Section A

[15 Marks]
1.
If u and v, x and y, t and a represent
speeds, distance, time and acceleration
respectively. Which of the following
equations is dimensionally incorrect?

A. x
2
+y
2
= uvt
2
B. v
2
-u
2
= ax
C. v = at+ y/t
D. ux = (x+y)/t


2.


3. The graph below shows the variation of
velocity with time for an object which is
initially at rest.

Which of the following shows the variation
of acceleration with time for the object?


A B


C D
Answer:A
4. An aircraft has a mass of 300 000 kg. At a
certain instant during its landing, its speed
is 27.0 ms
-1
. If the braking force is 450
000 N, the distance it travels along the
runway before it comes to a stop is

A 40.5 m
B 142 m
C 181 m
D 243 m

5. A car of mass 950 kg accelerates
uniformly from rest to a velocity of 30 ms
-1
in
10 s. The instantaneous power for this
acceleration is

A 2.9 kW
B 28.5 kW
C 42.8 kW
D 85.5 kW


7. The second hand on a watch has a length of 4.50
mm and makes one revolution in 60.0 s. What is the
speed of the end of the second hand as it moves in
uniform circular motion?

A 9.42 10
4
m/s
B 5.34 10
3
m/s
C 4.71 10
4
m/s
D 2.67 10
3
m/s


6. A body of mass m is placed on a rough
inclined plane. The angle of the inclination is
increases gradually until it reached an angle
when the mass is just about to slide down.



D

8. The diagram below shows a block of weight W being pulled by force T on a
rough horizontal surface.

If the block is not tilted up, with N the normal reaction of the horizontal surface
on the block and F the friction between the block and the surface, which of the
following diagrams shows the correct line of reaction force?

A B

C D
9. A wire is stretched without exceeding the proportional limit. The following data
is obtained.
Force exerted on the wire = 100 N
Cross-sectional area of wire = 1 x 10
-6
m
2
Extension of wire = 2x10
-3
m
Original length of wire = 2 m
Which of the following statements is not true?

A The strain produced is 1 x 10
-3
.
B The stress produced is 1 x 10
8
N m
-2

C The force constant is 5 x 10
4
N m
-2
.
D The energy stored in the wire is 50 J.

10. A box contains an ideal gas at 27 C and 2.0 x 10
-6
Pa. The number of gas
molecules per unit volume is

A 1.1 x 10
8
m
3

B 1.2 x 10
9
m
3

C 4.8 x 10
14
m
3

D 5.4 x 10
15
m
3









11. Which of the following is an assumption to describe the behavior of gases using
the kinetic theory of gases?

A The molecules of the gas are attracted towards each other.
B Kinetic energy is lost between the molecules and the walls of the container.
C All the molecules are moving at the r.m.s. speed.
D The time of collision is negligible compared to the time between collisions.

12. Energy is supplied at a rate of 20 W to 40 g of water in a plastic cup. The
specific heat capacity of water is 4.2 kJ kg
-1
K
-1
. Calculate the initial rate of rise
of temperature.

A 0.12 K s
-1
B 0.18 K s
-1

C 0.21 K s
-1

D 0.24 K s
-1

13. Air is injected from a cylinder of compressed air into a balloon of volume V,
causing its diameter to double. What is the work done against the pressure p of
the atmosphere?

A pV B 3pV C 4 pV D 7 pV

14. A gas at an initial pressure of 760mm mercury is expanded adiabatically until its
volume is doubled. Calculate the final pressure of the gas if is 1.40.

A 240 mmHg
B 288 mmHg
C 290 mmHg
D 760 mmHg

15. Which one of the following statements concerning the Stefan-Boltzmann
equation is true?

A This equation applies only to perfect radiators
B This equation is valid with any temperature units.
C This equation describes the transport of thermal energy by conduction.
D The equation can be used to calculate the power absorbed by any surface
Section B [15 marks]

Answer all questions in this section

16. Factors influencing the speed, v of the sound in a medium may be the density of the
medium , the wavelength of the sound , and the Young Modulus of the medium, E.

(a) On the basis of dimensional analysis, derive an expression for v. [4M]

v
x

y
E
z

v = k
x

y
E
z
LT
-1
= (ML
-3
)
x
( L)
y
(ML
-1
T
-2
)
z

= M
x+z
L
y-3x-z
T
-2z


L: 1 y-3x-z = 1 T : -1 -2z = -1 M:0 x + z = 0
y-3(-1/2)-(-1/2)= 1 z = -1/2 x = - z

y = -1

x = -1 /2




V = k
-1/2

-1
E
-1/2



(b) By taking the value of the dimensionless constant as 1.00, calculate the speed of
sound in copper? [2M]

Given : Density of copper, = 8900 kgm
-3
,
Young Modulus of copper, E = 2.00 x 10
11
Pa
Wavelength of the sound , = 1.8 m






v = k
-1/2

-1
E
-1/2

= (1) ( 8900)
-1/2
(1.8)
-1
(2.00x10
11
)
1/2

= 2633.59 ms
-1







17.


A wire of length 2.00 m and diameter 1.00 mm is stretched by forces of various
magnitudes. Figure 11.2 shows how the stress in the wire varies with the strain of the
wire.
(a) Determine the Young's modulus for the metal of the wire.


a
strain
stress
E =


10
7
10 45 . 1
10 10

=


2 10
10 9 . 6

= Nm





1M


1M


[2 Mark]

(b) If the stress is 10.0 x 10
7
Pa, determine the force which stretches the wire.

b
A
F
Stress =

stress d F =
2
4
1
t

) 10 10 ( ) 10 0 . 1 (
4
1
7 2 3
=

t

N 5 . 78 =








1M


1M


[2 Mark]

(c) If the strain of the wire is 1.45 x 10
-3
, determine the extension of the wire.
c
L
x
Strain =

strain L x =

) 10 45 . 1 )( 00 . 2 (
3
=

m
3
10 90 . 2 =






1M


1M
[2 mark]

(d) The table below shows the Young Modulus and the cross-sectional area of two
types of materials.

Material Young Modulus/ Pa Cross Sectional
Area/ m
2
Iron
Steel
1.00 10
11

2.00 10
11

1.2 10
-4

2.0 10
-4

i. Steel has a higher Young Modulus compared to iron. What can you say about the
physical property of steel?


d (i)

Steel is harder and stronger


1M
[1 Mark]
ii. A load of 1500kg requires a wire of 5.0 m long to be hung freely at one of its end.
If the extension cannot exceed 2.0mm, show quantitatively which material from
the table above is suitable to make a wire?

d (ii)
Ae
Fl
E =

AE
Fl
e =

) 10 0 . 2 )( 10 0 . 2 (
) 0 . 5 )( 81 . 9 1500 (
11 4


=

e

mm e 8 . 1 =

So steel is more suitable because its e less than 2.0mm







1M




1M

[2 Mark]
Section B [15 marks]

Answer only two questions in this section

18. (a) Explain what is meant by angular velocity and centripetal force for a body
performing circular motion.
[2 marks]

(b) A motorcycle rider moves with a constant velocity around a vertical circular track
of radius r. The motorcycle rider makes f cycles per unit time. The motorcycle and
his rider have a total mass of M.

(i) Deduce an expression for the centripetal force F acting on the rider and his
motorcycle in terms of M, r and f.
[2 marks]

(ii) Sketch a diagram to show the forces acting on the rider and his motorcycle when
he is at the highest point and when he is at the lowest point.
[2 marks]

(iii) Find in term of M and the acceleration due to gravity, g, the different between the
forces act on the rider and his motorcycle when the rider and his motorcycle is at the
highest point and when he is at the lowest point.
[3 marks]

(c) A mass of 0.400 kg is tied to the end of an extensible string of length 1.20 m. The
mass m is rotated in a vertical circle so that the string is nearly taut at the instant the
mass is at the highest point. Calculate

(i) the speed of the mass at the highest point,
[2 marks]

(ii) the speed of the mass at the highest point,
[2 marks]

(iii) the tension in the string at instant the mass is at its lowest position.
[2 marks]
Answer :
18. (a) Angular velocity is the rate of change of angular displacement. [1]
Centripetal force is the force that exerted when an object travel in a circle and always
directed towards the centre of the circle.
Centripetal force =
r
mv
2
, where m =mass, r = radius of the circle, v = velocity [1]
(b) (i) Centripetal force, F =
2
e Mr [1]
=
2
) 2 ( f Mr t
= Mr f
2 2
4t [1]

(ii) Weight = Mg
Normal reaction = R









(iii) Mg
r
Mv
R =
2
1
------------------(1) [1]
Mg
r
Mv
R + =
2
2
------------------(2) [1]
(2) (1): Mg R R 2
1 2
= [1]




(c)









(i) At the highest position,
r
mv
mg T
2
1
1
= +
0 ,
1
2
1
= = T
r
mv
mg [1]
gr v =
1

= 20 . 1 81 . 9 x
= 3.43 m s
-1
[1]

(ii) Using the principle of conservation of energy,

2
1
2
2
2
1
) 2 (
2
1
mv r mg mv + = [1]
[1]
[1]
O

2
1
2
2
4 v gr v + =
gr v gr gr v = + =
2
1
2
2
, 4
gr v 5
2
2
=
) 20 . 1 )( 81 . 9 ( 5
2
= v

1
2
67 . 7

= ms v [1]

(iii)
r
mv
mg T
2
2
2
= [1]

r
mv
mg T
2
2
2
+ =

r
gr m
mg T
) 5 (
2
+ =
mg T 6
2
=
) 81 . 9 )( 400 . 0 ( 6
2
= T
N T 5 . 23
2
= [1]

19. (a) (i) Define mean speed, most probable speed and root mean square for gas
molecules. [3 marks]
(ii) Explain why the molecular speed distribution is not symmetrical about the
most probable speed and hence compare the magnitudes of the three speed mentioned
in (a).
[2 marks]
(b) A container is filled with oxygen gas at temperature 20
o
C. If the oxygen gas can
be measured assumed to behave as an ideal gas with relative molecular mass 32.0,
calculate the root mean square speed of the gas when
(i) the gas undergoes isothermal expansion slowly until its volume becomes
twice its original volume.
[3 marks]
(ii) the gas undergoes adiabatic expansion slowly until its volume becomes
twice its original volume.
[3 marks]
(c) Explain why the answer in (b) (i) and (b) (ii) are not the same.
[4 marks]
[ for oxygen gas = 1.40]
Answer :
19. (a) (i) For gas molecules : Mean speed = Total speed of all gas molecules divide by
total number of gas molecules. OR Mean speed =
N
v
N
i
i
=1
; where v is speed
of gas molecules and N is total number of molecules.

Most probable speed is the speed possessed by the greatest number of gas molecules
in the gas sample.

Root mean square speed =
N
v
N
i
i
=1
2
[3 marks]
(ii) - the minimum speed is zero and no limit for the value of maximum speed.
- Most probable speed < mean speed < root mean square speed [2 marks]


(b) (i) From
2
1
m <c
2
> = kT
2
3
<c
2
> =
m
kT 3
=
M
kTN
A
3

Hence,
Root mean square speed = > <
2
c =
M
kTN
A
3

=
3
23 23
10 32
) 10 02 . 6 )( 273 20 )( 10 38 . 1 ( 3

+


= 478 ms
-1

Since, the isothermal process is the process where the temperature of the gas
remains constant, so,
> <
2
c = 478 ms
-1
[3 marks]

(ii) For adiabatic expansion,
TV
- 1
= constant and <c
2
> is directly proportional to T

1
2
T
T
=
1
2
1

|
|
.
|

\
|

V
V
and
1
2
T
T
=
> <
> <
2
1
2
2
c
c
so,
478
2
2
> < c
=
1 40 . 1
2
1

|
.
|

\
|

Root mean square speed = > <
2
c = 416 ms
-1
[3 marks]


The answer in (b) (i) and (b) (ii) are not the same because
- In isothermal expansion, external energy is supplied in order to maintain constant
temperature of the gas. Hence, the kinetic energy or the molecular speed does not
change.
- In an adiabatic expansion, energy is not allowed to enter the gas system. The
work during expansion is supplied from internal energy of the gas. This causes
the kinetic energy or molecular speed decreases.
[4 marks]




20. (a) (i) What is isothermal change? [2 marks]
(ii) What is adiabatic change? [2 marks]

(b) A fixed mass of gas, initially at 7 C and a pressure of 1.00 x10
5
N m
-2
, is
compressed isothermally to one-third of its original volume. It is then
expanded adiabatically to its original volume. Calculate the final temperature
and pressure, assuming = 1.40.
[7 marks]

(c) One room in a house has a floor made entirely of concrete which is 200 mm
thick. The lower surface of the concrete, in contact with the ground, has a
temperature of 10.0 C and the upper surface, in contact with the living area,
has a temperature of 15.0 C. The floor is square and of sides 10 m x 10 m.

(i) Calculate the rate at which thermal energy is conducted through the
concrete. Assume the thermal conductivity of concrete is 0.750 W m
-1
K
-1
.

The house owner decides to cover the concrete with carpet with thickness
15.0 mm. Calculate the rate at which thermal energy.

[4 marks]

Answer:
(a) (i) An isothermal change is one which takes place in such a way that the
temperature remains constant

or

p
1
V
1
= p
2
V
2

p
1
= initial pressure
V
1
= initial volume
p
2
= initial pressure
V
2
= initial volume

(ii) An adiabatic change is one which takes place in such a way that no heat
can enter or leave the system during the process.

or

p
1

= p
2

1











1


(b)

= 3 X 10
5
N m
-2




2

For the adiabatic change our initial temperature is still 7 C, so

Initial state : p
2
= 1 X 10
5
N m
-2
V
2
=

, T
2
= 273 + 7 = 280 K

Final state : p
3
= ? , V
3
= V , T
3
= ?

Final pressure;

= 2.15 x 10
4
N m
-2

Final temperature;


T
3
=

= 180 K




1





1


1







1



1

c(i) Almost without exception a thermal conductivity question requires the use of

1


1


1

1