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Normal PaO2 = 80100 mm Hg PaCO2 = 3545 mm Hg pH = 7.357.45 HCO3 = 2226 mEq/l SaO2 = 9599%
Clinical Significance Panic Values for ABGs PaO2: < 40 PaCO2: < 20 or > 70 pH: < 7.2 or > 7.6 HCO3: < 10 or > 40 SaO2: < 60% * See more information regarding CO2 Retention. Degrees of Hypoxia: mild: PaO2 of 60-80 mm mod: PaO2 of 40-60 mm severe: PaO2 < 40 mm Low values = Anemia: monitor for fatigue, dyspnea, tachycardia, tachypnea
RBC / Whole Blood = ___ %
Hematocrit (Hct)
Hemoglobin (Hgb)
Female: 1215 g/dl Male: 1417 g/dl Female: 4 5.5 million/mm3 Male: 4.5 6.2 million/mm3
Low values = Anemia: monitor for fatigue, dyspnea, tachycardia, tachypnea Chemotherapy: < 10 -- hold aerobic exercise Low values = Anemia: monitor for fatigue, dyspnea, tachycardia, tachypnea High values: In COPD, may indicate Polycythemia, a compensation for pulmonary dysfunction that makes blood thicker, and increases risk of CVA, etc.
RBC Count
> 10,000 indicates systemic infection (more than just local colonization) Chemotherapy : < 5,000: use reverse isolation, see patient in room, careful hygiene, hold aerobic exercise
Chemotherapy:
30,000 50,000: avoid resisted exercise, risk of internal hemorrhage, ambulation OK < 30,000: bedside, gentle AROM < 20,000: consult with physician or nurse before activity
Bad if elevated. Used to diagnose, or follow the course of inflammatory diseases, e.g. rheumatic conditions
Alternative calculation of normal value: Female: (age + 10) / 2 Male: age / 2
Creatinine
Renal function measure: high values are bad. May indicate nephropathy, end stage renal d. Can occur in brittle diabetics also.
Low (hypokalemia) secondary to: vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, or use of loop diuretics e.g. Lasix, furosemide. Also increases the risk of digitalis toxicity. Result of low K: ventricular arrhythmias High (hyperkalemia) secondary to: overuse of K supplements, renal or endocrine problem. Result of high K: ventricular arrhythmias, asystole
Calcium (Ca)
Low (hypocalcemia): secondary to: abuse of laxatives, renal failure, low dietary calcium or Vit.
D intake, excessive magnesium intake. Result of low Ca: osteoporosis, muscle spasms / tetany, calcium deposits in tissue; cardiac arrhythmia, asystole High (hypercalcemia): secondary to: immobilization, metastatic bone CA; overuse of antacids containing calcium Result of high Ca: thirst; polyuria; renal stones; decreased muscle tone and DTRs; tachycardia; cardiac arrhythmia, asystole Sodium (Na) 136 -145 mEq/l Low (hyponatremia) secondary to: fluid loss from diarrhea, vomiting, diaphoresis, diuretic use. Result of low Na: postural hypotension, abdominal cramps, headache, fatigue, weakness High (hypernatremia) secondary to: dehydration, high salt intake, poor renal function Result of high Na: edema, tachycardia
Diabetes
Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) Glucose Level 70 to 99 mg/dL Indication Normal fasting glucose Impaired fasting glucose (pre-diabetes) Contributes to the diagnosis of Metabolic Syndrome Diabetes
>126 mg/dL
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) (Sample drawn 2 hours after a 75-gram glucose drink) Glucose Level Indication
Normal glucose tolerance Impaired glucose tolerance (pre-diabetes) Contributes to the diagnosis of Metabolic Syndrome Diabetes
46% is normal
Lab work done at the doctor's office, that gives an average of the last 3 month's blood glucose. The goal for diabetic patients it to keep the value < 7%
FEV1
(Normal/Predicted is 80120%)
FEV1 / FVC
(Normal/Predicted ratio is 80%)
Decreased. COPD
Mild: 65-80% of predicted Mod: 50-65% of predicted Severe: < 50% of predicted
Decreased.
Mild: 65-80% of predicted Mod: 50-65% of predicted Severe: < 50% of predicted
Decreased.
Mild: 65-80% Mod: 50-65% Severe: < 50%
Decreased. RLD
Mild: 65-80% of predicted Mod: 50-65% of predicted Severe: < 50% of predicted
Decreased.
Mild: 65-80% of predicted Mod: 50-65% of predicted Severe: < 50% of predicted
Normal, or increased.
80-100%
DBP < 80
- According to the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Education, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNCVI). 2003
Ottawa Cardiovascular Centre. (2004). Congestive Heart Failure Survival Kit. Continuing Medical Implementation Inc. Retrieved 7-2-2011. http://www.cvtoolbox.com/downloads/CHF_SurvivalKit.pdf
CHF is quantified by an echocardiogram (US) reading of elevated EDV (End Diastolic Volume and decreased SV (Stroke Volume)
Rheumatic diseases and tests with which they may be strongly associated:
Bartlett, S. (2006). Clinical Care in the Rheumatic Diseases. (3rd ed.). Association of Rheumatology Health Professionals. American College of Rheumatology. Atlanta : ARHP
Rheumatoid factor (RF) Antinuclear Antibodies: ANA (Fluorescent ANA = FANA) HLA B27: Human Leukocyte Antigens ESR Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate & CRP (C-reactive protein)
AS - 90%, Reiters - 80% (p.178) RA and Polymyalgia Rheumatica Most useful as serial measurements to track the course of the disease, especially when in active inflammation (p.48)
WBC levels
Most indicative of Gout (synovial aspiration) Normal in RA, but can be elevated during inflammatory phase (p.47-48). Leukopenia and other hematologic disorders can occur in SLE (p.188)
Underweight < 18.5 Normal weight Overweight Obesity Morbid Obesity 18.5 - 24.9 25 - 29.9 > 30 > 40
Ankle Brachial Index (ABI): Clinical application: decisions about use of compression, and use of sharp debridement. Prognostic for wound healing. Ankle SBP / Brachial SBP Must have a doppler US to hear SBP at the dorsalis pedis artery. Cuff goes around calf). For normal persons, leg SBP is higher than brachial SBP. 0.9 1.2 0.7 0.9 0.5 0.7 < 0.5 Normal Mild arterial disease (intermittent claudication pain) Moderate arterial disease (claudication pain at rest) Severe arterial disease (risk of gangrene)
Falsely high values that are > 1.2 may indicate arteriosclerosis (diabetes), because the vessels are calcified and non-compressible by the BP cuff. Referral for other testing would be appropriate.