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The Determination of the Lewis

Form Factor and the A G i A


Geometry Factor J for External
Spur Gear Teeth

R. G. Mitchiner
Mem. ASME

H. H. fVIabie
Fellow ASME
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and
State University,
Blacksburg, VA
24061

This paper presents a simple and direct approach to the problem of the definition of
the root prof He for standard and nonstandard external spur gear teeth. Equations
are developed for the location of the tooth center-line intercept at the constantstress parabola. Also, the expression for the location of the point oftangency of the
parabola with the root trochoid is given as well as the derivative of this expression.
The AGMA Standards present charts of geometry factors, but the method by which
these factors were determined is graphical and in some instances is not sufficiently
accurate nor convenient to use. Although other investigators have considered this
problem, their methods are either graphical or very complicated analytically. This
treatment of the problem has been developed because it is not available in the open
literature. Tables and charts are given for both Y and J factors for many profile
variations.

Introduction
The focus of most treatments of the geometry of external
involute spur gear teeth is the load carrying flank. It is the
root profile of the tooth, however, that determines many of
the attributes of the resulting gear. The determination of the
root profile and the design factors which depend upon that
profile is the focus of this paper.
Khiralla [1], Gitchell [2], and the AGMA Standards [3]
present methods of establishing the root geometry and/or the
determination of the AGMA geometry factor J.
While neither a program nor an algorithm is presented
herein, the development of the pertinent equations is
presented such that the interested reader may construct a
program suitable for his needs. Tables are given for both Y
and J factors for many profile variations. Additionally,
figures illustrating the tables of J are shown.
Development of Method
The process of generating the involute flank profile on an
external spur gear tooth may be visualized and treated as the
rolling of a rack with the straight flank hob profile on the
pitch surface of the gear blank.
Consider the hob profile shown in Fig. 1 with an enlarged
view of the hob tooth tip as shown in Fig. 2. The distance A,
which is the half width of the hob tip land, may be described
by:
A =

- ^ - ( 6 - / y J) t a n 4 > - ^ ~ AP
c o s 4>

(1)

Contributed by the Mechanisms Committee and presented at the Design


Engineering Technical Conference, BeverJy Hills, Calif., Sept 28-Oct. 1, 1980
of the AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS. Manuscript received at

ASME Headquarters June, 1980. Paper No. 80-DET-59.

148/Vol. 104, JANUARY 1982

Fig. 1

Hob profile

where P is the diametral pitch.


It should be noted that for the condition A = 0 (a fully
rounded hob tip) the hob tip radius is described by
1

'/- 1- -sin 4>(

JDCOS ^ ~ *

s m

(2)

Line A of Fig. 2 is offset from the center-line of the hob


tooth by the distance A and this line passes through the center
of the hob tip radius rf.
When the hob is engaged with the blank as shown in Fig. 3
and positioned such that the centerline of a blank tooth lies on
the vertical axis, generation of the blank tooth root begins
when Line A of the hob is colinear with Line F at the blank.

Copyright 1982 by ASME

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LIKE A

LINE F
L

Fig. 2

LINE A
Enlarged hob-tooth tip

Line F makes an angle i? with the centerline of the space where


q is described by
A

'=1T

(3)

If the pitch surface of the hob is then rolled about the pitch
circle of the blank to the right, the centerline of the hob tooth
will become colinear with the centerline of the tooth space.
The angular position of the point of tangency, Point B, of the
two pitch surfaces can be described by the angle d which is
measured from Line F. As the hob is rolled on the blank,
Point B is the instantaneous center of rotation. Points C and
D are fixed reference points on the hob tooth, and Point E is
that point on a circle of radius rf about D which is the point
on the hob tooth furthest from the instantaneous center of
rotation. The path of Point E will describe the envelope of the
path of points on the hob tooth in the generation of the root
profile, provided that 7 is greater than the cutting pressure
angle </>.
Consider Fig. 4 where only the envelope of the path of

Fig. 3

E n g a g e m e n t of hob and the gear blank

points on the hob tooth are of interest. Point C will have an


involute path as 6 is increased. The angle BCD is a fixed right
angle as the blank tooth root is generated. Point D will have a
trochoidal path described parametrically as:

Nomenclature
a
b
H
K
mJE
N
P
P
R
Rb

Rc
r
f
Ro

Rr

addendum
dedendum
distance on centerline of tooth from apex of
parabola to point of tangency of parabola
and involute
apex of parabola
slope of line JE tangent to root fillet
number of teeth
diametral pitch
circular pitch
standard pitch radius
base radius
radius from center of gear to apex of
parabola, K
fillet radius on hob tip
addendum radius
radius from center of gear to point on involute at end of contact

Journal of Mechanical Design

X = vertical distance from point of tangency of


parabola with fillet point E to intersection of
a normal to line KE with tooth centerline
xD ,yD = coordinates of center of fillet on hob
XEJE = dimensions from origin of x-y axes to point E
on root fillet of gear
T = tooth width between points of tangency of
parabola and root fillets
j8 = angle between centerline of tooth and line F
A = half-width of hob-tooth land
T) = angle between centerline of space and line F
6 = angle between line F and line from center of
gear to point of tangency B of pitch surfaces
4> = pressure angle of hob
4>A = involute pressure angle of p o i n t s
0 L = angle between line of action and horizontal
line
7,a,,f,K,T = construction angles
JANUARY 1982, Vol. 104/149

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< TOOTH

Fig. 5

Tooth form factor geometry without load sharing

LINE F

Of critical concern in the determination of tooth-geometry


factors is the slope of the tangent to the root profile as well as
the location of the point of tangency. The slope of line JE,
mJE, may be described as

1+

(^r) t a n ( g + e )

(^r)-

(7)

tan(/3+0)

The derivation by Wilfred Lewis of his gear design equation


was based upon a parabola inscribed within the tooth profile,
tangent to the tooth fillets and intersecting the tooth centerline
at a point K described by the intersection of the line of action
and the tooth centerline. Fig. 5 shows the tooth such that the
line of action passes through the tip corner and intersects the
tooth centerline at radius
R cos</>
Fig. 4

Generation of root trochoid

(8)

Rr =

cos V A ~ Y 2N +
(4)

Since DE must be colinear with BD as the generation


proceeds, the parametric coordinates of Point E are:
xE=(R-b + rf)sm(0 + 6)-Rdcos(P + e)
J_

^(b-rf)2+R2d2
yE=(R-b
+

[(b-rf)sm(l3 + e) + Rd cos(|3 + 0)l

+ rf) cos(j3 + 8) + Rd sin(/3 + 6)

(5)

J(b-rf)2+R262
[R6sm(P + 6)- (b-rf)cos(P + 6)\
where /3, the angle between the blank tooth centerline and the
blank space centerline minus ij is
N
150 / Vol. 104, JANUARY 1982

- i )

~ 'nV<i>A /

where

xD=-R6cos(P + 6)+ (R-b + rf)sm(fi + e)


yD = RdsinW + d)+(R-b + rf) cos((3 + 6)

inV<l>

(6)

4>A

:
^

[
(
n
;
H
= tan"
\R + aJ

COS0

This definition of Rc is valid for the determination of the


geometry factors without consideration of load sharing.
Having located point K, the next step in the determination
of the geometry factors involves the specification of the
parabola which has its vertex at K and is tangent to the root
fillets. Note that it is quite impossible for this parabola to be
tangent to the involute profile flanks. Because the parabola is
a quadratic function, a parabola with its vertex at K and
passing through any point, such as E', will be tangent to a line
JE' where the vertical distances between K and E', and / and
K are equal. This is distance H in Fig. 5.
The above condition imposes the relationship:
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2H

(9)

= m.
Since

2
T/2 = x a n d

(10)

H=Rc-yE

Equation (9) may be written as:

ROOT
-2

2(Rc-yE)

--m.

2(Rc-yE)
(11)
xE
Since mJE, Rc, yE, and xE are all functions of 6, the root
fillet parameter, and hob and bland constants, equations (11)
may be written as:
0 = mJE +

,,
2[Rc(8)-yE(8)]
fm ,
f{8) = mJE(8) +
-
=0

(Zl-ST/CT)

ST-Z1

+ (-Z9

+ ZB-rf(ZlSTZl

+ Zl

Equation (13) is nonlinear, and no closed form solution


exists for the determination of 8. As such, numerical methods
such as Newton's first order method may be employed to
iteratively determine the value of 8 for the satisfaction of
Equation (13). Both Carnahan, Luther, and Wilkes [4] and
James, Smith, and Wolford [5] provide the details of this
method.
Essentially Newton's method provides that

e =e

" '-m

for which/'(6) is described by equation (15).


f'{8) = - 2 ( 7 ? C - Z 8 -ZA-rf
Z 6 ) ( - Z 3 ZD-Z52 - 1)
+ ( Z 7 - Z 3 Z5 ZD + Z5 2 Z7)(-Z9 + Z 5 -rf(Z\ ST Zl
ST+Z1 CTZ1 +
+ ZVSTZCZE))(Z5
(-Z9

+ ZB-R

+ Z\ CT+Z3 ST

Z3 STZD-Z1
2

Z3 CTZCZF

Z7 + l ) - 2 ( - Z 5 + Z 7 )

ST-rf(Z\
2

ZC ZF-Z3 CT

ZC ZE))

Where the symbolisms used above are:


Z F = l / ( 0 3 R2)
ZE=1/(8*R3)
ZD=\/(82R)
ZC=(b-rf)2/(62R2)
+l
ZB=(R-b
+ rf) sin03 + 8)
ZA = (R-b + rf) cos03 + 8)
Z9 = dRcos(P + 8)
Z8 = 8Rsin(l3 + 8)
Zl=(b-rf)/(8R)
Z6=(b-rf){-{b-rf)
cos (/3 + 8)/{8 R)
8))/{8R)
Z5=tan(/3 + 8)
Cr=cos(/3 + 8)
ST=sin03 + 6)
Z4= 1/(8 R)
Z3 = b-rf
Z2 = R-b + rf
Zl =
(b-rf)/(8R)
Journal of Mechanical Design

-8

-10

-14
0.4

0.8

1.2

d, Radians
Fig. 6

Typical variation of 1(6)

rf = Hob tooth tip radius


# C = Radius to Point K
Equations (13), (14), and (15) may be employed repeatedly
until 8 is determined as accurately as desired. Once 8 has been
(14) determined, equation (5) may be used to locate the critical
point on the root profile.
Newton's method may pose difficulties which are
manifested in the lack of convergence or convergence to an
improper root. Figure 6 shows the typical behavior of f(8).
Critical in the determination of the proper root is the selection
of the initial value of 8. Figure 6 shows that if this initial value
(15) is too small, slow convergence may occur. On the other hand,
if initial is too large, convergence to an improper root occurs.
The following expression is presented as a means of circumventing this difficulty:

Z3 CTZD + Zl ST Zl
3

CT))
(13)

CT-rf{-Z\

-6

-12

CTZ1))

(STZl/CT+l)

+ Z1 CT)) + (Z8 + ZA-R

tie)

(12)

Expressing equation (12) in terms of the constants and 8,


yields equation (13).
f(8) = -2(Rc-Zd-ZS-rf(Z\

+ sin (/3 +

= .20e ~

40
40

+(lxlO-7)

(16)

It should be noted that using this initial point, the authors


usually achieved convergence in 8 to seven (7) significant
digits in four (4) iterations for smaller gears and in ten (10)
iterations for gears approaching a rack.
The location of Point K presented above and the determination of Rc, equation (8), are valid for the case of no
sharing of the load between teeth. For the case of load sharing
as shown in Fig. 7, the point of interest U is the highest intersection of the line of action and the tooth centerline when
only one tooth is in engagement.
This distance Rc may be derived by noting that

Rx=^lQ2
where Q=

() COS<?

(17)

+Rl2-2QR]sm<f>

(18)

COS(T+</>)
:

sin

R2

JANUARY 1982, Vol. 104/151

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The Y defined in equation (24) considers only the effects of


bending on the tooth element, not the combined effects of
bending and compression. The A G M A [3] defines F a s

Y=
cos 4>L

1.5

COS 0

~X~

(26)

tan <t>L

where 4>L (See Figs. 5 and 6) is the angle between the line of
action and a horizontal line and is defined by

0L=tan~
R +a

c o s <j>

i:

r R
cos </>

tan"

IR + a
R
R+a

+ inv<t> (27)

c o s <f>

for the case of no load sharing, and


<f>L = f + 7r/2 as given in equation (23)
for load sharing between teeth.
The geometry factor J is defined by the AGMA [3] as
Y

(28)

KfmN
where Kf, the stress concentration factor defined by Dolan
and Broghamer [7], is

* - ( - f )'(*;)

(29)

yE'

where

H=.34 - .45836620
L = .316 - .45836620
M = .290 + .45836620, and

Fig. 7 Load at highest point for single-tooth contact

r=rf+(b-rf)2/(R

Now
K=

2N

(ir cos *)

inv\ cos~
\
,

) + inu </>

27T

(19)

(20)

The mN may be taken as the profile contact ratio mP. It


should be recognized that mN is influenced by other factors.
Mabie and Ocvirk [8] define mP as
IP
mN = mP = TTCOS0
(VJRol2-JRA12+V^o2T-JRM2-(i?1+j;2)sin0)P

N
i

(21)

Then
Rxsmtf)
Rr =
sin(r+?)
For the case of load sharing by the teeth
</>L=f+-T/2

(22)

(23)

as shown in Fig. 7.
Shigley [6] shows that the Lewis Form Factor, Y, may be
determined as
2XP
3

(24)

where X as shown in Fig. 5 is determined from


X= R -y
c E
152 / Vol. 104, JANUARY 1982

(30)

TT C O S (f>

f=cos '

Y=

+ b-rf)

(25)

In the expression above, the outside and pitch radii, and the
pressure angles should be at the operating conditions, i.e.
considering backlash and tip modifications. For the gear cases
considered herein, however, loading at all times is applied to
ony one tooth regardless of load sharing considerations. As
such, mN is considered to be 1.00.
Conclusion
Using the expressions presented herein, one could, for the
conditions desired, develop a computer program to
1) locate the point of interest on the root profile
2) compute Y
3) compute/
Table 1 shows the Lewis form factor as defined by equation
(24) for the set of tooth proportions given. This table
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Number of Teelh
in Matins Gear

Geometry
Factor

I i i i i I I i i i I I I l l I I I I I I I II
Number

of Teeth in Considered Gear

Fig. 10 AGMA geometry factor J for involute spur gear teeth, 4> = 25
rf = .270, a = 1.000, b = 1.3154

02

Number of Teeth
ll

in Mating Gear

Geometry
Factor

2ir/N

I i i i i I i i i i i i I 11111M 11 II
i>

i.

>

..

,.

,.

I H

I...

Numher ot Teeth in Considered Gear

Fig. 11 AGMA geometry factor J for involute spur gear teeth, <> = 20
rf = .300, a = 1.000, b = 1.250

0!
Fig 8

Geometry of single-tooth contact case

^ i;

--^0
Geometry

Number of Teeth

Number ol Teeth

"

in Mating Gear

in Mating Gear

Geometry

Factor

Factor

I l i i i I I l_l_jJ
Number

i I i I i I il III II |

of Teeth in Considered Gear

_J

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ll i III I .

, . , . , ... l.
Humber

of Teeth in Considered Gear

Fig. 9 AGMA geometry factor J for involute spur gear teeth, <f> = 20, Fig. 12 AGMA geometry factor J for involute spur gear teeth, <j> = 25
r, = .300, a = 1.000, b = 1.250
ff = .350, a = 1.000, b = 1.400

Journal of Mechanical Design

JANUARY 1982, Vol. 104/153

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Table 1

Lewis form factor Y

20.00
1.000
1.1)00
0.350

25.00
1 .000
1.350
0.21)5

25.00
1 .000
1.315
0.270

14.50
1 .000
1 . 157
0.209

20.00
1 .000
1 .157
0.239

20.00
0.800
1 . 000
0.304

20.00
1 .000
1 .250
0.300

25.00
1
000
1-250
0.300

12.
13.

0.2051)6
0.21987

0.251)73
0.27177

0.26281
0.27950

0.19180
0.20267

0.24192
0.25494

0.33512
0.34827

0.22960
0.24317

0.2767/
0.29281

15.

0.23283
0.21)1)56

0.28711
0.30100

0.29U51
0.30806

0.21238
0.22111

0.26657
0.27701

0.35985
0.37013

0.25530
0.26622

0.30717
0.32009

16.
17.

0.25522
0.261)95

0.31363
0.32517

0.32035
0.33156

0.22900
0.23616

0.2864 3
0.29498

0.37931
0.38757

0.27610
0.28508

0.33178
0.342l|0

18.
19.

0.27386
0.28205

0 . 33571)
0 . 3145116

0.31)182
0.35121)

0.24270
0.24868

0.30278
0.30991

0.39502
0.40179

0.29327
0.30078

0.35210
0.36099

20.
21 .

0.28961
0.29661

0 . 3D1|1|1|
0.36276

0.35993
0.36797

0.25419
0.25926

0.31646
0.32251

0.40797
0.41363

0.30769
0.31406

0.36916
0.37671

22.
21).

0.30311
0. 311)80

0 . 3701)8
0 . 381)39

0.37543
0.38881)

0.26396
0.27239

0.32810
0.33811

0.41883
0.42806

0.31997
0.33056

0.38370
0.39624

26.
28.

0.32502
0. 331)05

0.39657
0.1)0733

0.110056
0.1)1090

0.27972
0.28617

0.34682
0.35448

0.43601
0.44294

0.33979
0.34790

0.40717
0.41678

30.
3').

0. 31)208
0.35576

0.1)1691
0.1)3323

0.1)2009
0.1)3572

0.29189
0.30157

0.36126
0.37274

0.44902
0.45920

0.35510
0.36731

0.42530
0.43976

38.
D5.

0.36697
0. 382'|2

0.111)663
0.1)651 1

0.1)1)853
0.116615

0.30947
0.32029

0.38209
0.39490

0.46740
0.47846

0.37727
0.39093

0.45156
0.46774

50.
60.

0.39113
0.1)01)67

0.1)7555
0.1)9177

0.1)7607
0.1)911)8

0.32635
0.33574

0.40208
0.41317

0.48458
0.49391

0.39860
0.41047

0.47681
0.49086

75.
100.

0.1)1885
0.1)3376

0.50877
0.52665

0.50758
0.521)1)6

0.34550
0.35569

0.42469
0.43670

0.50345
0.51321

0.42283
0.43574

0.50546
0.52071

150.
300.

0.1)')953
0.46631)

0 . 5'1556
0.56570

0.51)225
0.56112

0.36639
0.37771

0.44929
0.46255

0.52321
0.53348

0.44930
0.46364

0.53668
0.55351

Rack

0.1)8452

0.58739

0.58133

0.38984

0.47669

0.54406

0.47897

0.57139

300

1000

No of
Teeth
i n Gea r

Phi
a
id
r
f

Table 2 AGMA geometry factor J


Number of Teeth in MatingGear

No or
Teeth
n Gea r

12.
13.

0.20255
0.21064

14.
15.

0.21763
0.22372

16.
17.

0.22909
0.23384

18.
19.

0.23809
0.24190

20.
21 .

0.24534
0.24847

0.32040
0.32618

0.32789
0.33399

0.33370
0.34006

0.3 3896
0.34558

0.34501
0.35195

0.35013
0.35737

0.35504
0.36260

22.
24.

0.25132
0.25633

0.33152
0.34105

0.33962
0.34968

0.34594
0.35645

0.35170
0.36267

0.35838
0.36992

0.36409
0.37615

0.36961
0.38223

26.
28.

0.26060
0.26427

0.34930
0.35653

0.35840
0.36605

0.36559
0.37359

0.37220
0.38057

0.37997
0.38880

0.38668
0.39595

0.39326
0.40299

30.
34.

0.26747
0.27277

0.36290
0.37364

0.3 7280
0.38419

0.38067
0.39263

0.38798
0.40051

0.39663
0.1)0989

0.40417
0.41812

0.41163
0.42632

38.
45.

0.27700
0.28266

0.38234
0.39417

0.39343
0.40600

0.40234
0.41558

0.41070
0.42460

0.42069
0.43546

0.42951
0.44511

0.43833
0.45482

50.
60.

0.28577
0.29050

0.40076
0.41087

0.41301
0.42378

0.42296
0.43431

0.43236
0.44431

0.44372
0.45644

0.45384
0.46732

0.46407
0.47836

75.
100.

0.29533
0.30030

0.42128
0.43201

0.43487
0.44630

0.44601
0.45808

0.45663
0.46937

0.46959
0.48320

0.48127
0.49573

0.49319
0.50859

150.
300.

0.30546
0.31090

0.44309
0.45456

0.45812
0.47034

0.47057
0.48348

0.48254
0.49619

0.49730
0.51191

0.51073
0.52631

0.52459
0.54124

Rack

0.31680

0.46646

0.48302

0.49688

0.51034

0.52709

0.54250

0.55857

17

25

Phi = 20.00 Degrees

154 /Vol. 104, JANUARY 1982

50

35

= 0. 3500

85

a = 1 .000

b = 1.4000

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Table 3 AGMA geometry factor J


Number of Teeth in Mating Gear

NO of
Teeth
in Gear

17

25

35

50

300

1000

12.
13.

0.26083
0.27030

11.
15.

0.27849
0.28563

0.33368
0.34519

0.33913
0.35108

0.34318
0.35547

0.31671
0.35932

0 .35062
0 .36359

0.35379
0.36707

0.35673
0.37030

16.
17.

0.29193
0.29751

0.35552
0.36484

0.36182
0.37151

0.36653
0.37652

0.37067
0.38093

0 .37527
0 .38585

0.37904
0.38989

0.38255
0.39366

18.
19.

0.30249
0.30698

0.37329
0.38099

0.38031
0.38833

0.38560
0.39388

0.39026
0.39878

0 .39548
0 .40427

0.39977
0.40880

0.10378
0.41304

20.
21 .

0.31103
0.31471

0.38803
0.39450

0.39568
0.40243

0.40146
0.40844

0.10659
0.11377

0 .41231
0 .11977

0.41709
0.42473

0.42155
0.42939

22.
24.

0.31807
0.32398

0.40047
0.41111

0.40866
0.41978

0.41488
0.42638

0.12010
0.43225

0 .12663
0 .13890

0.43179
0.44442

0.43664
0.44963

26.
28.

0.32902
0.33336

0.42031
0.42835

0.42940
0.43782

0.113634
0.44506

0.44253
0.45153

0..11955
0..45888

0.45539
0.46501

0.46091
0.47081

30.
31).

0.33715
0.34345

0.43544
0.44738

0.44524
0.45775

0.45275
0.16572

0.45948
0.47287

0..46712
0..48103

0.47351
0.18787

0.17957
0.19137

38.
45.

0.34849
0.35524

0.45704
0.47016

0.46788
0.48163

0.47622
0.19051

0.48374
0.49851

0. 49232
0. 50769

0.49954
0.51542

0.50610
0.52280

50.
60.

0.35896
0.36464

0.47745
0.48863

0.48929
0.50103

0.19815
0.51065

0.50674
0.51937

0.51625
0.52940

0.52128
0.53789

0.53195
0.51602

75.
100.

0.37045
0.37645

0.50013
0.51197

0.51310
0.52553

0.52320
0.53612

0.53237
0.54575

0. 54294
0. 55690

0.55191
0.56637

0.56052
0.57519

150.
300.

0.38271
0.38933

0.52418
0.53681

0.53835
0.55160

0.51914
0.56321

0.55956
0.57383

0. 57130
0. 58618

0.58129
0.59672

0.59091
0.60692

0.39650

0.54990

0.56532

0.57747

0.60158

0.61269

0.62316

25.00 Degrees

Table 4
No of
Teeth
n Gea r

12.
13.

0.26751
0.27661

0.33041

0.3 3579

14.
15.

0.28416
0.29130

0.31320
0.35457

0.34906
0.36089

16.
17.

0.29732
0.30265

0.36476
0.37396

18.
19.

0.30711
0.31169

20.
21.

a = 1.000

b = 1.3500

AGMA geometry factor J

Numbe rof Teeth in IVlatingGear


17

50

85

300

0.33976

0.34320

0.31700

0.35008

0.35292

0,35341
0.36560

0.35721
0.36971

0.36112
0.37133

0.36485
0.37808

0.36801
0.38156

0.37151
0.38110

0. 37656
0,38646

0.38100
0.39119

0.38595
0.39618

0.39001
0.40082

0.39378
0.40487

0.38229
0.38989

0.38980
0.39773

0.39545
0.40366

0.10015
0.10890

0.10605
0.11480

0.41066
0.41966

0.41497
0.42422

0.31555
0.31906

0.39684
0.40322

0.40500
0.41167

0.11117
0.11809

0.11665
0.42378

0.42282
0.43021

0.42792
0.43553

0.43270
0.44053

22.
24.

0.32226
0.32788

0.40910
0.41958

0.41783
0.42881

0.12446
0.43585

0.43037
0.44212

0.43703
0.44923

0.44256
0.45514

0.44777
0.46072

26.
28.

0.33267
0.33680

0.42865
0.43658

0.43832
0.44664

0.44571
0.45434

0.45232
0.46124

0.45982
0.46909

0.46607
0.47565

0.47198
0.48187

30.
34.

0.31039
0.31637

0.44356
0.45532

0.45397
0.46632

0.46196
0.47480

0.46913
0.48242

0.47729
0.49112

0.48412
0.49843

0.49061
0.50538

38.
45.

0.35114
0.35753

0.46483
0.47775

0.17632
0.18991

0,48520
0.49933

0.49319
0.50785

0.50235
0.51763

0.51005
0.52588

0.51740
0.53377

50.
60.

0.36104
0.36641

0.48492
0.49593

0.49747
0.50905

0.50720
0.51927

0.51601
0.52853

0.52614
0.53922

0.53471
0.54827

0.54291
0.55696

75.
100.

0.37189
0.37754

0.50724
0.51888

0.52097
0.53323

0.53168
0.54446

0.54112
0.55169

0.55268
0.56655

0.56224
0.57665

0.57144
0.58639

150.
300.

0.38342
0.38961

0.53089
0.54329

0.54587
0.55893

0.55763
0.57124

0.56838
0.58252

0.58087
0.59565

0.59153
0.60690

0.60183
0.61779

Rack

0.39628

0.55613

0.57244

0.58531

0.59711

0.61095

0.62281

0.63432

25

Phi = 25.00 Degrees

Journal of Mechanical Design

35

= 0..2700

a = 1.000

1000

b = 1.3154

JANUARY 1982, Vol. 104/155

Downloaded From: http://mechanicaldesign.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 08/21/2013 Terms of Use: http://asme.org/terms

Table 5 AGMA geometry factor J


Number of Teeth in Mating Gear

No o f
Teeth
i n Gea r

25

35

50

85

1000

12.
13.

0 .16187
0 .16648

14.
15.

0 .17040
0 .17378

16.
17.

0 .17671
0..17928

18.
19.

0.,18155
0..18356

20.
21 .

0..18537
0..18699

22.
24.

0,.18845
0.. 19100

26.
28.

0. 19313
0. 19494

30.
34.

0. 19649
0. 19902

0.29969

0.31047

0.31945

38.
45.

0. 20100
0. 20358

0.30544
0.31320

0.31689
0.32559

0.32656
0.33622

0.33604
0.34683

0.34801
0.36052

0.35924
0.37371

0.37120
0.38820

50.
60.

0. 20497
0. 20704

0.31750
0.32404

0.33042
0.33779

0.34160
0.34985

0.35286
0.36214

0.36755
0.37843

0.38190
0.39467

0.39792
0.41322

75.
100.

0. 20909
0. 21114

0.33073
0.33756

0.34535
0.35308

0.35832
0.36702

0.37171
0.38159

0.38974
0.40150

0.40805
0.42210

0.42943
0.44666

150.
300.

0. 21320
0. 21530

0.34454
0.35168

0.36100
0.36913

0.37597
0.38517

0.39179
0.40232

0.41373
0.42647

0.43685
0.45237

0.46501
0.48459

0. 21753

0.35899

0.37746

0.39463

Phi

= 14.50 Degrees

0.33892

0.35907

0.43975

0.50554

0.2090

1.1570

Table 6 AGMA geometry factor J


Number of Teeth in M ating Gear

No of
Teeth
n Gea r

12.
13.

0.21899
0.22486

14.
15.

0.22988
0.23421

16.
17.

0.23799
0.24131

18.
19.

17

25

35

50

85

300

1000

0.24425
0.24688

0.32814
0.33388

0.33694
0.34309

0.34377
0.35028

0.34996
0.35681

0.35707
0.36437

0.36308
0.37080

0.36884
0.37699

20.
21 .

0.24923
0.25136

0.33913
0.34395

0.34872
0.35388

0.35623
0.36170

0.36310
0.36888

0.37108
0.37725

0.37790
0.38445

0.38451
0.39146

22.
24.

0.25329
0.25665

0.34838
0.35625

0.35864
0.36711

0.36675
0.37574

0.37421
0.38374

0.38296
0.39318

0.39052
0.40139

0.39790
0.40948

26.
28.

0.25948
0.26191

0.36305
0.36897

0.37443
0.38082

0.38353
0.39034

0.39200
0.39924

0.40206
0.40985

0.41087
0.41919

0.41959
0.42849

30.
34.

0.26400
0.26744

0.37418
0.38292

0.38644
0.39589

0.39633
0.40643

0.40562
0.41637

0.41674
0.42836

0.42656
0.43904

0.43639
0.44979

38.
45.

0.27016
0.27375

0.38996
0.39948

0.40352
0.41385

0.41459
0.42565

0.42508
0.43692

0.43781
0.45066

0.44919
0.46306

0.46073
0.47571

50.
60.

0.27570
0.27864

0.40476
0.41281

0.41958
0.42834

0.43180
0.44120

0.44350
0.45358

0.45783
0.46883

0.47080
0.48272

0.48410
0.49704

75.
100.

0.28161
0.28462

0.42104
0.42947

0.43730
0.44648

0.45084
0.46073

0.46394
0.47457

0.48016
0.49182

0.49501
0.50771

0.51042
0.52429

150.
300.

0.28771
0.29093

0.43810
0.44696

0.45590
0.46556

0.47088
0.48130

0.48551
0.49675

0.50383
0.51621

0.52082
0.53437

0.53865
0.55354

Rack

0.29436

0.45605

0.47548

0.49202

0.50833

0.52899

0.54838

0.56899

Phi = 20.00 Degrees

156/Vol. 104, JANUARY 1982

= 0..2390

a = 1.000

b = 1.1570

Transactions of the ASME

Downloaded From: http://mechanicaldesign.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 08/21/2013 Terms of Use: http://asme.org/terms

Table 7 AGMA geometry factor J


Number of Teeth in Mating Gear

No o f
Teeth
i n Gear

17

25

35

300

12.
13.

0 .26581)
0 .27130

11).
15.

0 .27591)
0 .27992

0.32151)
0.3281)9

0.32892
0.33621)

0.33452
0.34214

0.33948
0.34740

0.34507
0.35336

0.34970
0.35831

0.35405
0.36298

16.
17.

0 .28336
0.,28638

0 . 331)67
0 . 31)021

0.31)276
0.34860

0.34894
0.35504

0.35447
0.36081

0.36075
0.36739

0.36599
0.37291

0.37096
0.37815

18.
19.

0..289011
0..29139

0 . 31)520
0.31)972

0.35387
0.35861)

0.36054
0.36553

0.36654
0.37174

0.37340
0.37885

0.37916
0.38485

0.38466
0.39058

20.
21 .

0..29350
0,,29539

0.35383
0.35759

0.36299
0.36696

0.37007
0.37423

0.37647
0.38081

0.38382
0.38838

0.39003
0.39479

0.39599
0.40095

22.
21).

0..29709
0,.30005

0.3610')
0.36715

0.37061
0.37708

0.37805
0.38482

0.38479
0.39186

0.39256
0.40000

0.39916
0.40694

0.40551
0.41363

26.
28.

0,,30252
0. 301)61

0. 3721)0
0.37696

0.38264
0.38747

0.39064
0.39571

0.39794
0.40324

0.40641
0.41199

0.41364
0.41948

0.42064
0.42676

30.
3i|.

0. 3061)1
0. 30931)

0.38096
0.38761)

0.39171
0.39880

0.40015
0.40759

0.40788
0.41566

0.41689
0.42510

0.42462
0.43323

0.43213
0.44115

38.
45.

0. 31161
0. 311)57

0.39301
0.1)0023

0.1)041)9
0.41215

0.41356
0.42161

0.42191
0.43034

0.43171
0.44062

0.44016
0.44952

0.4484 3
0.45826

50.
60.

0. 31616
0. 31851

0.1)01)21
0.1)1028

0.41638
0.42282

0.42605
0.43281

0.43500
0.44209

0.44555
0.45306

0.45470
0.46260

0.46370
0.47201

75.
100.

0. 32083
0. 32312

0.1)161)5
0.1)2271)

0.42938
0.43606

0.43971
0.44674

0.44932
0.45670

0.46072
0.46854

0.47067
0.47891

0.48051
0.48919

150.
300.

0. 32539
0. 32764

0.1)2916
0.1)3571

0.44287
0.44983

0.45391
0.46123

0.46422
0.47191

0.47653
0.48469

0.48733
0.49594

0.49807
0.50716

Rack

0. 32989

0.1)1)21)0

0.45694

0.46870

0.47977

0.49303

0.50476

0.51647

2 0 . 0 0 Degrees

= 0,,3040

a = 0.800

Table 8 AGMA geometry factor J


Number of Teeth in Mating Gear

No o f
Teeth
i n Gea r

25

35

50

1000

85

12.
13.

0.21557
0.22232

14.
15.

0.22811
0.23313

16.
17.

0.23753
0.24141

18.
19.

0.24486
0.24794

0.32404
0.33029

0.33214
0.33878

0.33840
0.34537

0.34404
0.35134

0.35050
0.35822

0.35594
0.36405

0 .36112
0 .36963

20.
21 .

0.25072
0.25323

0.33600
0.34124

0.34485
0.35044

0.35176
0.35764

0.35804
0.36422

0.36532
0.37186

0'. 37151
0.37841

0 .37749
0 .38475

22.
24.

0.25552
0.25951

0.34607
0.35468

0.35559
0.36477

0.36306
0.37275

0.36992
0.38012

0.37792
0.38877

38479
39626

0 .39148
0 .40360

26.
28.

0.26289
0.26580

0.36211
0.36860

0.37272
0.37967

0.38115
0.38851

0.38897
0.39673

0.39821
0.40650

0.40625
0.41504

0 .41418
0 .42351

30.
34.

0.26831
0.27247

0.37432
0.38394

0.38580
0.39611

0.39500
0.40594

0.40359
0.41517

0.41383
0.42624

0.42283
0.43604

0,.43179
0,.44586

38.
45.

0.27575
0.28013

0.39170
0.40223

0.40446
0.41579

0.41480
0.42685

0.42456
0.43735

0.43633
0.45010

0.44680
0.46152

0,,45735
0,,47310

50.
60.

0.28252
0.28613

0.40808
0.41702

0.42208
0.43173

0.43355
0.44383

0.44448
0.45542

0.45778
0.46960

0.46975
0.48243

0.,48193
0.,49557

75.
100.

0.28979
0.29353

0.42620
0.43561

0.44163
0.45180

0.45440
0.46527

0.46668
0.47827

0.48179
0.49437

0.49554
0.50909

0. 50970
0. 52435

150.
300.

0.29738
0.30141

0.44530
0.45526

0.46226
0.47304

0.47645
0.48798

0.49023
0.50256

0.50736
0.52078

0.52312
0.53765

0. 53954
0. 55533

0.30571

0.46554

0.49988

0.51529

Phi = 2 0 . 0 0 D e g r e e s

Journal of Mechanical Design

= 0.3000

0. 57173
1.2500

JANUARY 1982, Vol. 104/157

Downloaded From: http://mechanicaldesign.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 08/21/2013 Terms of Use: http://asme.org/terms

Table 9 AGMA geometry factor J


Number of Teeth in Mating Gear
No or
Teeth
n Gea r

12.
13.

0.27829
0.28665

0.34684

0.35292

0.35744

0.36138

0.36572

0.36925

0.37251

14.
15.

0.29384
0.30009

0.35924
0.37027

0.36587
0.37740

0.37081
0.38275

0.37514
0.38744

0.37994
0.39267

0.38386
0.39694

0.387t|g
0.40092

16.
17.

0.30558
0.31043

0.38016
0.38907

0.38775
0.39709

0.39346
0.40314

0.39849
0.40849

0.40411
0.41448

0.40873
0.41941

0.41303
0.42402

18.
19.

0.31475
0.31862

0.39714
0.40449

0.40556
0.41328

0.41193
0.41994

0.4 1756
0.42585

0.42390
0.43250

0.42913
0.43801

0.43403
0.44310

20.
21 .

0.32211
0.32528

0.41121
0.41738

0.42034
0.42682

0.42727
0.43401

0.43344
0.44042

0.44039
0.44765

0.44616
0.45367

0.1(5159
0.45933

22.
24.

0.32816
0.33322

0.42306
0.43318

0.43280
0.44346

0.44023
0.45132

0.44686
0.45836

0.45436
0.46635

0.46060
0.47301

0.46650
0.47932

26.
28.

0.33752
0.34122

0.44193
0.44957

0.45268
0.46075

0.46093
0.46933

0.46833
0.47705

0.47674
0.48585

0.48378
0.49323

0.49046
0.50023

30.
34.

0.34443
0.34976

0.45631
0.46763

0.46785
0.47981

0.47675
0.48923

0.484/5
0.49772

0.49389
0.50746

0.50157
0.51566

0.50888
0.52349

38.
45.

0.35400
0.35967

0.47678
0.48919

0.48948
0.50261

0.49933
0.51305

0.50824
0.52252

0.51847
0.53344

0.52710
0.54268

0.53536
0.55154

50.
60.

0.36278
0.36750

0.49608
0.50663

0.50991
0.52109

0.52068
0.53238

0.53047
0.54267

0.54177
0.55457

0.55136
0.56469

0.56056
0.57444

75.
100.

0.37232
0.37726

0.51747
0.52860

0.53257
0.54436

0.54440
0.55676

0.55520
0.56810

0.56773
0.58129

0.57842
0.59257

0.58873
0.60348

150.
300.

0.38237
0.38772

0.54005
0.55185

0.55651
0.56902

0.56948
0.58259

0.58138
0.59507

0.59526
0.60967

0.60716
0.62222

0.61869
0.63442

Rack

0.39342

0.56405

0.58194

0.59613

0.60921

0.62456

25

35

Phi = 25.00 Degrees

is computed without regard to load sharing, i.e., the load is


applied at the tip of the tooth.
The geometry factor J is given in Tables 2 through 9 for the
set of proportions shown. Figures 9-12 show selective plots of
the tabulated data for J for various profiles.
References
1 Khiralla, T. W., On the Geometry of External Involute Spur Gears,
Khiralla, Studio City, CA, 1976.
2 Gitchel, K. R., "Computed Strength and Durability Geometry Factors for
External Spur and Helical Gears with Tooling Check," ASME Paper No. 72PTG-18, 1972.

158/Vol. 104, JANUARY 1982

85

5(

= 0, 3000

1000

0.65068
b = 1.2500

3 AGMA Information Sheet for Strength of Spur, Helical Herringbone, and


Bevel Gear Teeth, AGMA 225.01 (1967), American Gear Manufacturers
Association, Washington, D.C.
4 Carnahan, B., Luther, H. A., and Wilkes, J. O., Applied Numerical
Methods, John Wiley, 1969.
5 James, M. L., Smith, G. M., and Wolford, J. C , Applied Numerical
Methods/or Digital Computation, IEP-Dun Donnelly, New York, 1977.
6 Shigley, J. E., Mechanical Engineering Design, Third Edition, McGrawHill, 1977.
7 Dolan, T. J., and Broghamer, E. L., "A Photoelastic Study of the Stresses
in Gear Tooth Fillets," University of Illinois Eng. Experiment Station Bulletin
335, March 1942.
8 Mabie, H. H. and Ocvirk, F. W., Mechanisms and Dynamics of
Machinery Third Edition SI Version, John Wiley and Sons, 1978.

Transactions of the ASME

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