Summary of Lecture 2 Chapter 1

Definition of resistivity
How current is conducted in a rock
Formation resistivity factor
Formation water salinity and temperature
Effect of porosity
Effect of permeability
Relation between resistivity and fluid saturation
Shaly Sands
Resistivity of mud and mud components
Electrical Measurements
Reading Assignment
Bassiouni Ch. 5 Resistivity Logs
Bassiouni Ch. 6 Spontaneous Potential Logs
Homework Assignment
(for discussion in class)
Construct a spreadsheet using the parameters of Example 5.3 and the
boundary formulas 5.12 5.15 that produced the plot in Fig 5-11. Use
depth increment of 0.1 ft (yes I know that makes a thousand rows).
Cite any discrepancies.
Work example 5.4 and be prepared to discuss your interpretation.
Where are we
heading?
Can I believe the resistivity
values I read from the log as
representative of the
formation resistivity?
Thin beds
Radius of investigation
Generic Electrical Measurement
Current is driven from electrode A to B
Potential (voltage) is measured between N and M
The resistivity of the rock is estimated from these
two measurements using Ohms Law
Simplest System
Homogeneous, isotropic, infinite medium
( imaginary, but could be approximated by a single massive clean
sandstone)
Electrode B Current is driven from electrode A to B
Electrode M (closest to source A) is at radius r
1
Electrode N(farthest from source A) is at radius r
2
Simplest System
Homogeneous, isotropic, infinite medium
( imaginary, but could be approximated by a single massive clean
sandstone)
Electrode B Current is driven from electrode B to A
Electrode M (closest to source A) is at radius r
1
Electrode N(farthest from source A) is at radius r
2
2 2
1 1
2
12
2
21 12
12
4
4
But Ohm's Law says
Solve for R
What is ?
r
r
T
T
dL dr
d R R
dA r
dr
d R
r
V I
V
R G
I
G

= =
=
=

| |
=
|
\ .

1 2
2 1
4
where
for this particular geometry only!
T
r r
G
r r

Example Problem
Resistivity tool at 3000 ft depth. 2-A current driven into
electrode A (B at surface of earth). 10 mV voltage
measured between electrode M (17 ft 4 in from A) and
electrode N (20 ft from A). What is the apparent
resistivity of the formation in the vicinity of the tool.

4 (17.33 )(20 )
converted to meters
(20 17.33)
10
converted to Ohms
2
Numerical answer in Example 5.2
T
T
ft ft
G
ft
mV
R G
A

| |
=
|
\ .
Is this the true resistivity of the
formation? Why or why not?
Lateral Device
(identical to Simplest System)
1 2
2 1
1
2
4
where
where =distance from A to M
and =distance from A to N
T
r r
G
r r
r
r

AO ~ radius of investigation ~ 19 ft
Large radius of investigation is a
double edged sword:
Good to measure formation
past invaded zone
Bad for thin beds
Normal Device
2 2
1
2
1 2
1 2
2 1
=distance from A to M
and
=distance from A to N (assume infinite)
4
4
lim lim
T
r r
r
r
r r
r r
G
r r

= =

2
r r
1
1
4 r =
Radius of investigation ~ 2x AM
AM=16 in (short normal) or
AM =64 in (long normal)
Simplest System
How do the size of equipotential surfaces
depend on resistivity?

1 2 12
2 1
12
1 2
12
2 1
2
4
4 1 1
4 1 1
As gets bigger, the second term gets smaller.
Subtracting a smaller term makes the right side bigger.
Thus must get smaller for bigger .
r r V
R
r r I
V
r r IR
V
r r IR
R
r R

| |
=
|

\ .

=
Greater resistivity
Lesser resistivity
Simplest System
How do the size of equipotential surfaces
depend on resistivity?

Greater resistivity
Lesser resistivity
Response to Resistivity Boundary of
Normal Device
1
negative
1
2 1
A
R
a
A
s
Z
C
R R
Z
L
(
(
(
= +
(
| |

(
|
(
\ .

R2 (low)
R1 (high)
A
M
Z
2
positive
1
2 1
A s
R
a
A
s
Z L
C
R R
Z
L
>
(
(
(
= +
(
| |
+
(
|
(
\ .

R2 (low)
R1 (high)
A
M
Z
A S
1 2
1 2
positive but Z <L
2
A
a
Z
R R
R
R R
=
+
R2 (low)
R1 (high)
A
M
Z
Three
different
cases
Response to
Resistivity Boundary
of Normal Device
Example 5.4
Amp = 5X
Two tracks
Response to Resistivity Boundary of
Normal Device
Focused Current Devices
Designed to perform better on thin
beds
Can be designed for a deep radius of
investigation
Guard electrodes G1 and G2 are tuned
to focus the constant current from A
0
Electrical Transformer
Alternating current
in primary coil
induces alternating
magnetic field
Magnetic field
extends to secondary
coil
Alternating
magnetic field
induces alternating
current in secondary
coil
0
0 0
( )
Faraday's Law
sin cos sin( )
2
d BA
V
dt
V dB
V t A B t B t
dt A

=
= = =
Induction Devices
Operate on a completely
different physical principle
Conductive mud not
required, e.g., good for
oil-based mud
Contact with formation
not required
Instead of current
propagated between
electrodes, a magnetic field
is established
Current is induced only in
the formation (hopefully)
Corrections to Estimate True Resistivity
Determine whether regions are in series or in
parallel
Radial current outward from tool has zones in
series, e.g., normal, lateral, focused devices

Azimuthal current around the borehole has zones
in parallel, e.g. induction
Re
a i i
i gions
R G R

=

Re
a i i
i gions
C GC

=

Example 5.7 Induction Log
Region A = uninvaded formation. Find R
a
Region B = invaded zone
Region M = well bore
Region D = neighboring beds
Region F = neighboring beds
The geometric factors to convert
conductivities to conductances are given.
Correction Charts
Different chart for each type of correction for
each type of tool
Summary of Lecture 3 Chapter 5
Simplest resistivity measurement and calculation
of geometric factor to convert resistance into
resistivity
Normal device
Lateral device
Boundary and thin bed behavior
Focused devices
Induction devices
Corrections to estimate true resistivity