UC

BerkeleyMSE 204

Assigned: Monday, September 23, 2013 Due: in-class, Monday, October 7, 2013 1) You are performing a transmission Laue x-ray diffraction experiment on a plate of pure Rhenium using a Cu K source (1.54). Since Rhenium is very expensive you want to make a sample that maximizes the diffraction intensity but no more. What thickness should your sample be? 2) (Problem 1.2 from Fultz & Howe) For high-energy electron diffraction in a TEM, another estimate of the precision of diffraction angles can be provided by the uncertainty principle: px We do not know the specific plane that scatters the electron, so x is set by the number of diffraction planes, N, times the interplanar spacing, d: x=Nd The diffracted wave undergoes a change in momentum during scattering. Our p is the uncertainty in this momentum change. We phrase the problem as "With an uncertainty in which plane is doing the scattering, what is the uncertainly in the change of momentum of the diffracted electron?" Using the de Broglie relationship, p = h/, show that small errors in wavelength, and hence diffraction angle, scales inversely with N. 3) (Problem 1.4 from Fultz & Howe) Compare the -dependences of strain broadening and size effect broadening. For a fair comparison, we first linearize (eq 1.7 from F&H) (good for small ) so that: strain = B The size effect broadening from (1.13 from F&H) is, for N >>1: size = 0.9(B/N) In a first glance at (1.77 from F&H) and (1.78 from F&H), it may seem that both the size and strain broadenings increase with the Bragg angle of the diffraction. This is in fact true for the strain broadening, but it is not true for the size broadening. Why?

Problem Set 1

Fall 2013

4) (a) How is "time resolution" achieved in a synchrotron scattering experiment? Be specific, citing and explaining published examples from a modern synchrotron source. (b) How is "spatial resolution" achieved in a synchrotron scattering experiment? Be specific, citing and explaining published examples from a modern synchrotron source. 5) (a)Starting from energy-wavelength relation of a photon, derive an expression for the intensity of the wavelength distribution from an x-ray source in terms of the intensity of the energy distribution. How does I() vary with ? (b) The mass absorption coefficient for x-rays is defined by the well-known equation (from Cullity, Elements of X-Ray Diffraction, 2nd Ed., Addison- Wesley, 1978) and assumes values of 122.8 for MoK radiation, 84.13 for Rh K radiation and 66.14 for Ag K radiation when the absorber is lead (Pb). (1) write down the equation and graphically verify this equation for these three radiations. (2) Determine the mass absorption coefficient of lead for the shortest wavelength radiation generated by an x-ray tube operated at 30 keV.