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(2.1)
For pseudo steady state flow of slightly compressible fluids we can say that:
1
]
1
,
_
S
r
r
B
p p h k
Q
w
e
o o
wf R o
o
75 . 0 ln 2 . 141
) (
20
Substituting the above equation into Eq. (2.1) we can say the PI for well producing 100%
oil is
1
1
]
1
,
_
S
r
r
B
h k
PI
w
e
o o
o
75 . 0 ln 2 . 141
STB/d/psi
or
1
1
]
1
,
_
S
r
r
B
h k
PI
w
e
o o
o
75 . 0 ln 1866
m
3
/s/kPa (2.2)
Where,
k
o
= effective permeability to oil, mD
h= thickness of pay, m (ft)
o
= oil viscosity, mPa.s (cp)
B
o
= oil formation volume factor, m
3
/ST m
3
(rb/STB)
r
e
= effective radius of reservoir, m (ft)
r
w
= wellbore radius, m (ft)
S= skin factor
Since PI relates to the total fluid produced, the magnitude of PI can change as the water
cut changes. This can be important for sizing artificial lift and treating facilities to handle
expected fluid production after water breakthrough on a flood operation.
Example 2.1: Effect of Skin on PI:
Example of a PI calculation showing effects of
a. wellbore damage (S = + 2)
b. fracture stimulation (S = - 2)
c. a good normal completion (S = 0)
r
e
= 600 ft
o
= 1.5 cp (mPa.s)
k= permeability of rock, 400 md
h= 40 ft
r
w
= 0.25 ft
S= variable
R
p
= 3000 psi
B
o
= 1.4 vol/vol
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Solution:
Using Eq. (2.2)
[ ]
600
0.25
400 40
141.2 1.5 1.4 ln 0.75
53.59
7.033
J
S
S
+
(a) S = + 2
J = 5.97 stb/d/psi
(b) S = - 2
J = 10.7 stb/d/psi
(c) S = 0
J = 7.67 stb/d/psi
(c) - (a)
Effect of damage
(c)
22% loss in PI
(c) - (a)
Reward for stimulation
(a)
28% increase in PI
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Review questions
1. What are advantages and disadvantages of open-hole or barefoot completions?
2. Draw a diagram showing all essential components of a gas-lift well and explain how
it works.
3. A gas well with tubingless completion (i.e. casing flow) has been producing for a
number of years, but now has liquid-lifting problems. What would you do to resurrect
the well?
4. To reduce completion costs, reduced diameter completions are sometimes used. But
what are major limitations of this type of completion?
5. As a completion engineer, what would you consider as critical issues that need to be
evaluated when designing a completion?
23
REFERENCES
1. Allen, TO and Roberts, AP, Well Completion Design- Production Operations-1, 3
rd
edition, 1989, pp 143-149.
2. Buzarde Jr, LE,Kastor, RL ,Bell, WT and DePriester,CL,1972,Well Completion
practices-Production Operations Course -1,1972, pp 1-44.
3. Brown, KE, Overview of Artificial Lift Systems, SPE 9979, SPE-AIME, 1982.
4. Dake, LP, Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering, NY, Elsevier, 1978.
5. Elkins, LF, Skov, AM and Liming, HF, A Practical Approach to Finding and
Correcting Perforation Inadequacies, Preprint of paper 2998 presented at 45
th
Annual
Fall Meeting of SPE, Houston, Texas,1970.
6. Fetkovich, MJ, The Isochronal Testing of Oil Wells, SPE 4529, SPE-AIME, 1973.
7. Fetkovich, M.J, Multipoint Testing of Gas Wells, SPE Mid-continent section
Continuing Education Course of Well Test Analysis, March 17 1975.
8. Golan, M and Whitson, C, Well Performance, International Human Resources
Development Corporation, 1986.
9. Muskat, M and Evinger, HH, Calculations of Theoretical Productivity Factor, Trans,
AIME, 1942, pp126-139.
10. Muskat, M, Physical Principles of Oil Production, McGraw-Hill Book Co, Inc, NY
1949, pp 210-214.
11. Standing, MB, Inflow Performance Relationships for Damaged Wells Producing by
Solution-Gas Drive, JPT, Nov 1970, pp1399-1400.
12. Standing, MB, Concerning the Calculation of Inflow Performance of Wells Producing
From Solution-Gas Drive Reservoirs, JPT, pp1141-1142.
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