SUBJECT: Mathematics GRADE: 10 CHAPTER / MODULE: 2 UNIT / LESSON TOPIC: LINEAR FUNCTIONS &CHARACTERISTICS &CHARACTERISTICS

UNIT OUTCOMES

LO 2 AS 10.2.1 - 10.2.3 By the end of this unit, you should be able to : investigate, analyse, describe and represent a wide range of functions and solve related problems. demonstrate the ability to work with various types of functions. recognise relationships between variables in terms of numerical, graphical, verbal and symbolic representation and convert flexibly between these representations ( tables, graphs, words and formulae ) generate graphs and generalise the effects of the parameters and on the graphs.

LESSON: Discussion of all the different functions. ( Mention the straight line, the parabola, the hyperbola, the exponential graph and the basic trig graphs in this order ) The basic formulae of the different graphs are :Straight line Parabola Hyperbola Exponential graph Basic trig graphs -

y = mx + c

c = y- intercept m = gradient
This is the basic formula for a straight line. The c-value ( the y-intercept) is the point where the line cuts the y-axis. The m-value is the gradient of y y1 . a line and if its needed, the formula must be used : m = 2 x 2 x1 If a line has a positive gradient the line forms an acute angle with the x-axis If a line has a negative gradient the line forms an obtuse angle with the x-axis

There are three methods to draw a straight line :- ( Use the following two ) 1. table method substitute values in place of x to get the y-values eg. y = 2x + 1 x y -1 -1 0 1 1 3

2. dual method let x=0 and let y=0 x=0 y=2(0)+1 y=1 y=0 0=2x+1 -2x=1 x= -

eg. y = 2x + 1

PARALLEL LINES they have equal gradients the y-intercepts must not be equal for lines to be parallel. Eg. y = 2x + 1 The gradients ( m-values) are equal y = 2x 3

PERPENDICULAR LINES the product of the gradients is -1. short method to remember : opposite sign and invert. Eg. y = 2x + 5 x -1

SPECIAL CASES If there is no slope, the line is vertical ( the equation is x = ... ) or horizontal ( the equation is y = ... )

2 2

X=2

y=2

THE PARABOLA

y = ax 2 + q

The a determines the shape of the parabola :

If a is positive it looks like a smiley face .

If a is negative , it looks like a sad face.

The q is the cut on the y-axis ( y-intercept )

A parabola is recognised if the equation has an x 2

Use the table method to plot the graph . If the parabola has this basic form, the turning point is the y intercept.

THE HYPERBOLA

y=

a +q x

The q -

value determines the shift up or down.

If the q - value is positive, the graph shifts upwards If the q -value is negative, the graph shifts downwards The a determines which quadrant its in : If a is positive , then its drawn in the 1st and 3rd quadrant

If a is negative , then its drawn in the 2nd and 4th quadrant

Use the table method to plot the graph.

THE EXPONENTIAL GRAPH

y = ab x + q

The value of a determines the shape of the graph. If a increases, the y-value increases and the graph becomes steeper. If q is positive , the graph moves up. If q is negative, the graph moves down.

VERTICAL SHIFT - moving up and down HORIZONTAL SHIFT moving left and right

TRIGONOMETRIC GRAPHS

There are three main types of trigonometric graphs :- the sine graph - the cos graph - the tan graph

y = a sin x ( sine graph )

The a determines a change on the y axis

The sine graph starts at 0 . At 90 it goes up to 1 on the y-axis. At 180 the graph comes back down to 0 . At 270 the graph goes down to 1 . At 360 the graph goes back up to 0 . The x-axis determines the period a sine graph has a period [0;360] - a full curve determines the period of the graph.

The y-axis determines the amplitude a sine graph has an amplitude of 1 - the maximum value is 1 and the minimum value is 1 . ( In the above example the a - value is 1 and therefore the amplitude is 1 ) the amplitude is always positive.

y = a cos x ( cos graph )

The a determines a change on the y axis .

The cos graph starts at 1. At 90 it goes down to 0 (on the x-axis) At 180 the graph still goes down to 1 . At 270 the graph goes back up to 0 . At 360 the graph goes up again to 1 . The x-axis determines the period a cos graph has a period [0;360] - a full curve determines the period of the graph. The y-axis determines amplitude a cos graph has an amplitude of 1 - the maximum value is 1 and the minimum value is 1 . ( In the above example the

a - value is 1 and therefore the amplitude is 1 ) the amplitude is always positive.

y = a tan x ( tan graph )

The a determines a change on the y axis .

The tan graph starts at 0 . At 90 it is undefined. Between 90 and 180 the graph curves down towards 90 but never touches. At 180 the graph is 0 again. Between 180 and 270 , the graph goes upwards towards 270 but never touches. At 270 it is undefined. Between 270 and 360 the graph curves down towards 270 but never touches. At 360 the graph is 0 again. The x-axis determines the period a tan graph has a period [0;180] - a full curve determines the period of the graph. The y-axis determines amplitude a tan graph has an amplitude of infinity

90 and 270 are called asymptotes - the graph does not touch at these
two values.

HOMEWORK

1. Without sketching the graphs, determine :(a) the period (b) maximum and minimum values (c) amplitudes (i) y = 4 sin x + 3 (ii) y = cos x + 1 (iii) y = 0,25 sin x + 2

2. The sketch below, which is not drawn to scale, represents the graphs of g the parabola, h the hyperbola and f the linear function y = x + 2 . h and g intersect at P(3;4) and f and g at Z.

2.1. Determine the equations of g and h 2.2. Determine the length if OI. 2.3. Determine the co-ordinates of Z.