Natural Resources Industries (P.) Ltd.

Saumil Complex 4
th
foor
Baburam Acharya Sadak
Sinamangal, Kathmandu, Nepal
Phone no: +977-1-4110860, Fax no: +977-1-4110855
Url: www.essentialoil.com.np, Email: info@msinp.com
Natural Resources Industries P. Ltd
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Extracton, Processing and Marketng of Essental Oils
and Dried Herbs from Organically Cultvated and
Sustainably Wild Harvested Medicinal and Aromatc
Plants
Pr oduc t Cat a l og ue
Nepal is located between the lattudes 2622 & 3027 N and the longitudes 8040 & 8812 E in central
Himalayas, occupying the total area of 147181 square kilometers. Its alttude ranges from less than 100m
above sea level in the southern atlands to Mount Everest (8848m), the highest peak of the world.
Physiographically, Nepal is broadly divided into lowlands (<1000m), mid hills (1000-3000m) and high hills
(>3000m). Extreme alttudinal gradient, unique geographic positon and wide climatc variaton has resulted in
the occurrence of about 6,500 species of owering plants.
Nepal is a known source of herbs since ancient tmes. The Hindu mythology states the Himalayas as a source
of herbs used to cure various ailments. Despite the huge potental, only marginal portons of indigenous
species have been utlized for commercial purposes. Importance of Medicinal and Aromatc Plants (MAPs) was
raised for the past few decades as a result of new market preference for natural products. There are over 2000
species of plants in Nepal which are known to be potentally useful, including about 1600-1900 species
commonly used for medicinal purposes. Similarly, there are over 200 species of aromatc plants in Nepal which
have been used since long for various purposes.
Introducton
Natural Resource Industries P. Ltd (NRIPL) was established in 1990 to unleash the economic potentality of
MAPs and to promote the fair business on MAPs sector. Since establishment, engaged in cultvaton,
processing of herbs and essental oils, and trade both within the country and abroad. The vision of the
company is to create a niche market segment and recognize Nepal as source of quality medicinal and aromatc
products throughout the world.
Organic producton
In our endeavor to provide quality products consistently, we had managed to secure certed organic label
since 2004. We are one of the earliest companies to have the certcaton along with a team of experts
ensuring the cultvaton and wild harvestng practces meet the internatonal standards. Our operatons are
certed by ONECERT-USA for EU and USNOP standards for wild harvest and cultvaton. Our facilites at Bara,
Rasuwa and Taplejung are certed for cultvaton, collecton and processing. We are shifing to organic
producton in near future for all of our facilites, including cultvated and wild harvested herbs.
Wild Crafed, Cultvaton
The company is sourcing wild herbs mostly from high hilly regions. As a part of social corporate responsibility
and to maintain fragile ecological balance, it is oering relatvely high price to collectors for sustainability
harvested herbs. Similarly, the company has fully or partally supported to establish processing units in
dierent parts of Nepal that helps to create rural employment opportunites. The company has also diversied
into domestcaton of herbs and commercial cultvaton to ensure sustainable quality and supply source. In an
endeavor to commercialize the farming we have established two nursery for propagaton of quality seeds and
saplings at Rasuwa and Bara Districts.
Quality Control
Our modern laboratory ensures basic parameters tested in house for quality assurance and control of essental
oils and to assess the quality of raw herbs. The laboratory is being operated by qualied personal. The
company has planned to invest regularly in research and development to further improve the process and
quality, diversify the range and to introduce new technologies.
| 1
Pr oduc t Cat a l og ue
| 24
Pr oduc t Cat a l og ue
Certcates
Product Diversicaton
In associaton with local and internatonal organizaton we are developing new products to ensure beter
utlizaton of available resources; already we have started commercial cultvaton of Rauvola serpentna,
Turmeric (Curcuma longa), Tagetes minuta, Swerta chirayita, Litsea citrata, etc and also we are actvely
engaged in process of introducing beter technologies for distllaton and extracton.
We have facilites at dierent commercial and trading center of Nepal to ensure utlizaton of available
resources and to have compettve edge.
Halkhoriya Cultvaton and Processing unit
Rasuwa Cultvaton and Processing unit
Taplejung Cultvaton and Processing unit
Tulsipur Collecton Center
Birgunj Collecton Center
Mahendranagar Collecton Center
Future Target & Plans
To enter into alliances with natonal and internatonal companies for diversicaton of products and adopt new
technologies for improvement in agricultural practces, plantng material & setng up processing plants for
value added products.
Nepal is located between the lattudes 2622 & 3027 N and the longitudes 8040 & 8812 E in central
Himalayas, occupying the total area of 147181 square kilometers. Its alttude ranges from less than 100m
above sea level in the southern atlands to Mount Everest (8848m), the highest peak of the world.
Physiographically, Nepal is broadly divided into lowlands (<1000m), mid hills (1000-3000m) and high hills
(>3000m). Extreme alttudinal gradient, unique geographic positon and wide climatc variaton has resulted in
the occurrence of about 6,500 species of owering plants.
Nepal is a known source of herbs since ancient tmes. The Hindu mythology states the Himalayas as a source
of herbs used to cure various ailments. Despite the huge potental, only marginal portons of indigenous
species have been utlized for commercial purposes. Importance of Medicinal and Aromatc Plants (MAPs) was
raised for the past few decades as a result of new market preference for natural products. There are over 2000
species of plants in Nepal which are known to be potentally useful, including about 1600-1900 species
commonly used for medicinal purposes. Similarly, there are over 200 species of aromatc plants in Nepal which
have been used since long for various purposes.
Introducton
Natural Resource Industries P. Ltd (NRIPL) was established in 1990 to unleash the economic potentality of
MAPs and to promote the fair business on MAPs sector. Since establishment, engaged in cultvaton,
processing of herbs and essental oils, and trade both within the country and abroad. The vision of the
company is to create a niche market segment and recognize Nepal as source of quality medicinal and aromatc
products throughout the world.
Organic producton
In our endeavor to provide quality products consistently, we had managed to secure certed organic label
since 2004. We are one of the earliest companies to have the certcaton along with a team of experts
ensuring the cultvaton and wild harvestng practces meet the internatonal standards. Our operatons are
certed by ONECERT-USA for EU and USNOP standards for wild harvest and cultvaton. Our facilites at Bara,
Rasuwa and Taplejung are certed for cultvaton, collecton and processing. We are shifing to organic
producton in near future for all of our facilites, including cultvated and wild harvested herbs.
Wild Crafed, Cultvaton
The company is sourcing wild herbs mostly from high hilly regions. As a part of social corporate responsibility
and to maintain fragile ecological balance, it is oering relatvely high price to collectors for sustainability
harvested herbs. Similarly, the company has fully or partally supported to establish processing units in
dierent parts of Nepal that helps to create rural employment opportunites. The company has also diversied
into domestcaton of herbs and commercial cultvaton to ensure sustainable quality and supply source. In an
endeavor to commercialize the farming we have established two nursery for propagaton of quality seeds and
saplings at Rasuwa and Bara Districts.
Quality Control
Our modern laboratory ensures basic parameters tested in house for quality assurance and control of essental
oils and to assess the quality of raw herbs. The laboratory is being operated by qualied personal. The
company has planned to invest regularly in research and development to further improve the process and
quality, diversify the range and to introduce new technologies.
| 23
References:
Baral S. R. & Kurmi P. P. 2006. A Compendium of Medicinal Plants in Nepal. Mrs. Rachana Sharma, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Duke J. A. 1992. Handbook of Phytochemical Constituents of GRAS Herbs and Other Economic Plants.
Ghimire S.K., Pyakurel D., Nepal B.K., Sapkota I.B., Parajuli R.R. & Oli B.R., 2008. A Manual of NTFPs of Nepal Himalaya
(GairKastha Ban PaidawarDigdarshan). WWF Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Ghimire S.K., Sapkota I.B., Oli B.R. &Parajuli-Rai R., 2008. Non Timber Forest Products of Nepal Himalaya: Database of Some
Important Species Found in the Mountain Protected Areas and Surrounding Regions. WWF Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Gurung K. 2009. Essential Oils in Nepal: A Practical Guide to Essential Oils and Aromatherapy. Himalayan Bio Trade Pvt. Ltd.,
Kathmandu, Nepal.
Gurung K., Innocenti G., Acqua S. D., Carrara M., Tubaro A. &Barbera M. 2005. GC-MS of Essential Oil of Rhododendron antho-
pogon D. Don and Its Biological Properties. In: Nepal Journal of Plant Sciences, 1: 33-36.
HPPCL. Blend of Nature with Modern Science. Herbs Production and Processing Company Limited, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Manandhar N.P., 2002. Plants and People of Nepal. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon.
Polunin, O. & A. Stainton 1984. Flowers of the Himalaya. Oxford University Press.
Prakash V. 1999. Indian Valerianaceae: A Monograph of Medicinally Important Family. Scientifc Publishers, Jodhpur, India.
Rastogi, R.P. & Mehrotra, B.N. 1993. Compendium of Indian Medicinal Plants, Volume 1, 1960-1969. Central Drug Research
Institute, Lucknow and Publications and Information Directorate, New Delhi, India.
Rastogi, R.P. & Mehrotra, B.N. 1993. Compendium of Indian Medicinal Plants, Volume 2, 1970-1979. Central Drug Research
Institute, Lucknow and Publications and Information Directorate, New Delhi, India.
Rastogi, R.P. & Mehrotra, B.N. 1993. Compendium of Indian Medicinal Plants, Volume 3, 1980-1984. Central Drug Research
Institute, Lucknow and Publications and Information Directorate, New Delhi, India.
Tang Y., Liu X. & Yu B. 2002. Iridoids from the rhizomes and roots of Valeriana jatamansii. Journal of Natural Products,
65(12):1949-1952.
Pr oduc t Cat a l og ue
| 2
Pr oduc t Cat a l og ue
Product Diversicaton
In associaton with local and internatonal organizaton we are developing new products to ensure beter
utlizaton of available resources; already we have started commercial cultvaton of Rauvola serpentna,
Turmeric (Curcuma longa), Tagetes minuta, Swerta chirayita, Litsea citrata, etc and also we are actvely
engaged in process of introducing beter technologies for distllaton and extracton.
We have facilites at dierent commercial and trading center of Nepal to ensure utlizaton of available
resources and to have compettve edge.
Halkhoriya Cultvaton and Processing unit
Rasuwa Cultvaton and Processing unit
Taplejung Cultvaton and Processing unit
Tulsipur Collecton Center
Birgunj Collecton Center
Mahendranagar Collecton Center
Future Target & Plans
To enter into alliances with natonal and internatonal companies for diversicaton of products and adopt new
technologies for improvement in agricultural practces, plantng material & setng up processing plants for
value added products.
Head Oce
Collecton Center
| 3
Table of Contents
No. Trade Name Botanical Name Origin Page
1 Anthopogon Oil Rhododendron anthopogon D. Don WILD 4
2 Artmesia (Armoise) Oil Artemisia vulagaris L. WILD \ CULTIVATED 5
3 Calamus Oil Acorus calamus L. WILD \ CULTIVATED 6
4 Chamomile Oil Matricaria chamomilla L. CULTIVATED 7
5 Cinnamon Oil Cinnamomum tamala CULTIVATED 8
(Buch.-Ham.) Nees & Eberm.
6 Citronella Oil Cymbopogon winterianus Jowit. CULTIVATED 9
7 Cornmint Oil Mentha arvensis L. CULTIVATED 10
8 French Basil Oil Ocimum basilicum L. CULTIVATED 11
9 Juniper Oil Juniperus indica Bertol., WILD 12
Juniperus communis L.
10 Lemongrass Oil Cymbopogon exuosus CULTIVATED 13
(Nees ex Steud.) W. Watson
11 Mentha citrata Oil Mentha citrata Ehrh. CULTIVATED 14
12 Palmarosa Oil Cymbopogon martnii CULTIVATED 15
(Roxb.) W. Watson
13 Peppermint Oil Mentha piperita L. CULTIVATED 16
14 Spikenard Oil Nardostachys grandiora DC. WILD 17
15 Sughandhakokila Oil Cinnamomum glaucescens WILD \ CULTIVATED 18
(Nees) Hand.-Mazz.
16 Valerian Oil Valeriana jatamansii Jones WILD 19
17 Wintergreen Oil Gaultheria fragrantssima Wall. WILD 20
18 Zanthoxylum Oil Zanthoxylum armatum DC. WILD \ CULTIVATED 21
19 Zedoary Oil Curcuma zedoaria Rosc. WILD \ CULTIVATED 22
20 References 23
21 Certcates 24
Pr oduc t Cat a l og ue
| 22
Pr oduc t Cat a l og ue
Curcuma zedoaria
ZEDOARY OIL
Plant Descripton
Zedoary is an erect herb, ofen reaching a height of 50cm with
ovoid rootstock. Leaves are oblong, acuminate, 30-60cm long,
narrowed to the base, petole longer than the leaf blade.
Flowers are pale yellow. It is cultvated throughout Nepal
within the alttude of 1000m.
Extracton
Zedoary oil is obtained by steam distllaton of the rhizomes of
Curcuma zedoaria.
Uses
The oil can be used as analgesic, ant-inammatory, digestve,
sedatve and stomachic. Zedoary oil is used as
gastro-intestnal stmulant in atulent colic and it prevents
the stress ulceraton. The oil is used as a condiment, as
avouring for liqueurs and in perfumery.
Organoleptc Propertes
Appearance : Viscous uid
Colour : Golden Yellow
Aroma : Warm-Spicy, woody and
camphoraceous cineolic odour.
Physico-Chemical Propertes
Specic gravity 0.899 - 0.9313 at 27
o
C
Optcal rotaton [-] 0.75
o
to 8
o
at 27
o
C
Refractve index 1.39 to 1.482 at 27
o
C
Acid number 1. 162 to 3.74
Ester number 8.23 to 37.28
Ester number
afer acetylaton 60 to 75
Solubility Soluble in 80% - 90% alcohol
Botanical Name : Curcuma zedoaria Rosc.
Local Names : Kachur
Family : Zingiberaceae
English Name : Zedoary
Actve Consttuents
1,8, cineol, -eudesmol, p-cymene and elemol are the major
consttuents of Zedoary oil. Other components are curculone,
curcumadiol, curcumanolide A and B, curcumenol,
curcucumenone, curcumol, curcumin, curdione,
dehydrocurdione, D-borneol, D-camphene, D-camphor. The
root also contains numerous other biter substances, tannins
and avonoids.
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| 4
Rhododendron anthopogon in wild
ANTHOPOGON OIL
Plant Descripton
Anthopogon is distributed throughout Nepal within the
alttude range of 3300-5100m. It appears as a dense mat of
shrubberies in open alpine slopes. It is a low aromatc
gregarious shrub ofen ataining a height of 60cm. Leaves
small, oval to obovate, dark grayish-green above, densely
brown scaly beneath, with oil glands. Flowers are creamy pale
to white. Flowering occurs in May-July and fruitng in
August-September.
Extracton
Anthopogon oil is extracted from the steam distllaton of
leaves and aerial twigs of Rhododendron anthopogon. Yield
percentage of Anthopogon oil ranged from 0.26 to 0.6% on
fresh weight basis.
Uses
Leaves and owers are used as incense. The pounded leaves
and owers are used in stomach, liver and lung disorders, cold
and cough, indigeston and skin diseases and for blood
puricaton, and to promote heat. Flowers are above used in
gastrits, cold, sore throat and phlegm disorders.
Anthopogon oil is reported to have antmicrobial,
antbacterial, antfungal, antrheumatc, antseptc,
antspasmodic, anttoxic, astringent, carminatve, diuretc
and sedatve actvites. It is used to revitalize nervous system.
The oil is used as a fragrance component in cosmetcs and
perfumery.
Organoleptc Propertes
Appearance : A liquid uid
Colour : Pale yellow
Aroma : Sweet herbal, Faintly balsamic
Botanical Name : Rhododendron anthopogon D. Don
Synonym : Rhododendron hypenanthum Balf. f.
Family : Ericaceae
Local Name : Sunpat
English Name : Anthopogon
Physico-Chemical Propertes
Specic gravity 0.8630 to 0.8804 at 15
o
C
Optcal rotaton [-] 10.05
o
to [-] 32.9
o
at 15
o
C
Refractve index 1.4785 to 1.4881 at 15
o
C
Acid number 1.54 to 4.06
Ester number 5.40 to 25.92
Ester number
afer acetylaton 8.23 to 45.78
Solubility Due to alttudinal and regional variaton
some oils are soluble in 95% alcohol
and some are not
Actve Consttuents
Anthopogon oil contains -cadinene (11.4%) as major volatle
component. The oil is dominated by monoterpenes such as
-pinene, -pinene and limonene. Similarly, the oil has
sesquiterpenes dominated by trans--caryophyllene,
-muurolene, -cadinene and -cadinene.
Other components in trace amounts includes -thujene,
camphene, -myrcene, -cymene, cis-ocimene,
trans-terpinene, -copaene, -humulene, allo-aromandrene,
germacrene D, -amorphene, trans--ocimene, -terpinene,
terpinolene, linalol, -terpineol, -cubebene, citronellyl
acetate, -bourbonene, -elemene, sesquithujene,
valencene, muurola-3, 5-diene, cadina-1,4-diene,
naphthalene
Conservaton Status
Global and Natonal status is not known. It is abundant along
the Himalayan tract.
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Pr oduc t Cat a l og ue
| 21
Pr oduc t Cat a l og ue
A fruitng twig of Zanthoxylum armatum
ZANTHOXYLUM OIL
Plant Descripton
Zanthoxylum armatum is a small shrub reaching up to 5m in
height. The plants have long straight spines on branchlets and
leaf stalks. Leaves opposite, pinnately compound with
narrowly winged stalk, leaets 2-6 pairs, ovate to lanceolate,
8cm, toothed, sparsely gland-doted. Flowers green or yellow
coloured and appear in short branched lateral clusters.
Flowering occurs in April-May and fruitng on July-November.
It is distributed throughout Nepal within the alttudinal range
of 1100m to 2500m. It appears as shrubberies on cleared
forests, degraded slopes and on the edges of cultvated lands.
Extracton
Zanthoxyum oil is extracted by the steam distllaton of the
dried fruits. The fruits yield up to 3% of Zanthoxylum oil, but
in average 2.3% oil has been extracted at commercial level.
The oil content varies according to the habitat it grows, and
the maturity of the fruits.
Uses
Ripe fruits are taken as spice. The fruits are used for
toothache, gastrits, cough and cold, tonsillits, headache,
fever, high alttude sickness, dizziness, diarrhoea and
dysentery. Bark, fruits and seeds are known to possess
digestve, antseptc, anthelmintc, carminatve, depuratve,
analgesic, diuretc, diaphoretc, deodorant and disinfectant
propertes. Zanthoxylum oil is used in wide range of
aroma-therapeutc uses such as in insect bites, skin infecton,
wound, arthrits, joint and muscular pain, neuralgia,
rheumatsm, sprain, dyspepsia, indigeston, headache,
nervous tension, migraine etc.
It is also used as a avouring agent in the confectonary
industry, manufacture of sof drinks, used as fragrance in
perfumery industry and to prepare wide range of
pharmaceutcal products.

Organoleptc Propertes
Appearance : Fluid liquid
Aroma : Refreshing pleasant spicy aroma
Colour : Light to pale yellow
Botanical Name : Zanthoxylum armatum DC.
Synonyms : Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb.,
Zanthoxylum violaceum Wall.
Family : Rutaceae
Local Name : Timur
English Name : Nepal Pepper, Prickly Ash
Physico-Chemical Propertes
Specic gravity 0.8150 to 0.9051 at 25
o
C
Optcal rotaton [+] 5
o
to [+] 10.5
o
at 25
o
C
Refractve index 1.4674 to 1.4815 at 25
o
C
Acid number 0.5 to 5
Ester number 35 to 65
Ester number
afer acetylaton 110 to 150
Solubility Soluble in 0.8 to 1.5 volumes of 90%
alcohol.
Linalol content 55 to 75%
Actve Consttuents
Zanthoxylum oil mainly consists of monoterpenes as
limonene and linalol; minor consttuents are present as
methyl salicylate, (E)-methyl cinnamate, 1,8-cineol,
-phellandrene, myrcene, p-cymene, cis-linalol oxide, trans-
linalol oxide, 4- terpineol, cryptone, phellandral, carvone,
caryophyllene oxide, trans--ocimene, -terpinene,
-terpinolene, sabinene, -fenchyl alcohol, piperitone,
1- cycl ohexane- 1- carboxal dehyde, - caryophyl l ene,
-humulene.
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Artemisia vulgaris in wild
ARTEMISIA OIL
Plant Descripton
Mugwort is natve to temperate Europe, Asia, northern Africa
and Alaska and is naturalized in North America, where some
consider it an invasive weed. It is distributed throughout
Nepal within the alttude of 300m to 2500m. It is a very
common plant growing on nitrogenous soils, like weedy and
uncultvated areas, such as waste places and roadsides.
It is a tall herbaceous perennial plant growing 12 m with a
woody root. The leaves are aromatc, 5-20 cm long, dark
green, pinnate, alternate, with dense white tomentose hairs
on the underside. The erect stem ofen has a red-purplish
tnge. Inconspicuous owers occur in clusters at the top of the
plants. Individual heads are 2.5-3 mm wide and appears on
short stalks. It owers from July to September.
Extracton
Artemisia oil is extracted from steam distllaton of aerial
parts, ower tops and leaves of Artemisia vulgaris. The oil
yield percentage is very low.
Sources of Adulteraton
Artemisia indica which is almost similar to the A. vulgaris and
shares same habitat.
Uses
The species has a number of recorded historic uses in food,
herbal medicine, and as a smoking herb. It is traditonally
used for anthelmintc, expectorant, stomachic, antseptc,
emmenagogue, hemorrhage etc. Roots are used as tonic.
Artemisia oil has wide range of therapeutc uses such as
carminatve, anthelmintc, antspasmodic, choleretc, diuretc,
nervine, stmulant, stomachache, tonic etc. The oil is uses as
disinfectant, room freshener, and used as a fragrance
components in soaps and perfumes.
Mugwort contains Thujone, which is toxic for prolonged
intake in large amounts. Pregnant women, in partcular,
should avoid consuming large amounts of Mugwort.
Botanical Name : Artemisia vulagaris L.
Family : Compositae (Asteraceae)
Local Name : Titepat
English Name : Mugwort
Organoleptc Propertes
Appearance : A uid liquid
Colour : Pale Yellow
Aroma : Powerful, fresh camphoraceous, biter
herbaceous odour
Physico-Chemical Propertes
Specic gravity 0.8786 to 0.9265 at 25
o
C
Optcal rotaton [-] 13.25
o
to [-] 29.35
o
at 25
o
C
Refractve index 1.350 to 1.49 at 25
o
C
Acid number 2.49 to 6.5
Ester number 25.05 to 55
Ester number
afer acetylaton 65 to 90
Solubility Insoluble in alcohol
Actve Consttuents
The leaf oil contains -thujone as major component; others
are -pinene, -pinene, -fenchene, -fenchene, -thujone,
I,8-cineol, camphor, iso-borneol, -caryophyllene,
caryophyllene oxide, davanone, -cymene, germacrene D,
-cadinene, limonene, camphene etc.
The ower oil contains sabinene, myrcene,
allo-aromadendrene, -cubebene and -guaiene as major
components.
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Pr oduc t Cat a l og ue
| 20
Pr oduc t Cat a l og ue
Gaultheria fragrantssima in wild
WINTERGREEN OIL
Plant Descripton
Wintergreen or Fragrant Wintergreen is an evergreen robust
shrub reaching up to 2m in height. Leaves are evergreen,
aromatc, ovate to lanceolate, smooth above and gland
doted, and with bases of bristles beneath. Plants have
numerous axillary spikes like clusters of small fragrant white
or pink owers. Fruits are violet or blue. This plant is endemic
to the Himalaya and found naturally in upper tropical and
temperate regions of Nepal, within the alttude of 1500m to
2700m. It favours rocky dry slopes. Leaves and aerial twigs are
sustainably harvested from the natural forest.
Extracton
Wintergreen oil is extracted from the steam distllaton of
leaves and aerial twigs of Gaultheria fragrantssima. Yield
percentage of Wintergreen oil ranged from 0.3% to 1.0% on
fresh weight basis. The amount of Wintegreen oil varies
depending upon the age of the plant, habitat and processing
technique.
Uses
Leaves are boiled in water and are used for massage and
unripe fruits are chewed or made into a juice to treat stomach
troubles. Leaf juice is used as a massage to cure body and
joint pains. Warm leaf juice is applied externally to treat
inammaton and swellings.
Wintergreen oil is used as a avouring agent in the
confectonery industry and to manufacture sof drinks. It is
also used in cosmetcs (especially to manufacture hair oils),
perfumery and pharmaceutcal companies. Wintergreen oil is
antseptc, aromatc, carminatve and stmulant. It is used in
the treatment of rheumatsm, gout, stness due to old age,
scabies and neuralgia. It also revitalizes and gives energy
following muscular pains, partcularly good for athletes for
instance. An over dose may cause degeneratve changes in
the liver and kidneys. The oil also has several
aroma-therapeutc uses. Wintergreen oil is also taken
internally in the treatment of hook worms. Leaves and
wintergreen oil are ant-inammatory, analgesic, vermicide
and antseptc.
Botanical Name : Gaultheria fragrantssima Wall.
Synonym : Gaultheria fragrans D. Don
Family : Ericaceae
Local Names : Dhasingre, Patpate, Macchino
English Name : Fragrant Wintergreen
Organoleptc Propertes
Appearance : A uid liquid
Aroma : Strongly aromatc, sweet characteristc odour
displaying a peculiar creamy-fruity top note
and a sweet- woody dry out.
Colour : Pale Yellow, Yellowish or reddish colour (The
colour varies according the medium that it
has been extracted. Oil extracted from mild
steel distllaton unit furnished dark reddish
colour whereas the oil extracted from
stainless steel furnished pale yellow or
yellowish colour).
Physico-Chemical Propertes
Specic gravity 1.1735 to 1. 1 855 at 25
o
C.
Optcal rotaton [-] 0.3
o
to [-] 10.5
o
at 25
o
C
Refractve index 1.537 to 1.5405 at 25
o
C
Acid number 10 to 25
Ester number 335 to 365
Ester number 88.8 to 98% (calculated as Methyl
afer acetylaton Salicylate)
Solubility Soluble in 2.0 to 3.5
volumes of 80% alcohol
Actve Consttuents
Wintergreen oil contains Methyl Salicylate (96-99% of total
volume). Other consttuents are -pinene, myrcene,
-3-carene, limonene and sesquiterpenes as -cardinene and
3.7- guaiadiene. It also contains -sitosterol, quercetn-3-
galactoside, ursolic acid and triacontane.
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Acorus calamus in wild
CALAMUS OIL
Plant Descripton
Sweet Flag is a perennial, semi-aquatc, erect, aromatc, herb
reaching up to 70 cm in height. The plant have thick creeping
root. Leaves are distchous, with parallel nerves. Spathe are
leaf like with small yellow green bisexual owers. It is
distributed throughout Nepal within the alttudinal range of
200-2300m in wet, marshy places. It grows on the margins of
lakes and streams with long branched rhizomes immersed in
mud.
Extracton
Calamus oil is extracted from the steam distllaton of the
dried rhizomes of Acorus calamus.
Uses
The oil is used as antconvulsant, antseptc, bactericidal,
carminatve, diaphoretc, expectorant, insectcide, stmulant,
stomachic, tonic, vermifuge, hypotensive, spasmolytc etc.
Calamus causes increased dilaton of spleenic vessels, an
important factor in regulatng blood pressure.
Since the oil is reported to have carcinogenic propertes, it is
not recommended for internal use.
The oil is used in perfumery and to scent hair powders. Oil is
added to mouth washes and used to avour the alcoholic
beverages.
Botanical Name : Acorus calamus L.
Family : Araceae
Local Name : Bojho
English Name : Sweet Flag
Organoleptc Propertes
Appearance : Slightly Viscous Fluid
Colour : Yellow or yellowish brown
Aroma : Warm woody-spicy
Physico-Chemical Propertes
Specic gravity 1.0695 to 1.0795 at 23
o
C
Optcal rotaton [-] 0.2
o
to [-] 0.5
o
at 23
o
C
Refractve index 1.5335 to 1.5589 at 23
o
C
Acid number 0.6 to 2.5
Ester number 2 to 12
Ester number
afer acetylaton 8.5 to 12
Solubility Soluble in 0.4 to 1.5 volumes of 80%
alcohol
Actve Consttuents
Major consttuents of Calamus oil are - asarone,
-terpinolene, -asarone, acorenone, clamene, calamol,
calamenene,iso-calamendiol, methyl iso-eugenol,
trans--ocimene etc.
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Pr oduc t Cat a l og ue
Valeriana jatamansii in wild
VALERIAN OIL
Plant Descripton
Valerian is a perennial rhizomatous aromatc herb reaching up
to 50cm in height. Leaves arise from the base and are heart
shaped; owers arise on the top of leaess stem. Rhizomes
are yellowish brown, woody, unbranched and aromatc. It is
found throughout the mid hill regions of Nepal within the
alttude of 1500m to 3600m. The rhizomes are harvested
from the wild by uprootng the whole plant during
September-November. Cultvaton of Valerian has started in
some parts of Nepal.
Extracton
Valerian oil is extracted from the steam distllaton of
rhizomes of Valeriana jatamansii. Yield percentage of Valerian
oil ranged from 0.09% to 1.0% on dry weight basis. The
amount of Valerian oil varies depending upon the age of the
plant, habitat, and drying and storage method.
Other varietes as source of adulteraton
Rhizomes of Valeriana hardwickii Wall.
Uses
Roots and rhizomes of V. jatamansii have been used for
variety of complaints as nervous tension, restlessness,
insomnia, migraine, intestnal colic, rheumatsm and as pain
reliever. In Europe, the oil has been used for cholera, epilepsy
and for skin diseases. In China, it is used for backache, cold,
menstrual problems, bruises and sores. V. jatamansii are used
in dierent medicaton systems (Ayurvedic, Tibetan,
Yunanietc) since the tme immemorial.
Valerian oil has wide range of medicinal, aroma-therapeutc
and industrial uses. The oil has wide range of therapeutc
propertes (anodyne, antdandru, diuretc, antspasmodic,
depressant of the central nervous system etc). It is also used
in pharmaceutcal preparatons and as fragrance and
avouring agents.
Organoleptc Propertes
Appearance : Fluid to slightly viscous liquid
Colour : Yellowish green to brownish yellow
Aroma : Warm woody, balsamic, musky odour and top
note in fresh oils
Botanical Name : Valeriana jatamansii Jones
Synonyms : V. Wallichii DC.,
Nardostachys jatamansi (Jones) DC.
Family : Valerianaceae
Local Names : Sugandhawal, Samayo
English Name : Valerian, True Valerian
Physico-Chemical Propertes
Specic gravity 0.930 to 0.970 at 20
o
C
Optcal rotaton [-] 35
o
to [-] 10
o
at 20
o
C
Refractve index 1.470 to 1.485 at 20
o
C
Acid number 0.5 to 2.5
Ester number
afer acetylaton 40 to 65
Solubility Soluble in alcohol and oils. Insoluble in
water
Actve Consttuents
New groups of iridoid (valtrates or valepotriats) are isolated
from roots and rhizomes which are used as tranquillizers and
sedatve. Root and rhizome contains avonoids, alkaloids
(chatnine and valerine), aliphatc acids, dierent steroids,
phenols, saponins, naphtholic acid ad tannins. Valerian oil
contains arcurcumene, -, - and -patchoulenes, calarene,
-bergamotene, maliol, -fenchene, -sitosterol, valeranone,
iso-valeric and methyl-valeric acids. However, compositon
of the oil varied considerably depending on the origin of the
plant material. Patchouli alcohol was the main component in
the oils of Nepalese valerian. The other components
idented in commercially available rhizomes were -
patchoulene, - humulene, -bulnesene, bornylisovalerate,
and two unidented components with a retenton index of
1431 and 1645 respectvely. The patchouli alcohol, and -and
-patchoulenes are considered to be characteristc for the oil
of V. jatamansii as these compounds are not isolated from
other Valeriana species.
Conservaton Status
Global status of Valeriana jatamansii is not known. It has
vulnerable status in Nepal (CAMP 2001). It has been
incorporated in the protecton list of Government of Nepal
and has been prioritzed for conservaton and economic
development. Department of Forest, as per Forest Act 1993
and Forest Regulaton 1995, banned the export of raw
Valeriana jatamansii.
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Matricaria chamomilla in cultvated eld
CHAMOMILE OIL
Plant Descripton
Chamomile is natve to Europe and Northwest Asia. It is
mostly cultvated in the tropical regions of Nepal (below
1000m). It is an annual aromatc herb, reaching up to 60 to 90
cm. The stem is much branched, hairless and stular. Leaves
alternate, nely dissected. Flowers are small, aromatc, size
ranged from 1.3 to 2.0 cm across; ower heads have white
peripheral ray orets and yellow tubular disc orets.
Extracton
Chamomile oil is extracted by steam distllaton of the
owering heads (inorescence) of Matricaria chamomilla.
Uses
This plant has been used to treat various complaints regarding
nervous dyspepsia, nervous bowel, tension, headache,
sleeplessness, especially for children.
The oil is widely used in antseptc ointments and in
carminatve, antspasmodic and tonic preparaton. Similarly, it
is used in manufacturing cosmetcs and perfumery (such as
high valued perfume, hair care products, soaps etc). It is also
used in avouring food and beverages and used in
manufacturing chocolates, ice cream etc.
The Chamomile oil has wide range of therapeutc uses such as
analgesic, ant allergic, ant inammatory, ant spasmodic,
bactericidal, carminatve, cicatrizant, cholagogue, digestve,
emmenagogue, febrifuge, fungicidal, hepatc, nervous
sedatve, stomachic, vermifuge, stmulant of leucocyte
producton etc.
Similarly its aromatherapeutc uses are:
Skin Care: allergies, boils, cut and wounds, dermatts,
eczema, hair care, inammaton
Digestve System: Dyspepsia, colic, indigeston, nausea
Nervous System: Insomnia, nervous tension, migraine.
Organoleptc Propertes
Appearance : A viscous uid
Colour : A dark greenish blue
Aroma : Intensely sweet, herbaceous with fresh-fruity
undertone
Botanical Name : Matricaria chamomilla L.
Family : Compositae (Asteraceae)
Local Names : Chamomile
English Name : Chamomile, Scented Mayweed
Physico-Chemical Propertes
Specic gravity 0.880 to 0.930 at 25
o
C
Optcal rotaton [-] 15
o
to 0
o
at 20
o
C
Refractve index 1.470 to 1.510 at 25
o
C
Acid number 4 to 15.7
Ester number 5 to 15
Ester number
afer acetylaton 65 to 1 10
Solubility Soluble in 90% alcohol with separaton
of parans
Actve Consttuents
The Chamomile oil contains 1-15% azulene, matrichin, terpen
hydrocarbon, ketonic alcohol, methoxycoumarin, furfural,
chamazulene, - bisabolol, (E)--farnesene, bisabolol
oxide-A, bisabolol oxide-B, -farnesene, geracrene D,
trans--ocimene, 1,5-heptadien-4-one, berkheyaradulen,
-elemene, -caryophyllene, aromadendrene, -selinene,
bi c y c l og e r ma c r e ne , - a mor phe ne , - c a di ne ne ,
sesquirosefuran, cyclohexane, bisabolone oxide, etc.
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Cinnamomum glaucescens in wild
SUGANDHAKOKILA OIL
Plant Descripton
It is a medium sized tree reaching up to 15m high. Leaves are
stalked, elliptc to ovate, pointed. Flowers are yellowish. Fruits
globose, green on young and turns black when ripe. It is
distributed in western and central Nepal within the alttude of
1000m to 2500m, mostly along the river banks.
Extracton
Sugandhakokila oil is extracted by steam distllaton from the
dried berries of Cinnamomum glaucescens.
Uses
The oil has wide range of medicinal propertes and used as
analgesic, astringent, carminatve, digestve, relaxant.
Similarly, it is used in arthrits, joint and muscular pains,
neuralgia, rheumatsm, sprain, dyspepsia, colic, headache,
insomnia, nervous tension etc.
Organoleptc Propertes
Appearance : Fluid liquid
Colour : Golden Yellow
Aroma : Camphoraceous, Spicy
Physico-Chemical Propertes
Specic gravity 0.88106 to 0.94497 at 25
o
C
Optcal rotaton [-] 10.5
o
to [-] 20.5
o
at 25
o
C
Refractve index 1.4870 to 1.4975 at 25
o
C
Acid number 0.5 to 6.5
Ester number Not less than 65
Ester number
afer acetylaton 100 to 145
Solubility Soluble in 0.4 to 2.5 vol. of 90% alcohol;
turbid on additon of further alcohol
Botanical Name : Cinnamomum glaucescens (Nees)
Hand.-Mazz.
Synonym : Cecidodaphne glacucecens Nees;
Tetranthera glaucescens Wall.
Family : Lauraceae
Local Names : Sugandhakokila, Malagiri
English Name : Nepalese Sassafras
Actve Consttuents
Methyl cinnamate and 1,8-cineole are the major consttuents
of SugandhaKokila oil. Other compounds are safrole,
myristcin and elemicin. The minor consttuents are
-caryophyllene, -terpineol, -copaene, terpinen-4-ol,
2-undecanone, -cadinene, dodecanoic acid, -santalene,
2-nonanone, styrene, -thujene, -pinene etc.
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Pr oduc t Cat a l og ue
SPIKENARD OIL
Nardostachys grandiora in wild
Plant Descripton
Spikenard is a 10 to 60cm tall perennial rhizomatous herb
found in the sub alpine and alpine regions of Nepal. It is found
within the alttudinal range of 3600m to 4500m in open rocky
places. The rhizomes are aromatc, brown in colour and
covered with hairs. Leaves arise from the base of the main
owering stem and are slender and elongated,
elliptc-lanceolate. Flowers arise in the top of owering stalk
and are minute, pinkish white in colour. Flowering occurs in
June-August and fruitng in August-September. The rhizomes
are mostly collected by uprootng the whole plant during
September-November.
Extracton
Spikenard oil is extracted from the steam distllaton of fresh
or dried rhizomes of Nardostachys grandiora. Yield
percentage of Valerian oil ranged from 0.5% to 1.8% on dry
weight basis. The amount of Spikenard oil varies depending
upon the age of the plant, habitat and drying and storage
method. Generally, the higher levels of essental oil content
have been reported in populatons growing in rocky and drier
habitats as compared to meadows and scrublands.
Other Varietes as Source of Adulteraton
Nardostachys chinensis Batalin is also traded with the name
of Spikenard.
Uses
Nardostachys grandiora has medicinal, social and
commercial uses. Rhizomes are used as incense in the
Himalaya. Rhizomes are used in wounds, cold and cough,
chronic fever, fever due to poisoning, high blood pressure,
stomach diseases. They are also used to treat conjunctvits,
gastrits, dyspepsia, piles, mental disorders and diabetes.
The oil have ant inammatory, antpyretc, antseptc,
astringent, carminatve, laxatve, sedatve uses. It is used in to
cure various skin ailments such as allergies, inammaton,
rejuvenatng matured skin and rashes etc from aromatherapy.
Similarly, its aromatherapeutc propertes are used to treat
various nervous complaints such as insomnia, migraine, stress
and tension.
Botanical Name : Nardostachys grandiora DC.
Synonym : Nardostachys gracilis Kitam.
Family : Valerianaceae
Local Names : Jatamansi, Bhulte
English Name : Spikenard
The oil is used in various industrial preparatons such as in
perfumery and hair care products.

Organoleptc Propertes
Appearance : Fluid to slightly viscous liquid
Colour : Varies from Amber to deep blue or greenish
blue
Aroma : Heavy, sweet-woody and spicy-animal odour,
resembling to that of Valerian oil.
Physico-Chemical Propertes
Specic gravity 0.9300 to 0.9587 at 25
o
C
Refractve index 1.5055 to 1.5458 at 25
o
C
Acid number 1.5 to 8
Ester number 6 to 45
Ester number
afer acetylaton 40 to 65
Solubility Soluble in 0.4 to 1.5 vol. of 90% alcohol
Actve Consttuents
Spikenard oil mainly contains mono- and sesquiterpenoids.
Other compounds isolated are an alkaloid actnidine, several
aliphatc compounds, -sitosterol, valepotriates, phenolic
compounds such as jatamansin, jatamansone, jatamansinol,
lignans and neolignans. Other compounds such as
nardostachnol, -aristolene, -maaliene, seychellene,
seychelane, norseychelanone, nardostachnolm,jatamansic
acid, biter extractve mater and gums are present in
Spikenard oil. The aroma is as a result of low amount of and
-pinenes.
Conservaton
Nardostachys grandiora has vulnerable status in Nepal. It is
highly threatened due to unsustainable and over harvestng
of its rhizome for internatonal trade. It falls under CITES
Appendix II. The export of crude rhizomes is banned by the
government of Nepal. However, the essental oil can be
exported afer proper certcaton and permission.
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Cinnamomum tamala in wild
CINNAMON LEAF OIL
Plant Descripton
Cinnamon is an evergreen tree about 15m high, bark dark
brown, wrinkled. Leaves stalked, alternate or sub-opposite,
ovate to oblong, long pointed, three veined, entre, glabrous,
shiny above and pinkish when young. Yellowish stalked
owers bloom during April to May, and fruit appears as a
drupe during December to February.
Cinnamon is distributed throughout Nepal within the
alttudinal range of 450-2200m on moist slopes of forest land.
Geographically distributed from Kashmir to Bhutan, Assam,
Myanmar and natve to Sri Lanka

Extracton
Cinnamon leaf oil is extracted by steam distllaton of the
leaves and twigs of Cinnamomum tamala. Leaves contain
about 2% of the essental oil.
Uses
Traditonal uses: Bark and leaves are used as spices in curries,
pickles, vegetables and meats. The ingredients are also
exported from Nepal. Leaf and bark are extensively used to
treat colic and diarrhoea. Cinnamon is used in variety of
complaints such as cold, u, digestve problems and
menstrual problems, rheumatsm etc.
Modern uses: Cinnamon leaf oil is used as fragrance
components in perfumes, industrial fragrances, cosmetc
products, detergents and soaps etc. The oil is also used in
avouring foods especially alcoholic and sof drinks. The oil is
also used in aromatherapy.
Key Actons: Analgesic, Antbiotc, Antseptc, Antseptc,
Astringent, Carminatve, Digestve, Stomachic,
Emmenagogue, Relaxant
Organoleptc Propertes
Appearance : Fluid liquid
Colour : Golden yellow to brownish liquid
Aroma : Warm-Spicy, Camphoraceous odour
Botanical Name : Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.-Ham.)
Nees & Eberm.
Synonyms : Laurus tamala Buch.-Ham.,Cinnamomum
cassia Blume, Laurus albiora Wall.
Family : Lauraceae
Local Names : Tejpat, Dalchini
English Name : Cinnamon, Nepalese Cinnamon
Physico-Chemical Propertes
Specic gravity 0.881 to 0.944 at 25
o
C
Optcal rotaton [-] 10.5
o
to [-] 20.5
o
at 25
o
C
Refractve index 1.4870 to 1.4975 at 25
o
C
Acid number 0.5 to 6.5
Ester number Not less than 65
Ester number
afer acetylaton 100 to 145
Solubility Soluble in 0.4 to 2.5 vol. of 90% alcohol;
turbid on additon of further alcohol
Actve Consttuents
Monoterpenoids (Linalol, 50%) is the major consttuent of
Cinnamon leaf oil. -pinene, -pinene, p-cymene and
limonene ranges around 5-10% each. Others are
cinnamaldehyde, eugenol and eugenol acetate, benzyl
benzoate and safrole in traces.
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Cymbopogon winterianus in cultvated eld
CITRONELLA OIL
Plant Descripton
Citronella is cultvated in Nepal within the alttude of
500-1600m. It is natve to Sri Lanka but cultvated in dierent
tropical and sub tropical regions of the globe. It is tall
aromatc perennial grass reaching up to 2m. Leaves fragrant,
leaf blade linear, tapering to a long membranous, acuminate
tp. Inorescence large and drooping and end in racemose
pair supported by the proper sheaths; Racemes are sessile or
short; longer pedicelled with tow lower spikelets. Propagaton
is extensively carried out by slips (vegetatve method).
Extracton
Citronella oil is obtained by steam distllaton of partally
wilted leaves of Cymbopogon winterianus.
Uses
Citronella oil is extensively used in perfumery perparatons
such as soaps, detergents, cosmetcs etc.
Medicinal & Aromatherapy use: Ant-infectous, antseptc,
antbacterial, antdepressant, antspasmodic,
ant-inammatory, deodorant, diaphoretc fungicidal, insect
repellent (mosquito), stomachic, excessive perspiraton, oily
skin and hair, room deodorizer, rheumatsm and arthritc
pain
Organoleptc Propertes
Appearance : Fluid liquid
Colour : Light Yellow or Yellowish Brown
Aroma : Fresh and sweet, Powerful, citronellal scent
Botanical Name : Cymbopogon winterianus Jowit.
Family : Gramineae
Local Names : Citronella
English Name : Citronella (Java)
Physico-Chemical Propertes
Specic gravity 0.870 to 0.95 at 25
o
C
Optcal rotaton [-] 5
o
to 0
o
at 25
o
C
Refractve index 1.465 to 1.485 at 25
o
C
Acid number 0.5 to 3.5
Ester number 20 to 40
Ester number
afer acetylaton 250 to 280
Solubility Soluble in 0.8 to 1.5 vol. of 80% alcohol
Total alcohol 80 to 90% (calculated as geraniol)
Aldehyde content 21.5 to 35% (Hydroxylamine
hydrochoride method)
Actve Consttuents
Geraniol, citronellol (dominatng in the Java oil, about 80%),
geranyl acetate, limonene, citronellyl acetate, elemol and
camphene are actve consttuents. Others are citronellal,
neral, -caryophyllene, -elemene, -cadinene and traces of
cubenene, calamenene, bourbonene, bisabolene, eugenol,
nerol, linalool etc.
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Mentha piperata in eld
PEPPERMINT OIL
Plant Descripton
Peppermint is a natve of the Mediterranean, but is now also
cultvated in Nepal within 1000m to 2000m. It is a
herbaceous, rhizomatous, perennial herb that grows up to 1
meter. Stems are smooth. Rhizomes are wide spreading,
eshy and bare brous roots. The leaves are dark green with
reddish veins and with an acute apes and coarsely toothed
margins. The leaves and stems are usually slightly hairy.
Flowers are purple and produced in whorls forming thick
blunt spikes. The Plant owers in mid to late summer. It easily
propagates by underground rhizomes or runners.
Extracton
Peppermint oil is extracted by steam distllaton of the whole
plant above ground just before owering. The oil yield is 0.1 -
1.0 %.
Uses
The therapeutc propertes of peppermint oil are analgesic,
anesthetc, antseptc, antgalactagogue, antphlogistc,
antspasmodic, astringent, carminatve, cephalic, cholagogue,
cordial, decongestant, emmenagogue, expectorant,
febrifuge, hepatc, nervine, stmulant, stomachic, sudoric,
vasoconstrictor and vermifuge.
Peppermint oil is excellent for mental fatgue and depression,
refreshing the spirit and stmulatng mental agility and
improving concentraton. It helps for apathy, shock,
headache, migraine, nervous stress, vertgo and faintness and
in general respiratory disorders, as well as dry coughs, sinus
congeston, asthma, bronchits, pneumonia, tuberculosis and
cholera.
For the digestve system, peppermint oil is eectve for a
range of ailments, as it stmulates the gall bladder and the
secreton of bile. It is used for colic, cramps, dyspepsia, spastc
colon, atulence and nausea and can relieve pain in cases of
toothache, aching feet, rheumatsm, neuralgia, muscular
pains and painful periods.
On the skin, peppermint oil is used to relieve skin irritaton
and itchiness and also helps to reduce skin redness, where
Botanical Name : Mentha piperata L.
Family : Labiateae
Local Name : Babari
English Name : Peppermint
inammaton is present. It is used for dermatts, acne,
ringworm, scabies and pruritus and also relieves itching,
sunburn and inammaton of the skin, while at the same tme
having a cooling acton.
Organoleptc Propertes
Appearance : A watery viscous uid
Colour : Clear to pale yellow colour
Aroma : Fresh sharp menthol/camphoraceous smell
Physico-Chemical Propertes
Specic gravity 0.850 to 0.920 at 25
o
C
Refractve index 1.4520 to 1.4750 at 25
o
C
Solubility Soluble in ethanol
Actve Consttuents
The chemical components of peppermint oil are menthol,
menthone, 1,8-cineol, methyl acetate, methofuran,
isomenthone, limonene, -pinene, -pinene, germacrene-d,
trans-sabinene hydrate and pulegone.
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Pr oduc t Cat a l og ue
Mentha arvensis in cultvated eld
CORNMINT/MENTHA OIL
Plant Descripton
Mentha arvensis is an annual herb reaching up to 50cm in
height. The leaves are aromatc, short stalked, surface
undulatng in opposite pairs, simple, 26.5 cm long and 12
cm broad, hairy, and with a coarsely serrated margin. Flowers
are white tngled with violet- pink color, borne in clustered
whorls. It is an exotc species, introduced from Japan and is
now under extensive cultvaton in Terai and lower foothill
region of Nepal. However, it can be cultvated up to the
alttude of 1500m.
Extracton
Cornmint oil or Mentha oil is extracted from steam distllaton
of aerial parts of Mentha arvensis. In an average, the plant
yields 5% of essental oil.
Uses
The leaves are applied in the forehead to relieve the
headache and cold and cough.

Cornmint oil has wide variety of uses in pharmaceutcals,
cosmetcs, perfumery and as an food additve. It is used to
prepare medicine that is used to cure cold and cough. It has
antmicrobial, antseptc, antspasmodic, carminatve,
digestve, expectorant, anesthetc propertes. It is used to
manufacture soaps, detergents, toothpastes, mouthwashes,
perfumes etc. It is also used in avoring foods and beverages.

Organoleptc Propertes
Appearance : Slightly thick liquid
Colour : Faint Pale yellow
Aroma : Strong, fresh menthol/mint odour
Botanical Name : Mentha arvensis L.
Family : Labiateae
Local Names : Pudina
English Name : Japanese Mint
Physico-Chemical Propertes
Specic gravity 0.8940 to 0.9015 at 25
o
C
Optcal rotaton [-] 15.5
o
to [-] 45.0
o
at 25
o
C
Refractve index 1.4590 to 1.4750 at 25
o
C
Acid number 0.3 to 5
Ester number 210 to 255
Ester number
afer acetylaton 29
Solubility Soluble in 1.2 to 2.5 vol. of
70% alcohol.
Actve Consttuents
Menthol is the key actve consttuents of the essental oil.
Similarly it contains menthone, -pinene, -menthone,
menthyl acetate, iso-menthone, thujone, phellandrene,
piperitone, menthofuran, limonene, -terpineol, camphene,
-caryophyllene, germacrene D.
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Pr oduc t Cat a l og ue
Cymbopogon martnii in eld
PALMAROSA OIL
Plant Descripton
Palmarosa is a perennial grass is natve to south-east Asia,
especially India and Pakistan and it is cultvated for its oil. It is
an exotc variety to Nepal and found distributed within the
alttude of 300m to 1500m. This plant has been widely
cultvated its aromatc value.
The plant reaches up to 2m in height. Leaves are
linear-lanceolate and nely caudate. Leaves arise mostly from
the base of the stem and are highly fragrant. Flowers appear
in panicles and turns to reddish brown when mature.
Propagaton is ofen carried out by root cutngs and slips.
Extracton
Palmarosa oil is extracted from the steam distllaton of fresh
or semi-dried grass.
Uses
Palmarosa oil has been shown to be an eectve insect
repellent when applied to stored grain and beans, an
anthelmintc against nematodes, and an antfungal and
mosquito repellent. Palmarosa oil is widely used in the
manufacture of soaps, detergents, in the perfumery and
cosmetcs. The oil has antseptc, antviral, bactericidal,
cytophylactc, digestve, febrifuge and stmulant propertes.
The oil is also used in aromatherapy for nervous system,
digestve system and in skin care. Palmarosa oil is mainly used
for the isolaton of high grade geraniol, and in avouring
tobacco.

Organoleptc Propertes
Appearance : A uid liquid
Colour : Water white to pale yellow
Aroma : Sweet, oral, rosy, geranium like scent
Botanical Name : Cymbopogon martnii (Roxb.)
W. Watson
Synonym : Andropogon martni Roxb.
Family : Gramineae
Local Name : Palmarosa
English Name : Palmarosa
Physico-Chemical Propertes
Specic gravity 0.8805 to 0.9007 at 25
o
C
Optcal rotaton [-] 0.5
o
to [-] 0.75
o
at 25
o
C
Refractve index 1.4750 to 1.4798 at 25
o
C
Acid number 0.85 to 10.5
Ester number 15 to 48.5
Ester number
afer acetylaton 240 to 305
Free Alcohol 62 to 84% (calculated as geraniol)
Total alcohol 80 to 96%
Solubility Soluble in 1.2 to 3.5 vol of 70% alcohol
Actve Consttuents
The essental oil of this plant, which contains the actve
compound geraniol, is valued for its scent and for a number of
traditonal medicinal and household uses. Other compounds
are pinene, myrcene, 1,8-cineol, -terpinene,
-caryophyllene, farnesol, geranyl acetate, linalol,
menthylheptenone, citronellol, citral, dipentene and
limonene.
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Ocimum basilicum in eld
FRENCH BASIL OIL
Plant Descripton
French Basil is an erect, pubescent herb reaching up to 1m in
height. Leaves are petoled, ovate, acuminate, toothed, gland
doted beneath. Flowers are purplish white and borne in
racemes. It mostly propagates by seeds.It is distributed
throughout the warmer parts of Asia, Africa and America. It is
widely cultvated in eastern and central Nepal within the
alttude of 300m to 1500m in open sunny places.
Extracton
French Basil Oil is extracted by steam distllaton of
semi-wilted owering tops.
Uses
The oil is widely used as fragrance component in soaps, and in
cosmetcs and perfumery. It is also used to avour the food
items.
The oil has several therapeutc uses such as analgesic,
antseptc, antspasmodic, carminatve, diaphoretc, digestve,
expectorant, febrifuge, insectcide, nervine etc. The oil is used
in skin care (skin tonic, assists hair growth, adds luster to dull
hair), muscular aches and pains, respiratory disorders, scanty
menstruaton, normalize the menstrual cycle, colds and u,
nausea, anxiety, fatgue, insomnia, nervous tension etc.
Organoleptc Propertes
Appearance : Fluid liquid
Colour : Faint Pale Yellow
Aroma : Sweet-spicy, fresh with a faint balsamic
woody undertone.
Botanical Name : Ocimum basilicum L.
Synonym : Ocimum thyrisorum L.,
O. caryophyllatum Roxb.
Family : Labiateae
Local Names : RamTulasi, Baabari Phul
English Name : French Basil
Physico-Chemical Propertes
Specic gravity 0.8799 to 0.91 11 at 25
o
C.
Optcal rotaton [-] 8.85
o
to [-] 11.85
o
at 25
o
C.
Refractve index 1.470 to 1.4895 at 25
o
C.
Acid number 2.5 to 6.5
Ester number 10 to 20
Solubility Soluble in 1.5 to 3.5 vol. of 70% alcohol.
Actve Consttuents
The major actve consttuents of French Basil oil are linalol,
geraniol, T-cadinol, eugenol and 1, 8-cineol.
Other minor consttuents include p-cymenene, bornyl
acetate, -bergamontene, - elemene, terpinen-4-ol,
germacrene D, geranyl acetate, -amorphene, -pinene,
sabinene, -pinene, -myrcene, limonene etc.
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| 14
Mentha citrata in Field
MENTHA CITRATA OIL
Plant Descripton
Mentha citrata is natve to Central and Southern Europe. It is
an erect perennial herb reaching up to 3 feet with spiked
leaves.The whole plant is smooth, doted with yellow glands
and is of a dark green color, generally tnged with purple,
especially the margins of the leaves, which are nely toothed.
There are very conspicuous lines of yellow glands on the
purple calyx. This herb has a characteristc lemon odor when
crushed. It is sometmes used to make a tasteful tea similar to
lemonade, with medicinal value.
Extracton
The oil derived from the steam distllaton of the owering
plant.
Uses
A tea made from the fresh or dried leaves has traditonally
been used for stomach aches, nausea, parasites and other
digestve disorders; for nerves and sick stomach, and for fever
and headache.
Mentha citrata is an antdepressant, ant-inammatory,
antfungal, antviral, antseptc, and aids digeston. Its cooling
propertes make it ideal as a perfume for the menopausal
woman. Mentha citrata oil soothes the nervous system,
reducing fear, panic and promotes sleep. The leaves and
owering plant have analgesic, antspasmodic, carminatve,
cholagogic, diaphoretc and vasodilator propertes.

The oil plays an actve role in fragrance industry. The oil is also
used in avoring and perfumery, food, detergents, soaps, pain
balms, cough syrups and allied industries.
Large dose of Bergamot oil can cause miscarriage so
suggested not to be used by pregnant women.
Organoleptc Propertes
Appearance : A clear liquid
Colour : Colourless to Yellowish colour
Aroma : Sweet fresh Clary Lavender Bergamot odour
Botanical Name : Mentha citrata Ehrh
Family : Labiateae
Local Name : Mentha
English Name : Bergamot Mint
Physico-Chemical Propertes
Specic gravity 0.880-0.895 at 25
o
C
Optcal rotaton [-] 70
o
to [-] 80
o
at 25
o
C

Refractve index 1.450 to 1.470 at 25
o
C
Flash point 195
o
F
Solubility Soluble in alcohol and oil, insoluble in
water
Actve Consttuents
The essental oil of this plant contains Linalyl Acetate,
Linalool, Gernanyl acetate, caryophylene and Terpenes
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| 13
Cymbopogon exuosus
LEMONGRASS OIL
Plant Descripton
Lemongrass is found cultvated in East and Central Nepal
within the alttude of 200m-1100m. It is a perennial aromatc
herb reaching up to 1.5m in height. It has extensive and well
developed root system and new plant arises from the robust
roots. Leaves are linear and lanceolate. Flowering occurs in
October and fruits on January-March. Propagaton by roots,
seeds and slips.
Extracton
Lemongrass oil is extracted by the steam distllaton of the
fresh or partly dried leaves of Cymbopogon exuosus.
Uses
The essental oil is used as fragrance components to soaps,
cream, loton, perfume etc. It is also used to avour alcoholic
drinks. The oil is used as analgesic, antdepressant,
antmicrobial, antoxidant, antpyretc, antseptc, astringent,
carminatve etc. The oil is used as skin care, digestve system,
respiratory system, immune system, nervous system in
aromatherapy.
Organoleptc Propertes
Appearance : Fluid liquid
Colour : Deep Yellow to Orange Brown
Aroma : Fresh grassy lemon type
Physico-Chemical Propertes
Specic gravity 0.8725 to 0.8965 at 25
o
C
Optcal rotaton [-] 1.25
o
to [-] 5
o
at 25
o
C.
Refractve index 1.4850 to 1.4936 at 25
o
C
Acid number 2 to 10
Ester number 15 to 40
Ester number
afer acetylaton 220 to 260
Solubility Soluble in 0.5 to 1.5 vol. of 80% alcohol
Aldehyde content 70 to 85% (Hydroxylamine
hydrochloride method)
Botanical Name : Cymbopogon exuosus (Nees ex Steud.)
W. Watson
Family : Gramineae
Local Name : Lemongrass, Pirrhe Grass
English Name : Lemongrass
Actve Consttuents
Citral-a and Citral-b consttutes 75-85% of Lemongrass oil.
Other consttuents include terpinene, -terpineol,
-terpineol, myrcene, triphenyl acetate, borneol, dipentene,
methyl heptenone, linalol, geraniol, nerol, citronellol and
farnesol.
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| 12
Pr oduc t Cat a l og ue
Juniperus indica in wild habitat
JUNIPER NEEDLE/BERRY OIL
Plant Descripton
Juniperus indica is a large deciduous shrub or small tree,
ultmate branchlets densely arranged, straight, usually 4
angled. Leaves both scale like and awl or needle like; awl-like
leaves 3-6mm, awl like leaves 3-6mm, spreading, present on
lower branches; scale like leaves less than 1.5mm, over
lapping in four ranks, present on terminal branches. Seed
cone ovoid, 6-13mm, erect, greenish brown when young,
later turns to blue. Fruitng occurs during May-August.

Juniperus indica is a Sinu-Japanese element and found
throughout Nepal within the alttudinal range of 3300m to
4500m. It prefers open and rocky slopes and sometmes
forms pure forest on lower sub-alpine regions.

Extracton
Juniper oil is extracted from the steam distllaton of leaves,
aerial twigs and berries of Juniperus indica. Yield percentage
of Juniper oil ranged from 0.8% to 1.6% in fruits and 0.27% to
0.8% on berries on fresh weight basis.
Other Varietes as Source of Adulteraton
As it is hard to dierentate between Juniperus communis and
J. indica; leaves, aerial twigs and berries of J. communis are
unknowingly mixed with J. indica. Juniper oil is also extracted
from J. recurva Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don.
Uses
Traditonally, fruits and leaves are used in kidney disorders,
skin disease, fever, cold and cough, and wounds. Leaves are
also used in diarrhoea, constpaton, asthma and are regarded
benecial to heart and to relax the mind. Leaves and twigs are
highly praised as incense in the monasteries.
Juniper oil is an important natural product used directly in
fragrance compounding. The oil is used to scent
pharmaceutcal preparatons, as well as in cosmetc products
such as soaps, disinfectants, perfumery etc. The oil is
extensively used in many food products, alcoholic and sof
drinks. Juniper berry oil is used to avour the alcoholic
beverage 'Gin'. The oil is found to have diuretc and antseptc
propertes.
Botanical Name : Juniperus indica Bertol.
Synonyms : Juniperus wallichiana Hook.f. &
Thomas. ex Brandis
Family : Cupressaceae
Local Names : Dhupi
English Name : Juniper, Black Juniper
Organoleptc Propertes of Juniper Berry Oil
Appearance : A mobile liquid
Colour : Pale yellow
Aroma : Sweet, fresh, wood balsamic odour.
Organoleptc Propertes of Juniper Needle Oil
Appearance : A mobile liquid
Colour : Pale yellow
Aroma : Sweet balsamic, fresh turpentne odour.
Physico-Chemical Propertes
Specic gravity 0.8563 to 0.8731 at 23
o
C.
Optcal rotaton [-] 22
o
to [-] 41.7
o
at 23
o
C
Refractve index 1.481 to 1.899 at 23
o
C
Acid number 0.5 to 2.5
Ester number 3.06 to 20
Ester number
afer acetylaton 40 to 65
Solubility Due to alttudinal and regional variaton
some oils are soluble in 95% alcohol
and some are not
Actve Consttuents
Juniper berry oil: Sabinene (19.4-31.3%), -Thujone
(4.5-25.8%), terpinen-4-ol (3.7-13%), trans-sabinyl acetate
(7.6-24.3%), -pinene, camphene, myrcene, -pellandrene,
-terpinene, -terpinene, 1,4-cineol, bornyl acetate and
caryophyllene are idented as the major consttuents in the
Juniper berry oil.
Juniper needle oil: Major compounds are -pinene,
-phellandrene, myrcene, -3-carene and limonene.
Sesquiterpenes are present as minor compounds, dominated
by -murolene, -selinene and -cadinene.
Conservaton Status
It is listed as lower risk/least concerned species under the
IUCN red list.
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