SUBJECT: HUMAN AND SOCIAL BIOLOGY TOPIC: PAST PAPER QUESTIONS ON DISEASES SECTION OF SYLLABUS: D INSTRUCTION: ANSWER EACH

QUESTION WHICH FOLLOWS 1. 2005 paper 2 Topic: drugs and alcohol

(a) Drug

abuse is a common societal problem. Name THREE drugs which are commonly abuse. (3 marks) Three drugs commonly abused are: Marijuana Cocaine Alcohol

(b) (i)

What is the effective ingredient in alcoholic drinks? (1 mark) The effective ingredient in alcoholic drinks is ethanol

(ii) Describe ONE social impact of alcohol abuse on the family. (1 mark) One social impact of alcohol on the family is domestic violence since alcohol makes one aggressive or violent.
(c)

Explain how alcohol acts on the human body. (5 marks)

Alcohol is a depressant drug which is quickly absorbed into the bloodstream, first through the wall of the stomach. It slows down the passage of nerve impulses in

the brain causing slurred speech, poor muscular coordination and unsteady walking or movement. It causes the blood capillaries near the surface of the skin to dilate, providing warmth. It increases the excretion of water from the kidneys since it is a diuretic substance. It causes loss of consciousness, dehydration and continuous use leads to the disease liver Cirrhosis. Total 10 marks 2. 2006 paper 2 Topic: immunity

(a) (i) Explain the term immunity as it relates to diseases. (1 mark) Is the bodys resistance to fighting diseases. (ii) Using examples, explain TWO natural methods by which immunity is acquired. (3 marks) Two natural methods by which immunity is acquired are:

Natural active immunity which is immunity inherited genetically from parents to their offspring.

Natural passive immunity which is immunity passed on from parents to foetus or baby across the placenta or during breast feeding. The mothers breast milk contains antibodies which provide the baby with immunity. (b) Baby Dalip was vaccinated at six months of age. Explain the process by which the vaccines work. (6 marks)

Vaccines are weak cultures of diseases causing a very mild form of the disease. These cultures are weakened either by heating or by transferring the disease from one tissue to another. Vaccines enable the bodys immune system to identify the foreign agent or pathogen present and so lymphocytes or white blood cells are made to destroy the pathogen. Later contact with the pathogen or the foreign agent will cause a greater boost from the immune system which will destroy the pathogen completely providing immunity. Total 10 marks 3. 2006 paper 2 Topics: detection of disease and asthma

(a) (i) Differentiate between signs and symptoms of a disease. (2 marks) Signs are things seen by an observer indicating that a disease is present while symptoms are feelings that the patient experience indicating that a disease is present. (ii) Using the common cold, give ONE example of a sign and ONE example of symptom. (2 mark) Signs of common cold: coughing, runny nose, watery eyes or swollen tonsil Symptoms: back ache, muscle ache, sore throat, headache, fever (b) (i) What occurs in the respiratory system when a stimulus triggers an asthmatic attack? (2 marks)

An asthmatic attack is triggered when a stimulus causes the respiratory passage of the lungs or bronchiole tubes to become inflamed and the muscles go into spasm (muscles contract tightly) leading to increase mucus, shortness of breath, wheezing and coughing. (ii) Give TWO examples of stimuli which may trigger an asthmatic attack. Stimuli which trigger an asthmatic attack are: dust, smoke, fur, pollen and also asthma is induced by stress, excessive exercise, fright (2 marks) Total 10 marks 4. 2006 paper 2 Topic: AIDS/HIV and the development of the foetus (a) Label EACH of the following parts of the development of the foetus: I. II. III. IV. V. Umbilical cord Placenta Amniontic fluid Foetus Cervix Learn the function of EACH part (drawing is in text book, look for it) marks) (5

(b) Explain the effects of sexually transmitted disease on the :

i.

Pregnant mother (3 marks) Effects of STDS on the mother: Weakens her immune system since it destroys her white blood cells or lymphocytes. It makes her become prone to infections or opportunistic diseases such as TB and influenza death

ii.

Foetus

(3 marks)

On foetus: (same effect as on mother and it destroys the fetal cells making them become premature or under develop)

(d) State

THREE ways in which HIV/AIDS is transmitted. (3 marks) Ways AIDS is transmitted are: Through unprotected sex with an infected person. From infected mother to her fetus or baby across the placenta or during breast feeding. By using infected needles during tattoo piercing etc. During blood transfusion with an infected person.

(d) Explain why females are more prone to urinary tract infections than males.

(2 marks) Females are more prone to urinary tract infection than males because of the location and design of their reproductive tract. The vaginal opening or vulva is located close to the anus where bacteria from faeces can easily enter if proper hygiene is not practiced. (e) Explain the process of male circumcision and its significance in the hygiene of the genitalia. (4 marks) Male circumcism occurs when the fore skin of the penis is removed by surgery. This is important as it prevents bacteria and other pathogens from remaining inside the penis leading to infections if it is not properly cleaned. Total 20 marks 5. 2007 paper 2 Topic: alcohol-effects (a) Mr. Garcia decides to seek help because he abuses alcohol. (i) Why does Mr. Garcia frequently forget where he left his keys? (1 mark) He forgets where he left his keys because alcohol slows down the passage of nerve impulses at synapse leading to memory loss. (ii) Why does Mr. Garcia have very shaky hands? (2 marks) He has shaky hands because his muscles are not properly coordinated since the transmission of nerve impulses in his brain is slow down or retard by alcohol. (iii)Name ONE symptom, OTHER THAN those mentioned in (i) and (ii) above, likely to be experienced by Mr. Garcia. (1 mark)

Symptom is hallucinations or memory loss (iv) What condition is Mr. Garcia likely to have? (1 mark) He is likely to have alzheimers disease which is characterized by memory loss, loss of consciousness and shaky hands. (v) Explain why Mr. Garcia may NOT be considered as a safe driver. (3 marks) He may not be considered to be a safe driver because he would lose consciousness while driving leading to accidents or his movement and muscular activities may become poorly coordinated adding to an increase in the possibility of accidents, also his reaction would be much slower as such he would take a longer time to respond to a hazard .

(b) What advice would you give to an expectant mother regarding alcohol? Explain your answer. (2 marks) I would advise her to avoid the use of alcohol since it causes premature births, deformities, still births, brain damage or mental retardation in children. Total 10 marks 6. 2007 paper 2 Topic: Cholera (water-borne disease) After severe flooding in a country, there is an outbreak of cholera

(a) What

is meant by the word carrier as it relates to cholera? (2 marks) Carriers are agents acting like vectors which have the disease and can transfer the disease to other agents called host.

(b) Describe how carriers, flood and disease outbreaks are linked. (4 marks) following a flood, there is normally an outbreak of cholera, the water-borne disease whose pathogen leaves in contaminated water. Cholera is carried by carriers (persons having the disease) to other persons leading to a disease outbreak. (c) (i) The Health Authorities suspect that Sushma has contracted cholera. What treatment should be administered to her, even before she visits the doctor? (1 mark) Treatment given to sushma before she visits the doctor is isolation. (ii) Explain why this treatment is necessary. (3 marks) It is necessary to prevent the disease from spreading further. Total 10 marks 7. 2008 paper 2 Topic: AIDS/HIV (a) (i) What is meant by Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome(AIDS)? (1 mark) It is a sexually transmitted disease which weakens the human immune system. (ii) Name the virus which causes AIDS. (1 mark)

HIV (iv) List THREE ways in which the AIDS virus may be spread. (3 marks) THE ANSWER IS GIVEN IN 4d above (b) As a health educator you are addressing a church youth group. (i) Describe how the virus which causes AIDS enters the body. (3 marks) It enters the body through bodily fluids such as vaginal fluid, semen and infected blood and or saliva and then it goes into the blood stream as it diffuse through broken blood vessels in cuts or bruises. (ii) Explain how full-blown AIDS develops from the time the virus enters the blood. (9 marks) Full-blown AIDS is develop when the HIV virus enters the blood, binds to the white blood cells; T lymphocytes, and then enters the cell. It then sheds it coat and releases its genetic material or RNA. This RNA then goes into the nucleus of the cell where it combines with the cells DNA and remains there for years. Later, rapid division occurs and the T lymphocyte starts making new viral RNA which leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm forming viral particles which, then leaves the cell. As the viral particles leave the cell, it destroys the cell and it moves on to destroy another lymphocyte in the same manner. This continues until the immune system completely weakens and shut down. (c) Give THREE reasons why Caribbean people must be concerned about the AIDS epidemic. (3 marks)

Three reasons are because: It leads to an increase in death rate since it is a deadly disease. It leads to societal discrimination or neglect. It leads to valuable loss of human resources. It leads to an increase in financial problems since more money has to be spent for treatment. It leads to dispute among families. It leads to a decrease in the countrys economy since the tourism sector would be affected. Total 20 marks

8. 2008 paper 2 Topic: AIDS, Tuberculosis, Malaria & Dengue (a) There has been an increase in the number of persons suffering from tuberculosis, and this, it is believed, is related to the AIDS epidemic. (i) State TWO methods for limiting the spread of AIDS and ONE method for limiting the spread of tuberculosis. (3 marks) Two methods for limiting the spread of AIDS are: using protection during intercourse and by practicing abstinence. One method use for limiting the spread of TB

is to isolate persons with the disease or by maintaining a clean environment. (ii) Suggests ONE way in which tuberculosis is related to AIDS. (3 marks) TB (Tuberculosis) is AIDS related because it is considered to be an opportunistic disease, which like AIDS, affect the lymph glands responsible for making lymphocytes. Like AIDS it causes weakness, thinness or muscle wastage, fever and even death. (b) Your village is infested with mosquitoes. Using your knowledge of the life cycle of the mosquito, outline to the villagers TWO methods they should use decrease the number of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and explain how these methods would reduce the mosquito population. Method: by using insectide sprays Explanation: sprays will kill adult mosquitoes and so reducing their population hence lowering the spread of malaria, which they cause. Method: introduce fishing in water Explanation: fish will feed on the mosquito larvae or pupae, preventing them from reaching adulthood. Another method is by pouring oil in stagnant water which will destroy the mosquito larvae and pupae. (4 marks) Total 10 marks 9. 2008 paper 2 Topic: Respiratory disease (influenza/ common cold)

(a) Your mother awakes one morning with a high fever, severe headaches and sore throat. She is diagnosed as having the flu. (i) What is the causative agent of the flu? (1 mark) The causative agent of the flu is a virus. (ii) State TWO OTHER symptoms and ONE OTHER sign of the flu. (3 marks) Signs of common cold (flu): coughing, runny nose, watery eyes or swollen tonsil Symptoms: back ache, muscle ache, sore throat, headache, fever, dizziness, joint pains, dehydration (iii) Advise your mother on FOUR things she should do to relieve the symptoms of the flu. (4 marks) Four things to treat the common cold or flu: Drink plenty fluids such as water, fruit juices Take sufficient rest Drink hot drinks Use drugs to destroy the virus. Exercise to ease muscle aches and to relief fever.

(iv) Should you drink from the same glass as your mom? Give ONE reason for your answer. (2 marks) You should not drink from the same glass as your mom because the common cold is a communicable disease which can pass on from an infected person to another on

contact with their saliva, cough droplets or droplets when they sneeze. Total 10 marks 10. 2009 Jan paper 2 (a) Topic: Dengue

(i) Define the term vector. (2 marks)

Is an organism like rats or mosquitoes which carry pathogens or disease agent to another organism. (ii) Which vector is responsible for the spread of dengue fever in the Caribbean? (1 mark) The vector causing dengue is the anopheles mosquito (b) You are preparing a poster for dengue fever awareness in your community. Using your knowledge of the disease, what information would you include with respect to EACH of the following? (i) The organism which causes the disease. (1 mark)

The causative agent or the organism causing dengue is DEN virus. (ii) The form of the disease in which there is bleeding. (1 mark) The form of the disease in which there is bleeding is dengue heamorrhaging fever (iii) Transmission of the disease by the vector. marks) (5

Dengue is caused when the anopheles mosquito bites on human skin to suck blood and they release the dengue virus into the bloodstream. Total 10 marks 11. 2009 Jan paper 2 Topic: Leptospirosis

(a) Name the organism which causes leptospirosis. (1 mark) The organism causing leptospirosis is the bacterium leptospira spirachatae
(b) Identify

the animal vector which commonly carries leptospirosis in the Caribbean. (1 mark) The vector causing leptospirosis is rat

(c)

Give THREE mild symptoms of leptospirosis. (3 marks)

Symptoms of leptospirosis are: headaches, pain in muscles and limb, meningitis Signs of leptospirosis are: jaundice, fever, liver and kidney failure (d) Hurricane Gilbert caused floods in Jamaica, resulting in an increase in leptospirosis. (i) Suggests how the floods may have caused an increase in the incidence of leptospirosis. (1o marks) Floods leads to an outbreak of leptospirosis because the vector which carry the disease which is rat leaves in contaminated areas such as in gabbage etc. floods normally leads to an increase in water and land pollution

as water becomes contaminated with sewage and solid waste. In addition, waste materials are carried in the flood water which travel and accumulate. Rats normally build their habitats in these contaminated areas. In these habitats, they breed, urinate or defaecate in the water causing more contamination. When this water is ingested, the bacteria now enters the system of other organisms, they then grow and multiply causing the disease leptospirosis. (ii) What treatment is given to a person with leptospirosis? (1 mark) Treatment for leptospirosis is antibiotics to kill the bacteria and painkillers to reduce fever. Control of leptospirosis is getting rid of all the breeding sites for rats, covering foods and vaccination. (iii) Advise your community on FOUR ways to reduce the incidence of leptospirosis. (4 marks) Four ways to reduce the incident of leptospirosis are: Kill rats by using pesticides. Practice proper hygiene and sanitation such as purifying water by boiling. Add chlorine in water to kill bacteria present. Get rid of all breeding sites for rats such as accumulated garbage. Total 20 marks

12. 2009 may/june paper 2 Topic: Gastroenteritis and Dengue (a) Gastroenteritis is caused by typhoid, cholera and amoebic dysentery (i) Complete the following sentences by writing the correct word from the list given in brackets below. (damage, pain, lungs, intestines, bacterium, virus) Gastroenteritis results from damage to the walls of the intestines and stomach by inflammation. Typhoid is caused by a bacterium (salmonella typhi). (3 marks) (ii) Suggests ONE method of treating someone who has typhoid. (1 mark) One treatment for typhoid is isolation (b) Your friend, Indar, has dengue fever, which is caused by a pathogen, and the doctor says that he needs a lot of fluids and rest. (i) A pathogen is a disease- causing organism, for example, a virus or bacterium. How is a vector different from a pathogen? (2 marks) A vector is an agent which carries the pathogen to another organism where as the pathogen is the agent causing the disease.

(iii) Suggest TWO symptoms of the dengue fever which Indar may be experiencing. (2 marks) Symptoms of dengue: frontal headaches, abdominal or stomach pains, joint and muscle pain. Total 10 marks

13.2009 May/ June paper 2 Topic: drugs, smoking, alcohol and immunity (a) (i) What is meant by the term drug abuse ? (1 mark)

Drug abuse is using drugs in excess, so they harm the body physically and or mentally. (ii) Name TWO commonly abused legal (social) drugs in the Caribbean. (2 marks) Legal means that they are accepted by law. Two commonly abused legal drugs are: alcohol, tobacco and caffeine (b) A woman who smokes gives birth to a small baby, who dies within a week of its birth. (i) Suggests how smoking causes babies to be smaller than normal. (2 marks)

Smoking causes babies to be smaller in size because nicotine, the harmful substance in cigarette smoke crosses the placenta or it is found in the breast milk of mothers who smoke. This nicotine harms the fetus by raising the fetal blood pressure; it prevents the fetus from getting the necessary oxygen and nutrients it requires for growth and development leading to poor growth or its average size being reduced. In addition, it leads to still birth or dead babies since the components of the smoke damages fetal cells, increase stress, raise in heart rate, raise in blood pressure, reduces the amount of oxygen and nutrients the fetus receives. (ii) Nicotine passes across the placental barrier to the fetus. Describe the effect of nicotine on infants. (1 mark) Nicotine causes fits, convulsions, mental retardation and worst death in infants. (iii) Name ONE OTHER way in which nicotine may be passed to an infant from the mother. (1 mark) During breast feeding, since it is carried in the breast milk of smoking mothers.
(d) Suggests

TWO effects of alcohol consumption on the foetus. (2 marks)

Effects of alcohol on the fetus are: growth deficiencies; such as small heads and abnormal facial characteristics, mental retardation and even stillbirth (death)

(d) Breast feeding is the recommended form of nutrition for babies. What form of immunity is passed from the mother to the baby by breast milk? (1 mark) Natural passive immunity Total 10 marks 14. 2009 May/June Topic: sterilization, personal hygiene, housefly as a vector Human beings are surrounded by both beneficial and harmful microorganisms. Care must be taken to prevent harmful microorganisms from affecting us.
(a)

(i) What is meant by sterilization as it relates to microorganisms? (1 mark)

Sterilisation means the complete destruction of all the organisms present (ii) Name TWO processes which use heat to preserve milk. (2 marks) Two processes which use heat to preserve milk are: pasteurization which will destroy most bacteria in milk such as TB, Boiling and UHT (ultra-high temperature treatment) (iii) State ONE method of sterilizing instruments used in hospital. (1 mark) Sterilization method use in the hospital is autoclaving, pressure cooking and using steam

(iv)What is an antibiotic? (1 mark) An antibiotic is a chemical which produced by living organisms which kill bacteria. (b) A new student, Marsha, has joined your class. She has difficulty finding friends of her poor hygiene. Advise Marsha on how she can maintain good personal hygiene. Your answer must include: TWO reasons for maintaining good personal hygiene

Reasons for maintaining good personal hygiene are: For social acceptance/ to prevent social discrimination. To prevent diseases and illnesses. To maintain a clean and healthy environment. TWO methods of hand hygiene

Two methods of hand hygiene are: washing hands regularly with soaps and using antiseptics such as hand sanitizers TWO methods of skin hygiene

Two methods of skin hygiene are: bathing , washing hair, using deodorants and perfumes, and wearing clean clothing ONE reason for EACH method of hands and skin hygiene (10 marks) Reason for bathing is to get rid o all the germs, unpleasant, smelly, dirty films and body odours. Using deodorants to clean skin by reducing sweating and contains antiseptics to kill bacteria present on skin.

Wearing clean clothing will avoid contact with microorganisms such as bacteria Washing hands with soaps to destroy bacteria since soaps remove dirt by emulsifying the oils present in it. Using hand sanitizers will destroy bacteria present on hands since most sanitizers contain antiseptics like alcohol or chlorine which kill bacterias.

(c) Vectors like the housefly, cause diseases in human beings. (i) After feeding on faeces containing bacteria, the housefly can transmit bacteria to us when it feeds, walks or defecates on our food. Explain how the bacteria are transmitted to our food when the housefly a) feeds: During feeding, the housefly has a proboscis, which lowers onto the food and down which digestive juices are passed. These digest the food eternally and then the dissolved food is drawn up into the gut. The digestive juices of a housefly will be rich in bacteria from the faeces it ate earlier and little pools will be left all over the human food as it feeds on it. On eating the food, these bacteria will enter the human gut, causing diseases. b) walks: While walking on the human food, bacteria stuck on the hairs of the houseflys body will be release on the human food which may be ingested by the human. Also, as it walks it can pick up bacteria from the surrounding which it

may release on the human food if it gets in contact with the food. c) defaecates (3 marks)

While flying over food, the housefly may defaecate. The tiny droplets of faeces, are very rich in bacteria which could land on the food and then be eaten by the human causing infections. (ii) Suggests TWO ways of controlling houseflies (2 marks) Two ways of controlling houseflies are: by using insecticide sprays to destroy the adult population and also by removing breeding sites for houseflies such as rubbish heaps and other organic matter. Also, by covering food to prevent flies from settling on it. Total 20 marks REMAINING PAST PAPER QUESTIONS ON DISEASES 15. 2009 paper 2 topic: testing water for bacteria, AIDS and Cholera Viruses and bacteria are pathogens, causing diseases like the common cold, AIDS and cholera. (a) Determine whether EACH of the following statement is true or false. Write TRUE next to the statements that are true and FALSE next to wrong false statements. (i) All bacteria are parasites __false__

A parasite is an organism which lives in or on another organism. This statement is false because some bacteria are carried in air and they dont live in another organism. (ii) There are harmful and useful bacteria (iii) A virus is a non-cellular organism marks) __true_

__ true____ (3

(b) Zaras suspects that her water is contaminated but she does not know how to test for the presence of bacteria in her water, help Zara by outlining the steps she should follow to test water for bacteria. (3 marks) Steps involve in testing water for bacteria: Collect a sample of water to be tested Prepare a sterile nutrient agar plate. Add a few drops of water to be tested onto the agar surface of the sterile nutrient agar plate. Seal off the plate or Petri dish with adhesive tapes Leave for 2 days or 48 hours after Observe the plate for bacterial growth after the 2 days period. (c) After severe flooding, some villagers complain of having diarrheoa. This results from an outbreak of cholera. (i) Suggests ONE OTHER sign or symptom of cholera. mark) (1

Symptoms of cholera are: dehydration, abdominal or stomach pains Signs of cholera are: diarrhea, vomiting

(ii) Explain how the villagers may have contracted cholera from the flood waters. (2 marks) They may have contracted cholera from contaminated water from the flood which has the bacterium vibro cholerae which causes cholera. (d) (i) AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus(HIV), which affects the T lymphocytes. How does this affect the immune system of a human being? (1 mark) HIV causes the immune system of a human to become weak since it destroys their lymphocyte or white blood cell which provides them with immunity. (ii) Suggests ONE method of preventing the spread of HIV. (1 mark) One method of preventing AIDS is abstinence from sexual intercourse or not having sex Total 10 marks

16. 2009 paper 2 alcohol and STDS

Topic: water purification, obesity,

Many diseases are caused by the activities of human beings. (a) Some infectious diseases are caused by drinking water which has been contaminated by human beings. To prevent this, large-scale water purification is undertaken to supply households with clean drinking water. (i) The final stage in the water purification process is chlorination. List THREE steps in the large-scale water purification process. (3 marks) Steps in the large scale water purification process are:

Screening which removes solids present in the water. Sedimentation to allows solids to settle, to allow ultra violet light to destroy pathogens present and food chains to reduce the number of small organisms present. Filtration contains sand filters with microorganisms to remove on organic matter by feeding Chlorination which is a disinfectant destroys all other microorganisms present in the water. (ii) What is the function of chlorination? (1 mark)

Chlorination destroys all microorganisms present in the water. (iii) Why is fluoride sometimes added to drinking water? (1 mark)

Fluoride is added to drinking water to prevent tooth decay. (b) Lifestyle diseases occur as a result of the way we live. Sometimes our choices lead to obesity, alcoholism and sexually transmitted diseases. (i) One effect of obesity, caused by eating too much animal fat, is an increase in coronary heart disease. Suggests TWO OTHER effects of obesity. (2 marks)

Two other effects of obesity OTHER THAN it cause coronary heart diseases are: stroke, hypertension, chest pains, diabetes, joint pains, cancer, heart attack Effects of obesity:

Angina (chest pain) Atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) Cancer Diabetes Heart attack High blood pressure Joint pain Metabolic syndrome Mobility impairment Osteoarthritis Stroke.

(ii) Identify TWO school activities which you can undertake to prevent prevent obesity. (2 marks)

Two school activities to prevent obesity are: athletics, volley ball, netball and basket ball (iii) Write a report on the effects of alcoholism. Your report must include: THREE effects of alcohol on the human body. Effects of alcohol on the body are: It damages the stomach lining Slows down the control mechanism of the brain Blood capillaries dilate providing a feeling of warmth. Kidney increases excretion of water since alcohol is a diuretic substance Slurred speech Loss of consciousness Movements and muscle lacks proper coordination Liver cirrhosis Slows down the passage of nerve impulses at synapse Memory loss Mental diseases like Alzheimers Shakes and hallucinations due to the upset nervous coordination.
-

TWO effects of alcoholism on society.

(5 marks)

Effects of alcohol on the society are: Leads to an increase in violence since it makes drinkers aggressive.

 It leads to an increase in death cause by drunk driving. It leads to an increase in abuse particularly physical and sexual abuse. It leads to an increase in climate. (iv) Gonorrhea and syphilis are two sexually transmitted diseases. Identify TWO signs or symptoms of gonorrhea and TWO signs or symptoms of syphilis. (4 marks) Two signs/symptoms of gonorrhea are: Itching and burning sensation when passing urine] Pus from penis Inflammation of urethra Sign/symptom of syphilis is: Insanity Hard red ulcers grow on the site of infection Rash on skin Brain damage (v) Suggests ONE method of treatment for gonorrhea and ONE for syphilis. (2 marks)

One method of treatment for gonorrhea and syphilis is using penicillin injection.