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Introduction
In this tutorial you will investigate the stress concentration at the root of a slot in a steel strip, which has been placed under tension.
Required Results
We need to calculate the stress concentration factor. From ESDU (Engineering Science Data Unit) sheets compiled by the Royal Aeronautical Society, the stress concentration factor for the given geometry is a function of the following ratios.
Note This tutorial assumes you have a solid understanding of all the material covered in the preceding tutorial and familiarity with some standard Strand7 functions.
Symmetry Considerations
One of the most common methods of reducing the size of a FE model is through the use of symmetry conditions. In this case you can see that the geometry and loading of the plate has two distinct lines of symmetry as shown in Figure 2.2 below. It is not difficult to see that the resultant stress/strain/displacement field in each quarter will be the same. With this in mind, it makes little sense to build a model of the entire strip and then wait while the same data is calculated four times over. Therefore only one quarter of the strip needs to be modelled. Boundary conditions are applied along the edges where symmetry conditions exist to make the quarter model behave as it would in the complete strip.
Snap Grid
Having a basic plan, you can now begin modelling. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Start Strand7; Select FILE, New; The Model Units dialog box will appear; Under Length select mm; Under Modulus/Stress select MPa; Click here to view the Model Units dialog box; Click OK;
You should now save the model as Tutorial 2.ST7. We will make use of the Snap Grid function of Strand7 to construct the model.
Plate Elements
When constructing a model using plate elements, you can choose from five types: 3 and 6 node triangular elements and 4, 8 and 9 node quadrilateral elements. These are shown in Figure 2.5 below.
Figure 2.5 Plate Element Types The 3 and 4 node elements have linear shape functions, whereas the 6, 8 and 9 node elements have quadratic shape functions. This means linear elements always have straight edges and the quadratic elements can have curved edges as a quadratic curve is fitted through the three nodes along an edge. Curves can be approximated by using many small linear elements, however for this model use the quadratic (Quad8) elements. For a more detailed description of plate elements, refer to the Reference Manual. When using quadratic Quad8 elements, each plate must have four corner nodes and four side nodes. Referring to Figure 2.3, there are three regions where Quad8 elements can be used (regions 1,2 and 3), however the fourth region has five corners. This problem is overcome by dividing the region into 2 as shown in Figure 2.6 below. This plate layout will later be subdivided into smaller plates to give a more accurate result.
Figure 2.7 Initial Plates and Coordinates of the Corners To define a Quad8 plate element, you must first define the four corner nodes in a clockwise or anti-clockwise manner (It is good practice to create elements consistently). Creating Plates 1, 2 and 3 1 2 3 From the CREATE menu select Element (alternatively, press CTRL+E); Under Type select Quad8; Click the four nodes defining the corners of Plate 1 in an anti-clockwise manner. The coordinates of the grid points can be viewed during the plate connection operation, by pressing the SHIFT key and pointing to a grid point; After defining the corner nodes, an outline of the plate will be drawn as shown in Figure 2.8 below. The Quad8 element is not complete as you still need to define the four mid-side nodes; To do this, click All in the Connections dialog box to fully define the Quad8 element. This automatically places the mid-side nodes at points on a straight line between the corner nodes; Follow the same procedure to create Plates 2 and 3.
Figure 2.8 Not yet Complete Quad8 plate Your model should look like Figure 2.9 below.
Figure 2.9 The model after creating the first three Quad8 plates
Grading
Grading performs the transition from a fine mesh to a coarse mesh, allowing specific areas with high stress gradients to have a finer mesh. Additional grading tools are available that allow you to transform plates with straight edges to plates with curved edges. This is the tool that we will use to create the geometry of the slot. 1 2 Select TOOLS, Grade Plates and Bricks; The Grades dialog box as shown in Figure 2.10 below will appear.
Figure 2.10 Grades dialog box This dialog box contains a number of buttons corresponding to the different grading types available in Strand7. When an element is graded, it is subdivided in the same way as displayed on the button.
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When performing grades, Strand7 must not only know which element to grade, but also the orientation of grading. As you can see, most of the buttons in the figure have a highlighted edge (or edges) marked by a dashed line that aids in the orientation of the grade. This requires marking the edge of the element to be graded in a manner that corresponds to the highlighted edge shown on the button. To create the radius of the slot, follow these steps. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Open the Grades dialog box (if not already open); Set the appropriate Grade button; Select the appropriate plate edges; Under Radius Ratio enter 20/70 (this is the ratio of the radius of the slot to the length of the edge of the plate); Click Apply; Close the Grades dialog box.
Now that the radius of the slot has been defined, create the final Quad8 plate element to complete the geometry of the model. The model should now look like Figure 2.11 below.
Figure 2.11 Completed model geometry The Snap Grid is no longer required and can be hidden by clicking on the Snap Grid button.
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Subdividing Elements
The mesh of the current model is too coarse to produce accurate results. The Subdivide tool can be used to divide the plates into a number of smaller plates resulting in a finer mesh and more accurate results.
Subdivide
Select TOOLS, Subdivide, to display the Subdivide dialog box shown in Figure 2.12 below. As you can see, there are two sections that are accessible: Divisions and Targets. Divisions This option has three parameters, A, B and C. These parameters define the number of subdivisions along the A, B and C directions. For plate elements, only the A and B parameters are required while bricks require all three parameters. The directions are displayed on the element once the element is selected. Beams can also be subdivided, and they require only the A parameter. Targets This option sets the element to be generated as a result of the subdivision. It is only required when subdividing plate and brick elements since these elements have various types.
Figure 2.12 Subdivide Dialog Box Example As an example, to subdivide the Quad8 plate element shown in Figure 2.13 below, into 4 vertical sections and 3 horizontal sections. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Select TOOLS, Subdivide; Select the element you wish to subdivide; The A and B directions will be indicated on the plate. Referring to Figure 2.13 below, we need 3 A divisions and 4 B divisions. Under Target, Plate select Quad8; Click Apply.
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Mesh Cleaning
As the mesh is now complete, it is good practice to Clean the mesh. This sorts and renumbers the nodes and elements, removing any unused nodes or null elements from the mesh. 1 2 3 4 5 Select TOOLS, Clean, Mesh (alternatively, press CTRL+ALT+C); Select the zip tolerance tab and change the value to 1.0e-4 and then click Apply; After the mesh cleaning has finished, a Confirm dialog box will appear asking if you want to view the log file. Click Yes; The log shows what was carried out during the mesh cleaning; Click Close.
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Figure 2.15 Plate Element Load Types For this tutorial, an edge pressure is applied along the left edge of the quarter model. Referring to Figure 2.1, the edge pressure is *, which is arbitrary in this tutorial (we shall set it to 100MPa). To apply an edge pressure to a plate element, you have to first select the plate edges that you want to apply the edge pressure to. Figure 2.16 below shows where the edge pressure is applied on the model. There are two ways you can select the left edge. One way is to select each outer plate edge individually (five in total). Alternatively, and certainly more efficiently in larger models, you can use the Select By Region function. Select by Region Function This function allows you to select all elements within a specified edge, surface or solid. To access this function you can either select EDIT, Select, by Region, or click on the Select by Region button on the Strand7 toolbar. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Select ATTRIBUTES, Plate, Edge Pressure ; Click the Select by Region button; From the dropdown menu select Global XYZ:[Cartesian]; Click the top node on the left edge; Click the bottom node on the left edge; The edge should now be highlighted with a blue line; Click Apply; 5 dashed lines on the plate edges will appear indicating they have been selected; In the Select by Region dialog box, click OK; In the Plate Attributes dialog box, under Edge Pressure in the Value box enter 100; Click Apply; Close the Plate Attributes dialog box.
When you have finished applying the edge pressure, your model should look like Figure 2.16 below.
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Figure 2.17 Symmetry Restraint Conditions. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Select ATTRIBUTES, Nodes, Restraint; Click X sym; Click the Select by Region icon and click on the two end nodes of the top edge; In Select by Region dialog box, click Apply; In Node Attributes dialog box, click Apply; Similarly, assign symmetry conditions to the right edge (Hint, use Y sym).
When the restraints are applied to both symmetry axes, the model is complete, and should look like Figure 2.18 below.
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Property Input
For a two dimensional plane stress analysis, Strand7 needs the Modulus of Elasticity, Poissons Ratio and the Membrane Thickness (plate thickness). Plate properties are entered in the same manner as beam properties. Plate elements are used for several solution types and the appropriate element type must be selected. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Select PROPERTY, Plate; Under Type select 2D Plane Stress; Click the Materials button; Double click Mil Hdbk 5G Carbon Steel; Select AISI 1025 Cold Rolled Sheet and Strip; Click OK; Click the Geometry tab; In the Membrane Thickness text box enter 5; Click Close;
The model is now fully defined. You can now solve the model.
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Post Processing
You can now begin to process the results of the analysis. The required result is the stress at the tip of the slot. Once you have this value, the stress concentration factor can be calculated using the formulas given previously. You need to investigate the stress distribution throughout the strip. In this tutorial we are concerned with the maximum principal stress and the best way of viewing this is to display a contour plot. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Select RESULTS, Open Results File; Open the appropriate .LSA file; Select RESULTS, Results Settings; Under Draw as select Contour; Under Quantity select Stress; Under Axis System select Combined; Click the 11 option (i.e. maximum principal stress); Click OK.
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By referring to the colour legend, you can see that the left end of the strip has an even stress distribution. Recall that the model is approximating an infinitely long strip; this even stress distribution indicates that the approximation is valid. The contour plot shows the greatest stress occurring at the tip of the slot (indicated by a purple colour), and the value of this stress is given at the top of the legend. You can zoom into this area for a closer look at the stress distribution. The Peek function can be used to obtain a precise value of the stress at locations that are not at the upper or lower end of the legend. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Click Zoom In; Zoom into the area around the stress concentration; Select RESULTS, Peek, Click the Plate tab; Under Axis System select Combined; Make sure Nodes at the bottom of the dialog box is checked; Click on the plate at the tip of the slot.
Given a maximum principal stress of 516 MPa, you can calculate the reference stress using the equations given earlier:
The error between this value and the target value is around 8%, which is due to the mesh around the slot being too coarse. By examining the element at the stress concentration, you can see the stress gradient is very high (i.e. the stress variation across the element is more than half the scale of the legend). Without having to rebuild the entire model, you can refine the mesh around the stress concentration to obtain a more accurate representation of the stress field.
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Mesh Refinement
To refine the mesh, you must close the result file by selecting RESULTS, Close Results File. Before you begin the mesh refinement, zoom in to the area shown in Figure 2.20 below.
Figure 2.20 Zoom Area for Mesh Refinement To begin refining the mesh, select TOOLS, Subdivide and divide the plate with the stress concentration into nine smaller plates (i.e. 3x3 subdivision) as shown in Figure 2.21 below. Once this is done, the mesh is finer around the stress concentration, however the adjacent plates are not consistently divided as there are now three plate edges connecting to one plate edge. To avoid having to subdivide the entire mesh, the surrounding elements can be graded.
Grading
Grading performs the transition from a fine to a coarse mesh allowing specific areas with high stress gradients to have a finer mesh. To begin grading, select TOOLS, Grade Plates and Bricks to display the dialog box shown in Figure 2.22 below. This displays the various grading options available.
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Figure 2.22 Grades Dialog Box To ensure mesh uniformity, we need to define a grading element that allows grading from three edges to one edge. The best element to use is the one in the third row of the first column of Figure 2.22 above. When an element is graded, it is subdivided in the same fashion as shown by the button. Hence there are two elements adjacent to the subdivided element that need to be graded. Strand7 must not only know which element to grade, but also the orientation of the grading. As you can see, most of the icons in Figure 2.22 have a highlighted edge (white dashed line) that aids in the orientation of the grade. This requires marking the edge of the element to be graded in a manner that corresponds to the highlighted edge shown in Figure 2.22. The following describes the procedures for grading the elements. Figure 2.23 below illustrates the process. 1 2 3 4 5 Select TOOLS, Grade Plates and Bricks; Click the grade icon in the first column of the third row; Select the two plate edges as shown in Figure 2.23 below; Click Apply; Close the Grades dialog box.
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Figure 2.23 Plate Grading Procedure Note The Strand7 Subdivide and Grade functions automatically generate plates with the same property and loads applied to them as the parent plate. In addition, new nodes generated also have forces and restraint conditions automatically applied to them. When refinement of the mesh around the slot has been completed, clean the mesh as before (with a zip tolerance of 1.0e-4) and once again run the Linear Static Solver.
ref
200 200 200
max
516.0 558.0 561
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