COMPACTORS

COMPACTION MACHINES VIBRATORY ROLLER SHEEPS FOOT ROLLER

SOIL COMPACTOR TRASH COMPACTOR

SOIL AND COMPACTION BANK YARD COMPACTED YARD

DRY OR WET DENSITY ( UNIT WEIGHT ) MOISTURE CONTENT (Ww / Ws x 100 (%) ) VOID RATIO ( Vv / Vs ) SHRINKAGE FACTOR ( BCYD / CCYD ) SWELL FACTOR ( BCYD / CCYD )

VIBRATORY ROLLER

FLYWHEEL HORSEPOWER : OPERATING WEIGHT :

8.5 HP / 2000 RPM ~ 14.2 HP / 2300 RPM 1270 kg ~ 3100 kg

SHEEPS FOOT ROLLER

GROSS WEIGHT :

3560 kg ~ 10150 kg

SOIL COMPACTOR

TRASH COMPACTOR

FLYWHEEL HORSEPOWER :
OPERATING WEIGHT :

230 HP / 2000 RPM 21500 kg ~ 22400 kg

A REPRESENTATIVE PATTERN OF SOIL FORMATION

Let us compact such soil by means of a compactor or a roller. Compactive energy will segregate the soil particles. Then, the particles will move, overcoming the internal friction and cohesion, and will fill the voids. Some of the soil particles will be broken into finer grains, which will also fill voids. In this manner, compaction will squeeze air out of the soil and increase the amount ( weight ) of soil particles in a given volume of soil.

SOIL PARTICLES

WATER AIR VOIDS

QUANTITATIVE DESCRIPTION OF SOIL

The quantitative relationships among the three elements, namely, soil particles, water, and voids in the soil of a given volume ( as viewed from volume and weight )

QUANTITATIVE DESCRIPTION OF SOIL

Whose their quantitative relationships where the voids are decreased by compacting the soil of a volume shown in fig.

QUANTITATIVE DESCRIPTION OF SOIL Wet density ( W / V ) indicates the apparent density of soil. Dry density ( Ws / V ) and Saturation ( Vw / Vv x 100 (%) ) are important data to be taken into consideration in compaction of soil.
Wa = 0

Va Vv Vw

AIR VOIDS

WATER

Ww

SOIL PARTICLES Vs

W
Ws

Moisture content ( Ww / Ws x 100 (%) ) is one of the factors affecting the compaction of soil. Behavior of soil is dependent largely on this moisture content.

FACTORS AFFECTING THE COMPACTION OF SOIL

The following four factors have important effects on the compaction of soil

( 1 ) Moisture content of soil ( 2 ) Distribution or mixture of soil particles ( 3 ) Pressure in manipulation of soil

( 4 ) Compactive effort

MOISTURE CONTENT
Sample of soil with varied moisture content were compacted by giving a certain number of blows with a rammer ( weight ) in a given mold ( cylinder ) and the resultant values of dry density are plotted correspondingly to the moisture contents. The line 1 in fig. is that obtained by this plotting. At the maximum dry density, the optimum moisture content (Wopt) is obtained. This max. dry density ( gdmax ) is used as the standard value for the soil compaction in construction work relating to earth structures , embankments, foundation construction, etc.

MOISTURE CONTENT
The line 2 in fig. indicates the 100% saturation ( the soil mass where no voids exist. ). In fig. where the moisture content is high as at W1, any dry density higher than gd1 will not be attained due to water contained, even if the soil is compacted most firmly or by the maximum compactive effort to squeeze air out of the soil mass. In order to obtain a higher dry density, it is necessary to dry or aerate the soil to lower the moisture content.

DISTRIBUTION OR MIXTURE OF SOIL PARTICLES

Larger air voids will result from the soil particles uniform in grain size, making it impossible to compact a soil mass into a state of high dry density. Where soil particles with varied grain sizes are displaced in the soil, the voids formed with coarse particles will be filled with fine particles, enabling the compaction into a high density.

PRESSURE IN MANIPULATION OF SOIL

The higher the pressure imposed on the soil, the higher the dry density will be obtained because of a satisfactory rearrangement of soil particles under the compressive force, overcoming the internal kneading action in the soil, eventually deterioration the soil strength.

COMPACTIVE EFFORT There are three different efforts of imposing force to the soil, each having its own features. Static weight Impact Vibration

The following table shows combinations of each compactive effort on some typical compaction machines.

COMPACTOR APPLICATION

The following chart shows a general idea of the application of several compaction machines.

EARTH FILL
BORROW
BANK CONDITION MATERILA : WET UNIT WEIGHT : MOISTURE CONTENT : VOID RATIO :

FILL
COMPACTED CONDITION NET VOLUME :

187000
18.3 114 7 ft %

lb / ft3

Stiff clay
129 lb per cu ft 16.5 .620 %

LAYER DEPTH : 8 in ( loose measure ) MOISTURE CONTENT : DRY UNIT WEIGHT : ( Compact ) COMPACTING WIDTH :
( SHEEPS FOOT )

lb per cu ft

( i.e., vol. of void / vol. of soil solid )

COMPACTED YARD BANK YARD LOOSE YARD DUMPER PRODUCTION : 510 bcy / hr FIELD TEST ( FOR REQD.DENSITY ) TRACTOR SPEED : 1.5 mph No. OF PASSES : 4 passes

UNEXCAVATED

1. Compute the required volume of the borrow pit excavation. ( DRY VOLUME ) 2. Compute the quantity of water which must be added. 3. How many rollers will be required to maintain this production ?

1. TOTAL DRY WEIGHT OF

COMPACTED SOIL

DRY VOLUME (NET) OF COMPACTED SOIL DRY UNIT WEIGHT OF COMPACTED SOIL WET UNIT WEIGHT OF BANK (NATURAL) MOISTURE CONTENT OF BANK TOTAL DRY WEIGHT OF COMPACTED SOIL DRY UNIT WEIGHT OF BANK DRY UNIT WEIGHT OF COMPACTED SOIL DRY UNIT WEIGHT OF BANK DRY UNIT WEIGHT OF COMPACTED SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT OF COMPACTED SOIL WET UNIT WEIGHT OF COMPACTED SOIL DRY UNIT WEIGHT OF COMPACTED SOIL WET UNIT WEIGHT OF BANK DRY UNIT WEIGHT OF BANK SHRINKAGE FACTOR ( DRY )

2. BANK DRY UNIT WEIGHT 3. DRY VOLUME (NET)

OF BANK

4. SHRINKAGE FACTOR
(DRY)

5. COMPACTED WET
UNIT WEIGHT

6. WATER UNIT WEIGHT

IN COMPACTED SOIL

7. WATER UNIT WEIGHT

IN BANK

8. SHRINKAGE FACTOR (WET)

OF BANK 9. WET VOLUME (NATURAL)

WET UNIT WEIGHT OF COMPACTED SOIL WET UNIT WEIGHT OF BANK WET VOLUME OF COMPACTED SOIL SHRINKAGE FACTOR (WET) DRY VOLUME (NET) OF COMPACTED SOIL DRY UNIT WEIGHT OF COMPACTED SOIL WATER CONTENT OF COMPACTED SOIL DRY VOLUME (NET) OF BANK DRY UNIT WEIGHT OF BANK WATER CONTENT OF BANK

10. TOTAL WEIGHT OF

WATER IN COMPACTED SOIL

11. TOTAL WEIGHT OF

WATER IN BANK

12. CCYD / hr

COMPECTED WIDTH PER ROLLER PASSES AVERAGE ROLLER SPEED COMPECTED LIFT THICKNESS No. OF ROLLER PASSES

13. No. OF ROLLER REQD.

DUMPER OR SCRAPER PRODUCTION COMPECTOR PRODUCTION