IWM 2008 CONFERENCE

MODELLING OF A HYDROPHORE PUMPING FACILITY IN SLOW VARIABLE OPERATIONAL REGIMES

tefan POPESCU1, Nicolae MARCOIE2, Daniel TOMA3 The paper presents the conceptual and mathematical models which are describing the functioning of a hydrophore pumping facility, working in quasipermanent and slow-variable transition regimes. This, achieved within the systems theory, serves to compute the main power and economic efficiency parameters of water pumping, and those for pumps starting and stopping sequences. Keywords: mathematical models, transition regimes, modeling, water 1. Introduction One frequently used way to adapt pumps to the variable demands of water supply networks is the intermittent operation of non-adjustable pumps and the hydrophore based compensation of flows. If such facilities are soundly designed and operated they can adequately satisfy the networks demands in terms of flows and loads, they can provide a decrease of the pumps starting sequences frequency and they can ensure the networks protection against surge damages. Below we present the modeling of a hydrophore pumping facility, in quasi-permanent and also in slow-variable transition operating regimes. 2. Conceptual model The considered hydrophore pumping facility draws water from a suction tank (vessel), having a free constant level, and delivers it directly towards a pressurized water supply network. This networks flow and load demands are constant during the analysis (study) period. The pumping basic technological line (PBTL) is equipped with Ntip 2 non-adjustable pumping devices (PD), as it
I II I II follows: mp > 0 - main PD i mp 0 - auxiliary PD; the mp + mp PD can work

Prof.dr.ing. Faculty of Hydrotechnics, Geodesic and Environmental Engineering, Department of Land Reclamation and Environmental Protection,Technical University Gh. Asachi of Iai 2 Assoc. Prof. Faculty of Hydrotechnics, Geodesic and Environmental Engineering, Department of Land Reclamation and Environmental Protection, Technical University Gh. Asachi of Iai 3 Assist. Prof. Faculty of Hydrotechnics, Geodesic and Environmental Engineering, Department of Land Reclamation and Environmental Protection, Technical University Gh. Asachi of Iai

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MODELLING OF A HYDROPHORE PUMPING FACILITYIN SLOW VARIABLE OPERATIONAL REGIMES

in parallel and are constituted in the so-called [3, 4] hydraulic generators battery (HGB). A variant of functioning for the HGB, , is described via the number of PD of each type, in function, ( m p , m p
II

II

I ) , where 0 m p mp and

II 0 m p mp . The total number of HGBs operational variants, Nv (including

I II the variant m p = m p = 0), is N v = (mp + 1) (mp + 1) . The hydraulic system represented by PBTL and hydrophore, schematically, features Nsc=3 characteristical sections (Fig. 1), namely: k=1 via HGBs delivery collector; k=2 via the common delivery pipes connection with hydrophore R2, considered to be cylindrical, with a horizontal generator (Fig. 2); k=3 via the delivery pipes connection that is connecting it to the served water supply network. Depending on served water networks needs and the PDs functional parameters, this hydraulic system can operate in a continuous way (quasi-permanent regime) or in a discontinuous way (slow variable transition regime).

II

Fig. 1. Diagram of hydraulic system PBTL-hydrophore Considering its functions, according to [1], in a hydrophore having a total volume VH, the next characteristical volumes can be described (Fig. 2):

Fig. 2. Geometrical features of a horizontal cylindrical hydrophore

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MODELLING OF A HYDROPHORE PUMPING FACILITYIN SLOW VARIABLE OPERATIONAL REGIMES

A water volume needed to prevent the weakening of air cushion, Vo; An anti-surge volume, Vp ; A volume available for flow compensation, Vu , and the R . volume of compressed air, Va , required vor providing the load in the tank, H 2
3. Mathematical Model

The conceived mathematical model is based on the laws which govern the transformation of compressed air volume within the hydrophore, the way in which HGB works together with the water supply network, and, as well, the way in which the generating hydraulic machine works together with the electric driving motor, from a mechanical point of view. In order to fully satisfy at least the water supply networks demands, the piezometrical loads within section k = 2 , H am 2 (t ) , in delivery collector, HC(t), and within compensation tank,
H R (t ) = z f + (t ) + p R

(1)

have to satisfy the following restrictions:

min max av min H C (t )H am 2 (t ) H F;H R H R (t ) H R ;H F H 2 (t ) H R

(2)

min For the situation H av 3 ( t ) H F ( t ) = HF , variants , ( = 1, 2, , N v ) , are to

be ordered in an augmenting manner function of the HGBs flow, Q ; therefore the next inequalities are satisfied:
0Qv < Q v +1 ,()v { 1, , N v 1}

(3)

In case of continuous functioning there is at least one variant , {1, 2, , N } , for which relations below are verified:
min max Q * =QF,cu H R H am 2 (t ) H R

(4)

The pumping facility with compensation tank works in a cyclic manner when there is a HGBs functioning variant * , * {2, , N v } , in order to simultanously satisfy the next conditions:
max H am 2 (t )> H R , for Q * =QF ;
min H am 2 (t )< H R , pentruQv* 1 = QF .

(5) (6)

In this case we can describe the next: 10 - the compensation tanks filling stage and 20 - the compensation tanks draining stage.
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MODELLING OF A HYDROPHORE PUMPING FACILITYIN SLOW VARIABLE OPERATIONAL REGIMES

During the filling stage, with duration Tu, HGB works in the variant *, min max and the HR load increases from initial value H R to final value H R . During the draining stage, with duration Tg, HGB works in variant * -1, max and the piezometrical load HR is decreasing from initial value H R to final min . value H R Obviously, for the whole cycles duration, it results: T = Tu + Tg (7) Next we will present, classified in groups with remarkable technical meanings, firstly the computing equations needed to model the pumping facility for a continuous regime (quasi-permanent), and next the additional and/or specific equations (corresponding to a variable slow transition regime), which occur in the case of cyclic functioning.
3.1. Mathematical model in case of continuous functioning

This model is described by means of equations given at items a)...l). a) Pumps characteristics at variable speed [3, 4]: - for load,
2 i i i i i i i 2 H i Qp ,n = a H n i + bH Qp ni + cH Qp ,i {I, II};

( )

( )

(8) (9)

- for power,
i i N i Qp , n i = a iN Qp

( )

i i n i + bN Qp ni

( )

i + c iN n i + d N ni

( )

, i {I,II} ;

- for torque,
i i i i M Qp ,n = aM Qp i

2 i i i i ( )2 + bM Qp ni + cM + dM (ni ) ,i {I, II}

(10)

b) Asynchron motors characteristics [3, 4]: - for torque,

i Mi m n =

( )

(n )

i 2

i i a1 n s n i

i i i +b1 n +c1

,i{I,II};

(11)

- for power factor,

i i i cos i M m = a Mm

( )

( )

i i i + b Mm + c , with i {I, II}

(12)

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MODELLING OF A HYDROPHORE PUMPING FACILITYIN SLOW VARIABLE OPERATIONAL REGIMES

- for cost efficiency,

i , ji = 1 i n i ,M m

1 ~ ~i M i 1 + r tg j i tg j ne e m

( ) (n )
2

i n i M m i 2

~ i +M m ni + f i

(13)

c) The water networks equivalent characteristic (NEC), (against section k = 3 ) [3]:

st H 3 (QF )=H ech +M ech (QF ) p

(14)

d) Energy equations: - between sections k=1 and k=2,

1,2 av H am 2 (t ) = H C (t ) h r Q1 ;

( )

(15)

- between sections k=2 and k=3,

am 2,3 av (t ) = H av H3 2 (t ) h r Q 2 (t ) ,

(16)

Applying technique given in [4] , from equations (8) (11), the next elements have been computed: e) Pumps characteristics , at quasi-constant speed: - for load
i i i i i i H i Qp = aH +bH Qp +cH Qp ,i {I, II}

( )

( )2

(17)

- for power,
i i i i i i N i Qp = aN +bN Qp +c N Qp ,i {I, II}

( )

( )2

(18)

- for torque,
i i i i i i M Qp = aM +bM Qp +cM Qp ,i {I , II } i

( )

( )2

(19)

- the speeds variation laws,

i i i i i i n i Qp = an +bn Qp +cn Qp ,i {I, II}

( )

( )2

(20)

f) The reduced load characteristics (in delivery collectors section):

i i i i i Hc i Qp = aH + bH Qp + c iH Qp ,i {I, II} 2

( )

( )

(21)

g) HGBs equivalent load characteristic:

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MODELLING OF A HYDROPHORE PUMPING FACILITYIN SLOW VARIABLE OPERATIONAL REGIMES

- for variant , which gives m p 0 and m p = 0, with (i, j ) {I, II} and i j:
i j

i H ( n,Q )=a H +

i bH i mp

Q+

i c H

m ip

Q2

(22)

- for variant , which gives m p 1 and m p 1 :

H (n ,Q )=bH + c H (Qa H )2 + d H (Q a H ) (Q a H )2 + eH

II

(23)

where:
II b II 1 I b I a H = m p HI + m p H II 2 c H c H I I II b II ;bH = a b a g

( )

( )

cH

(a ) + (a ) ;d =
I 2 II 2

=2

a I a II g
2

;e H = g b II b I

(24)

and in which:
mp
i c H i

a =

;b

i =aH

(b )

i 2 H i 4c H

,cu i {I,II } i g = a I

( ) (a )
2

II 2

(25)

h) Energys equations between the sections of suction tank and those of delivery collector: - for each pump,
i H C = H A + Hi Qp ,cui {I, II}

( )

(26) (27)

- for HGB,
H C = H A + H ( n,Q ).

i) The outline conditions in section k=1: s=s1

T I II u1 = mp ( ) , mp ( )

(28)

j) The outline conditions in section k=2:

am H2 z p2 g = 0

(29)

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MODELLING OF A HYDROPHORE PUMPING FACILITYIN SLOW VARIABLE OPERATIONAL REGIMES

p2 Va ( ) = WH z = zf + const.
k) The outline conditions in section k=3
av am av 3 am av av Q3 Q3 =0 . ( t ) = Q3 ( t ) , Q3 ( t ) = Q ( t ) , H3 ( t ) H3 ( t ) h am,av r3

(30)

( )

(31)

l) The powers and efficiencies equations: - electric motors electrical power,

Pei = N i Q ip

( )

i i i i h'1 n ,M m , j

,i {I,II }

(32)

- pumping facilitys electrical power, PeSP = m p PeI + m p PeII - hydraulic power requested by pilot network,
I II

(33) (34)

PhRP =r g QF ( H F H A )
hSP =100 PhRP [%] PeSP

- pumping facilitys efficiency (specific equation), (35)

3.2. Mathematical model for cyclic functioning

In this case, besides equations from item 3.1. [minus equations (15) and (16) as well as (29) and (30) ], we have to take into account the next equations and conditions: m) Energys equation between sections k=2 and R2 tanks section
am,R H R (t )=H am Q, 3 2 (t ) h r 2 Q (t )
,R Where head loss h am Q ,3 r2 Q (t )

(36)

is given by equation:

R 3 (t ) = h am, Q, Q r2

d 3 3 M am, R Q Q (t ) , pentru Q Q (t ) 0 ;

2 3 3 M i ( ) (t ) < 0 , , pentru Q Q Q t am, R Q

)2

(37)

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MODELLING OF A HYDROPHORE PUMPING FACILITYIN SLOW VARIABLE OPERATIONAL REGIMES

n) The waves dynamic equation within delivery pipe and the continuity equation for compensation tank R2: - waves dynamic equation

0 L1 2 dQ(t )
g A
*

dt

=H ( ,Q ) z f h1,2 r (Q )h r 2

am,R

3 (QQ (t ))

(38)

- continuity equation for tank R2

(z ) d 3 (t ) =Q Q dt

(39)

o) Terminal conditions for the integration of equations (38) and (39) : - for tanks filling stage:
0 0 3 0 tu =0,Qu =Q tu
0 0 tu = 0,zu = z min ( )min = H R zf

()

(40)
max ( )max = H R zf

1 1 and tu = Tu ,zu = z

(41)

- for tanks draining stage:

0 0 3 0 tg =Tu ,Q g = jQ tg

( )
min ( )min = H R zf

(42) (43)

1 1 0 0 max tg = Tu ,z g = (z )max = H R z f and t g = T ,z g = z

p) The equations for pumping facilitys energies and average efficiency: - power consumed in tanks operational stage ,
EeSP

t1

0 t

f (t )dt PeSP

(44)

where: = u - for filling stage; = g - for draining stage; - power consumed in T cycle,
g u EeSP = EeSP + EeSP

(45)

- hydraulic energy demanded by network, in cycle T,

E hRP = r g QF ( H F H A )T
- pumping facilitys average efficiency,

(46)

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MODELLING OF A HYDROPHORE PUMPING FACILITYIN SLOW VARIABLE OPERATIONAL REGIMES

h SP = 100

E hRP E eSP

[%]

(47)

Air cushions volume, Va , can be assessed in function of the water volume within the vessel, Vw, as it follows: Va = VH Vw
Vw = Vo + V p + Vu

(48)

In the usual cases of horizontal hydrophores (Fig. 2), water volume Vw can be computed as a function of the total volume VH and the depth of water within the vessel, , as it follows[1]:

Vw = Vw ( ) = VH ( R ) VH ( A R + B )
The precise equation of function Vw ( ) is given in [2]:
Vw ( ) = L 2 D D arctg 2 2 + ( 2 D ) ( D )

(49)

with VH = R 2 L , and A=0.60303 and B=-0.10418 for R [ 0.3,1.7 ] .

(50)

The waters extreme levels within hydrophores tank, that is min and
min max , have to correspond to the extreme loads within tank, that is H R and, max ; these levels depend on characterisic volumes by means of the respectively, H R next equations:
1 min = Vw (Vo + V p )

results:

max

1 = Vw

Vo + V p + Vumax

)
)

(51)

From the isothermic transformation law, applied to the air cushion, it

min VH Vo + V p pa + g H R z f min = max max = VH Vo + V p + Vu p + g H R z f max = WH a

(52)

4. CONCLUSIONS

The above shown mathematical model is useful for the next applications:

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MODELLING OF A HYDROPHORE PUMPING FACILITYIN SLOW VARIABLE OPERATIONAL REGIMES

1. To assess the main energetical and efficiency parameters for the water pumping process, that is EeSP and SP . 2. To assess the control levels for pumps startings and stoppings, that is: min / max . 3. To create a computer program for the digital simulation of pumps functioning. REFERENCES
1. Alexandrescu O., Staii de pompare. Ed. Gh. Asachi Iai, 2003, ISBN 973-621-059-6. 2. Bartha I., Luca M., Popescu t., Popia A. Hidraulica. Culegere de probleme. I.P. "Gh. Asachi ", Iai, 1992. 3. Popescu t. Aplicaii informatice n hidraulica sistemelor hidrotehnice. Editura CERMI, Iai, 1999, ISBN 973-8000-11-4 4. Popescu t., Poiat T. Determinarea caracteristicilor energo-economice echivalente ale unor instalaii de pompare utilate cu agregate de pompare nereglabile. n: Lucrrile Conferinei Naionale de Termotehnic, Ediia a VII-a, Vol.III, Braov,1997, ISBN 973-97758-5-3.

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