SGP IMPORTANT QUESTIONS UNITWISE UNIT 1: 1(a) Derive an expression for Restriking voltage.

(b)Show that the RRRV is proportional to the natural frequency of the circuit. 2(a) Describe briefly the arc phenomenon in a Circuit breaker. (b)In a short circuit test on a Circuit breaker, the following readings were obtained on single frequency transient: i.time to reach the peak restriking voltage, 50sec ii.the peak restriking, 100kv Determine the average RRRV and frequency of oscillations. 3(a) Is it logical to express the breaking capacity of a circuit breaker in MVA? Discuss (b)In a short circuit test on a 3-phase, 132Kv C.B the following observations are made: pf of fault 0.4, the recovery voltage 0.90 times full line value, the breaking current symmetrical, the frequency of oscillations of restriking voltage 16k Hz. Assume that the neutral is grounded and the fault does not involve ground, determine the average rate of rise of restriking voltage. 6. Explain Slepians theory of arc interruption and discuss its limitations. How does energy Balance theory, Explain the process of arc interruption 7. Calculate the RRRV of a 220KV C.B with earthed neutral. The short Circuit test data obtained is as follows: The C.B is symmetrical and the restriking voltage has an oscillatory frequency of 15k Hz, The p.f of the fault is 0.2.Assume the short circuit to be an earthed fault. 8. Explain the effect of following terms on active recovery voltage (a) Power factor (b) Armature reaction (c) Circuit conditions

UNIT 2: 1(a) Compare the arc rupture in oil and air circuit breakers and summarize the relative advantages and disadvantages of these types of switch gear (b)Explain the operating duty of a C.B 2. How does the current effect the arcing time in (a)Oil circuit breaker (b)Air Blast circuit breaker

3. Discuss the precautions to be taken to avoid dust, moisture, leakage in case of SF6 C.B.And explain the arc quenching process in SF6 C.B. 4. Explain the principle of arc extinction and what the different methods of arc extinction are. 5(a) Classify the types of C.Bs when the arc quenching medium is the criterion (b)Mention the voltage range for which a particular type of C.B is recommended. 6(a) what are the favorable technical aspects of Air Blast circuit breaker? Why are pre-closing resistors necessary? (b)Compare the performance and characteristics of minimum oil breakers and air-blast breakers. 7(a) What are the advantages and disadvantages of Air Blast C.Bs. (b)Describe how the KVA which a circuit has interrupted can be determined from an oscillogram of the voltage and currents occurring during the interruption process.How does the p.f of the current interrupted and the rate of recovery voltage after the rating. 8. Distinguish between Air Blast and SF6 circuit breakers 9. Describe the principle of Air Blast C.B with the help of neat sketches; explain the construction of a typical EHV Air Blast C.B. UNIT:3 1. A cable circuit with an impedance angle of10 is to be protected by directional over current relay. Specify the connection you use for the directional element and justify by actually working of the connection and the maximum torque angle setting needed for the relay. Specify also the phase shifting network to be used if the relay potential coil has impedance of 1000 60 . Assuming a 4 pole cup element for the directional element. 2. Show that the torque on the disc of an induction disc relay is maximum when the phase difference between the two fluxes is 90.Indicate the direction of rotation of the disc with reference to the fluxes under the poles. 3. Define the following terms and explain their significance in distance protection (a)Reach of a distance relay (b)under reach 4.With the help of neat sketch explain the principle of operation of Differential relays. 5. Explain the Differential protection. State the various applications of Differential protection. 6. Describe the various types of construction of attracted armature type relay.Why can they operate in a.c and d.c? State its salient features. 7. Describe the construction of an induction disc relay.State its principle of operation.What are the advantages to induction relays.How is the current setting and the time setting obtained. 8. With a neat sketch describe the difference between definite cahracterists and inverse characteristic of relays. 9. Write short notes on (a)Reactance relay

(b)Off-set mho relays (c)Mho relay 10. Why are the differential relays more sensitive than over current relays. Explain. UNIT:4 1.A 50MVA,3-phase,33 KV,L-L synchronous generator is protected by an ordinary current balance protection scheme using 2000/5A C.T.The neutral grounding resistor being 7.5 v and the minimum value of pick up current of relay being 0.5A,Calculate what percentage of the winding of each phase remains unprotected. 2(a) Explain how the inclusion of a resistance in the neutral earthing circuit of an alternator affects the performance of the differential protection of the 3-phase stator. (b)Describe how protection is provided in large turbo-alternators against earth-fault in the rotor 3.Explain briefly with schematic diagrams of the protective gear for alternators connected on a grid for the following conditions. (a)Fault between phases or between 1-phase and earth. (b) Fault between turns or one of the phase windings. 4. Explain with a diagram, the application of the Merz-price circulating current system to the protection of alternators. What precautions must be taken in installing this system. 5(a) Enumerate the relaying schemes which are employed for the protection of a modern alternator (b)Describe with a neat sketch the percentage differential protection of a modern alternator. 6. Explain the protection schemes employed for generators against stator and rotor faults. 7. An 11 KV, 1000MVA generator is provided with differential scheme of protection. The % of the generator winding to be protected against phase to ground fault is 80%.The relay is said to operate when there is 50% out of balance current. Determine the value of resistance to be placed in the neutral to ground connection. UNIT:5 1. Describe with a neat diagram, a circulating current protection scheme for a 3-phase, 1MVA, and 11KV/400V delta-star transformer. If the current transformer has a nominal secondary current of 5A, calculate their ratio. 2(a) Describe with a neat diagram of the percentage differential protection scheme to protect Y- transformer (b) Describe with a neat diagram, the operation of Buchholtz relay. 3(a) what is the principle of harmonic restraint relay? Explain its applications. (b)A 3-phase Y- connected 30MVA; 33/11KV transformer is protected by a simple differential relaying scheme. The CT ratio on primary side is 500:5 and that on secondary side is

2000:5.Sketch the CT connection diagram for the relaying scheme. Also calculate the relay current setting for fault drawing up to 200A of rated current. 4. What is Buchholtz relay? Discuss its working principle? For what types of fault is it employed? 5(a) A 3-phase Y- connected 66/11KV transformer is protected by Merz-price protection system. The CTs on the LT side have a ratio of 420/5A.Show that the CTs on the HT side will have a ratio of 70:5/root 3. (b)Explain with reasons the connections of C.Ts for protecting a Y- transformer. Write the scheme of protection for i.Internal fault and ii.External fault. 6(a) Discuss biased differential protection for transformers. (b) A 3-phase 33/6.6KV transformer is connected in Y- and the protecting CT on the LV side has a ratio of 300/5A.What will be the ratio of the CT on the HV side. 7. Write short notes on the following. I.Different transformer faults ii.Biased differential protection for transformers iii. Buchholtz relay. 8(a) The CT ratios of CTs on the 2 sides of a transformer will, in general be different explain. (b)Explain the principle of the percentage biased differential relay with harmonic restraint. 9(a) Discuss the special factors that are to be considered while designing the protection scheme for a large Y- power transformer. (b) A 100MVA /Y connected, 11/220KV transformer is to be protected by a differential scheme. The CT used are of ratio 6000/5 and 300/1 respectively. Draw the Sketch of complete scheme. UNIT:6 1(a) Describe with a neat diagram, the general principle of operation of a distance protection scheme. (b)How the protection system graded with respect to the time of operation of relays. 2(a) Explain over-current protection of feeder. (b)Explain the scheme of protection for ring mains. 3. Explain in detail carrier current protection scheme. 4(a)What are the requirements of protection of lines. (b)write a short notes on the following: i.fault bus protection ii.Translay scheme 5(a) Explain bus bar protection needs special attention. Why? (b)What is back up protection for bus bar?

6(a)What is meant by high impedance relay and what for it is used in differential protection of bus bars? (b)Discuss the necessity of bus bar protection 7(a) Describe with a neat diagram, the general principle of operation of a distance protection scheme. (b)Explain why bus coupler circuit breaker is used 8(a) with a neat sketch develop the duplicate bus-bar system (b) Explain why bus coupler circuit breaker is used (c) Discuss why duplicate bus-bar system is used. UNIT:7 1(a) what are the various methods of neutral grounding. (b)Explain the phenomenon of Arcing grounds. 2(a) Discuss the advantages of grounding the neutral of the system. (b)A 33KV, 50Hz network has a capacitance to neutral of 1.0F per phase. Calculate the reactance of an arc suppression coil suitable for the system to avoid adverse effect of arcing ground 3(a) what are the requirements of ground wire for protecting power conductors against a direct lightning stroke? Explain how it is achieved (b)Explain various methods of neutral grounding 4(a) Explain with the aid of circuit and phasor diagrams the function of Peter-son coil in a 3-phase system. What are permissible practical deviations from resonance in the tuning of the peter-son coil? (b)Explain various methods of neutral grounding 5(a) What are the reasons leading to the general practice of earthing the neutral point of a power system? Explain (b) Explain the phenomenon of Arcing grounds and discuss the method to minimize the effect of this phenomenon 6. A 132KV, 3-phase 50Hz over head line of 100Km length has a capacitance to earth of each line of 0.01F per Km.Determine inductance and KVA rating of the arc suppression suitable for this line 7(a) Discuss the advantages of neutral grounding (b)What is Tower-Footing Resistance? 8(a) A 50Hz over head line has the line to ground capacitance of 1.2F.It is decided to use a ground fault neutralizer. Determine the reactance to neutralize the capacitance of i.100% of the length of the wire, and ii.80% of the length of the wire (b)Write short notes on biased differential protection for transformer

9. Write short notes of the following i.Effective grounding ii .Resistance grounding iii.Reactance grounding 10(a) Derive an expression for the reactance of the Peter-son coil in terms of the capacitance of the protected line (b)Calculate the reactance of the coil suitable for a 33KV 3-phase transmission system of which the capacitance to earth of each conductor is 0.5F. UNIT: 8 1(a) How over head transmission lines are protected from lighting strokes (b)Why ground wire is provided as the top lost conductor in high voltage transmission lines. 2(a) Explain clearly how rating of a lighting arrestor is selected.What is the best location of the lighting arrestor and why (b)Explain clearly why lighting arrestor is used. 3(a) what protective measures are taken against lighting over voltages. (b)Describe the construction and operation of metal oxide surge arrestor. 4(a) what is the importance of a ground wire in protecting power conductors against during lighting strokes. (b) What is the function of surge absorber and in what way it is different from lighting arrestor. 5(a) what are volt time curves (b)What is their significance in power system studies? 6(a) what are the various methods of over voltage protection of over head transmission lines. (b)Explain clearly how the rating of a lighting arrestor is selected.What is the best location of a lighting arrestor and why. 7. Write short notes of the following (a)Causes of over voltages in a power system (b) Switching surges 8(a) Explain the principle of surge diverter (b)Describe the construction and working of a valve type lighting arrestor with neat diagram. 9(a) Explain the phenomenon of insulating co-ordination in a power system (b)What is the necessity of protecting electrical equipment against traveling waves. 10(a) State the various causes of over voltages in a power system (b)Name the various devices used for protection against over voltage due to lighting. 11(a) Explain with neat sketches the mechanism of lighting discharge (b)How protection against switching surges are carried out in power systems. Explain.