Measurement in Statistics

Example: Find the Mean, Median, Standard Deviation, Variance and Mode

Measurement in Statistics
Solution:
Mean = 1103oC
n x1 x2 .... xn x x i n i 1 n

Standard Deviation
n

= 5.79oC

( xi x ) 2 s n 1 i 1
Variance = 33.49oC
2

Median = 1104oC Mode = 1104oC

( xi x ) s n 1 i 1
2 n

 Example: The life of a given ball bearing can be characterized by a probability distribution function, f(x) as shown in figure

Probability Density Function

(a) Calculate the expected life of the bearing (b) If a bearing pick at random from this batch, what is the probability that its life (x) will be less than 20 h, greater than 20 h, and finally exactly 20 h?

Probability Density Function

Solution:
(a)

(b)

Normal (Gaussian) Distribution

Example: The result of a test that follows a normal distribution have a mean value of 10.0 and a standard deviation of 1.
Find the probability that a single reading is
a) Between 9 12 b) Less or equal to 9 c) Greater than 12

Normal (Gaussian) Distribution

Solution: = 10.0 and = 1
a)

z1 = (9 10)/1 = -1 and z2 = (12 10)/1 = 2 Part 1: z = -1 to 0, Part 2: z = 0 to 2 Note for Part 1, z = -1 to 0 equal to z = 0 to 1

Normal (Gaussian) Distribution

P(0 z 1) = 0.3413 & P(0 z 2) = 0.4772 P(-1 z 2) = 0.3413 + 0.4772 = 0.8185

Normal (Gaussian) Distribution

b)

z1 = - and z2 = (9 10)/1 = -1 P(- z 0) = 0.5 & P(0 z 1) = 0.3413 P(- z -1) = 0.5 0.3413 = 0.1587

Normal (Gaussian) Distribution

c)

z1 = (12 10)/1 = 2 and z2 = P(0 z 2) = 0.4772 & P(0 z ) = 0.5 P(2 z ) = 0.5 0.4772 = 0.0228

Interval Estimation of the Population Mean

Example: Based on 36 reading, the average resistance is 25 and the sample standard deviation is 0.5. Determine the 90% confidence interval of the mean resistance of the batch.

Interval Estimation of the Population Mean

Solution: Based on 36 reading, the average resistance is 25 and the sample standard deviation is 0.5. 90%, 1 = 0.90 and = 0.10 Since n > 30, can use normal distribution

Interval Estimation of the Population Mean

36 reading n > 30, can use normal distribution 90%, 1 = 0.90 and = 0.10 Area fall within z = 0 & equal to 0.5 Area between z = 0 & z/2 is 0.5 - /2 = 0.45

Interval Estimation of the Population Mean

Area between z = 0 & z/2 is 0.5 - /2 = 0.45

Average resistance: 25 0.14

Interval Estimation of the Population Mean

Example: A manufacturer of VCR systems would like to estimate the mean failure time of a VCR brand with 95% confidence. 6 systems are tested to failure, and the following data (in hours of playing time) are obtained: 1250, 1320, 1542, 1464, 1275 and 1383. Estimate the population mean and the 95% confidence interval on the mean.

Interval Estimation of the Population Mean

Solution: 95% confidence >> = 0.05, /2 = 0.025 Since n = 6 < 30, use t-distribution

Interval Estimation of the Population Mean

t/2 = 0.025 = 2.571, = n 1 = 5

Least-Squares Linear Fit

Example: From the following data obtain: a) y as a function of x b) Standard error of estimate
Xi Yi 1 2.1 2 3.9 3 6.1 4 7.9

Least-Squares Linear Fit

Solution: a) a n x y
i

n xi ( xi ) 2
2

( xi )( yi )

b
xi yi
2.1 7.8

xi

y ( x )( x y ) n x ( x )
i i i i 2 2 i i

xi
1 2

yi
2.1 3.9

xi2
1 4

yi2
4.41 15.21

3
4

6.1
7.9

18.3
31.6

9
16

37.21
62.41

10

20

59.8

30

119.24

(4)(59.8) (10)(20) 1.96 2 (4)(30) (10)

(30)(20) (10)(59.8) 0.10 2 (4)(30) (10)

Y 1.96 x 0.10

Least-Squares Linear Fit

b) Standard error of estimate:
S xy

y i b y i a xi y i
2

n2

S xy

119.24 (0.1)(20) (1.96)(59.8) 2

S xy 0.13