP 20 cP 15 cP 10 cP 5 cP 0 cP 0 50 100 150 200 250 FLUID A FLUID B

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