UNITS, CONCENTRATION and STOICHIOMETRY The mole mol SI unit for the amount of a chemical species Associated with

with a chemical formula o Molar Mass- mass in gram of 1 mol of a substance Represents Avogadros number o 1 mol of a substance=6.022 x 1023 particles, atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, ion pairs

The Millimole 1/1000 of a mole Millimolar Mass, mM = 1/1000 of a molar mass

Calculating the amount of a substance in moles and millimoles no. of moles = mass of a substance divided by its molar mass

Where Gx=Mass of substance X, g or mg MMx= Molar Mass of substance X, g/mol or mg/mmol

Example 1. Find the number of moles and molecules of the indicated species (a) 333mg of CaC2O4 (b) 4.96 g of B2O3 (c) 25 g H2O

SOLUTIONS AND THEIR CONCENTRATIONS Molar Concentration # of moles of a species that is contained in 1L of the solution Unit, Molar, M

Where Cx = molar concentration

Two Types of Molar Concentration Analytical Molarity gives the total # of moles of a solute in 1 L of the solution - specifies a recipe by which the solution can be prepared Equilibrium Molarity expresses the molar concentration of a particular species in a solution at equilibrium. NORMALITY # of moles of a species that is contained in 1L of the solution

Where EWx , equivalent weight b, for acid = # of H+ dissociated for base = # of OH- dissociated for salt = # of positive ions for redox = change in oxidation# Example 1. Calculate the Molarity and Normality of a 2.0 L solution containing 98.1 g of H 2SO4. 2. What is the equivalent weight of (a) KMnO4 reduces to MnO2 (b) Na2C2O4 oxidized to CO2 (c) NaOH (d) HNO3 Percent concentration (PPH) Three common methods: Mass percent (w/w) = (mass solute / mass solution) x 100% Volume percent (v/v) = (volume solute / volume solution) x 100% Mass/ volume percent (w/v) = (mass solute, g / volume solution, mL) x 100% Parts PER MILLION (PPM), BILLION (PPB), Thousands (PPT) 6 Cppm = (mass solute/ mass solution)x 10 ppm ppm=ug/g, mg/L, uL/L, ug/mL 9 Cppb = (mass solute/ mass solution)x 10 ppb ppb= ng/g, ug/L, nL/L 3 Cppt = (mass solute/ mass solution)x 10 ppm ppt = mg/g, ml/L, g/L P-function / p-value P-value = negative logarithm of the molar concentration of the species Example: -3 -4 1. Calculate the p-value for each ion in a solution that is 2.00 x 10 M NaCl and 5.4 x 10 M in HCl. 2. Calculate the p-value for each of the indicated ions in the following: + (a) Na , CI , and OH in a solution that is 0.0335 M in NaCl and 0.0503 M in NaOH. 2+ 2+ -3 (b) Ba , Mn , and CI in a solution that is 7.65X10 M in BaCI2 and 1.54 M in MnCI2 . + 2+ (c) H , Cl , and Zn in a solution that is 0.600 M in HCl and 0.100M in ZnCI2 . 2+ 2+ -2 (d) Cu , Zn , and NO3 in a solution that is 4.78 X 10 M in Cu(N03)2 and 0.104 M in Zn(N03)2.

DENSITY and Specific GRAVITY of SOLUTIONS Density expresses the mass of a substance per unit volume Specific Gravity ratio of the mass of a substance to the mass of an equal volume of H2O EXAMPLE 1. Calculate the molar concentration of HNO3 (63.01 g/mol) in a solution that has a specific gravity of 1.02 and 46.3% HCl (w/w). 2. Calculate the molar concentration of H2SO4 (98.1 g/mol) in a solution that has a specific gravity of 1.84 and 96.5% H2SO4 (w/w). CHEMICAL STOICHIOMETRY Stoichiometry-define as the quantitative relationship among reacting species.

1= transformation of the known quantity of a substance in SI units to a corresponding number of moles 2- multiplication by a factor that accounts for the stoichiometry 3- reconversion of the data in moles back to the metric units/concentration called for in the answer Example 1. What volume of 0.0120 M AgNO3 would be required to precipitate all of the Br in 100.00 mL of a solution that contained 26.34 ppt KBr? 2+ 2. What mass of solid BaSO4 (143.32 g/mol) is formed when 200 ml of 0.125 M Ba are mixed with 400mL of 20.175M SO4 ? 3. Exactly 0.2220 g of pure Na2C03 was dissolved in 100.0 mL of 0.0731 M HCl. (a) What mass in grams of CO2 were evolved? (b) What was the molarity of the excess reactant (HCI or Na2C03 )?