1

2. (a) Explain what is meant by angular velocity and centripetal force for a body performing circular motion.
[2 marks]

(b) A motorcycle rider moves with a constant velocity around a vertical circular track of radius r. The motorcycle
rider makes f cycles per unit time. The motorcycle and his rider have a total mass of M.

(i) Deduce an expression for the centripetal force F acting on the rider and his motorcycle in terms of M, r and f.
[2 marks]

(ii) Sketch a diagram to show the forces acting on the rider and his motorcycle when he is at the highest point and
when he is at the lowest point.
[2 marks]

(iii) Find in term of M and the acceleration due to gravity, g, the different between the forces act on the rider and
his motorcycle when the rider and his motorcycle is at the highest point and when he is at the lowest point.
[3 marks]

(c) A mass of 0.400 kg is tied to the end of an extensible string of length 1.20 m. The mass m is rotated in a
vertical circle so that the string is nearly taut at the instant the mass is at the highest point. Calculate

(i) the speed of the mass at the highest point,
[2 marks]

(ii) the speed of the mass at the highest point,
[2 marks]

(iii) the tension in the string at instant the mass is at its lowest position.
[2 marks]

2. (a) Angular velocity is the rate of change of angular displacement. [1]
Centripetal force is the force that exerted when an object travel in a circle and always directed towards the centre
of the circle.
Centripetal force =
r
mv
2
, where m =mass, r = radius of the circle, v = velocity [1]
(b) (i) Centripetal force, F =
2
e Mr [1]
=
2
) 2 ( f Mr t
= Mr f
2 2
4t [1]

(ii) Weight = Mg
Normal reaction = R









(iii) Mg
r
Mv
R =
2
1
------------------(1) [1]
Mg
r
Mv
R + =
2
2
------------------(2) [1]
(2) (1): Mg R R 2
1 2
= [1]

[1]
[1]
2



(c)









(i) At the highest position,
r
mv
mg T
2
1
1
= +
0 ,
1
2
1
= = T
r
mv
mg [1]
gr v =
1

= 20 . 1 81 . 9 x
= 3.43 m s
-1
[1]

(ii) Using the principle of conservation of energy,

2
1
2
2
2
1
) 2 (
2
1
mv r mg mv + = [1]

2
1
2
2
4 v gr v + =
gr v gr gr v = + =
2
1
2
2
, 4
gr v 5
2
2
= ) 20 . 1 )( 81 . 9 ( 5
2
= v

1
2
67 . 7

= ms v [1]

(iii)
r
mv
mg T
2
2
2
= [1]

r
mv
mg T
2
2
2
+ =

r
gr m
mg T
) 5 (
2
+ =
mg T 6
2
= ) 81 . 9 )( 400 . 0 ( 6
2
= T
N T 5 . 23
2
= [1]













O
3
1. (a) (i) Define mean speed, most probable speed and root mean square for gas molecules. [3 marks]
(ii) Explain why the molecular speed distribution is not symmetrical about the most probable speed and hence
compare the magnitudes of the three speed mentioned in (a). [2 marks]
(b) A container is filled with oxygen gas at temperature 20
o
C. If the oxygen gas can be measured assumed to
behave as an ideal gas with relative molecular mass 32.0, calculate the root mean square speed of the gas when
(i) the gas undergoes isothermal expansion slowly until its volume becomes twice its original volume.
[3 marks]
(ii) the gas undergoes adiabatic expansion slowly until its volume becomes twice its original volume.
[ 3
marks]
Explain why the answer in (b) (i) and (b) (ii) are not the same. [ 4 marks]
[ for oxygen gas = 1.40]


Solution:
(a) (i) For gas molecules : Mean speed = Total speed of all gas molecules divide by total number of gas molecules.
OR Mean speed =
N
v
N
i
i
=1
; where v is speed of gas molecules and N is total number of molecules.

Most probable speed is the speed possessed by the greatest number of gas molecules in the gas sample.

Root mean square speed =
N
v
N
i
i
=1
2

(ii) - the minimum speed is zero and no limit for the value of maximum speed.
- Most probable speed < mean speed < root mean square speed

(b) (i) From
2
1
m <c
2
> = kT
2
3
<c
2
> =
m
kT 3
=
M
kTN
A
3

Hence,
Root mean square speed = > <
2
c =
M
kTN
A
3
=
3
23 23
10 32
) 10 02 . 6 )( 273 20 )( 10 38 . 1 ( 3

+

= 478 ms
-1

Since, the isothermal process is the process where the temperature of the gas remains constant, so,
> <
2
c = 478 ms
-1

(ii) For adiabatic expansion,
TV
- 1
= constant and <c
2
> is directly proportional to T

1
2
T
T
=
1
2
1

|
|
.
|

\
|

V
V
and
1
2
T
T
=
> <
> <
2
1
2
2
c
c
so,
478
2
2
> < c
=
1 40 . 1
2
1

|
.
|

\
|

Root mean square speed = > <
2
c = 416 ms
-1

The answer in (b) (i) and (b) (ii) are not the same because
- In isothermal expansion, external energy is supplied in order to maintain constant temperature of the gas.
Hence, the kinetic energy or the molecular speed does not change.
- In an adiabatic expansion, energy is not allowed to enter the gas system. The work during expansion is
supplied from internal energy of the gas. This causes the kinetic energy or molecular speed decreases.





4
11 (a) Explain what is meant by degree of freedom for a gas molecule? [1 mark]
(b) (i) State the law of equipartition of energy. [1 mark]
(ii) Derive an expression for the total internal energy, U for n moles of an ideal gas which have f degrees
of freedom at temperature T. [3 marks]
(c) One mole of oxygen gas at pressure of 4.00 x 10
5
Pa occupies a volume of 6.00 x 10
-3
m
3
. The gas expands
adiabatically until its volume is double its initial volume.
(i) Explain why the temperature of the gas decreases during an adiabatic expansion. [2 marks]
(ii) Calculate the final temperature of the gas. [3 marks]
(iii) Calculate the final pressure of the gas. [2 marks]
(iv) Calculate the loss in the internal energy of the gas. [3 marks]

11 (a) Degree of freedom is the independent modes/ways by which a molecule can gain
energy.
(b) (i) The law of equipartition of energy states that the energy absorbed by a molecule
to a system is distributed equally among all the effective degrees of freedom and energy
associated with each degree of freedom is
1
2
kT
(ii) - The mean energy per molecule of the gas = f (
1
2
kT)
- The mean energy for one mole of the gas = N
A
x (

2
kT)
=

2
( kN
A
) T
=

2
RT
- Total internal energy for n moles of gas =

2
nRT
(a) (i) -Since no change of heat,
-work is done by the gas during expansion,
-there is decrease in internal energy, therefore temperature decreases [any two]
OR
Q = dU + W
Q =0
W = -dU
W > 0
(ii) p
1
V
1
= nRT
1
T
1
= 289 K
T
1
V
1
-1
= T
2
V
2
-1
T
2
= 219 K
(iii) p
1
V
1

= p
2
V
2

2
= (

1
)

4.00 10
5

2
= (2)
1.4

p
2
= 1.52 x 10
5
Pa
(iv) Loss in internal energy = work done
=
1
1
(
2

2

1

1
)
=
1
11.4
( 1.52 x10
5
x 12.00 x10
-3
4.00 x10
5
x 6.00 x 10
-3
)
= 1.44x 10
3
J
OR
dU = f/2 nRdT
= 5/2 (1) R (219-289)
= - 1.45x 10
3
J
1


1



1

1



1




2


1*
1*
1*

1

1
1

1




1


1
1

1

1*
1*
1*
5