Junction Transistor Amplifier Lesson-6: Detailed Study of Currents in a Transistor, Transistor Alfa and Characteristics of transistor in common base,

common emitter and common collector configuration

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Junction Transistor Lesson 6- " , Raj Kamal,

1. Revision

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Junction Transistor Lesson 6- " , Raj Kamal,

Three configurations
PNP PNP PNP

IB

IE

IC

BJT Common Base configuration

BJT Common Emitter configuration

BJT Common Collector configuration

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Junction Transistor Lesson 6- " , Raj Kamal,

2. Current Components due to holes and electrons in E, B, and C regions

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PNP forward biased junction

Majority Carrier
IEP

Minority Carrier

3
1 IBR

holes electrons

IE

IC

IEN

5 4
IBE IBR
Electron flux Hole flux and current

IB

IE = IEP + IEN = 1 + 2 + 5 IB = IBR + IBE = IBR + IEN = (4 + 5) IC = IEP IBR = 2

2008 Junction Transistor Lesson 6- " , Raj Kamal,

Current components 1 = hole current lost due to recombination in base, IBR 2 = hole current collected by collector, ~ IC 1 + 2 = hole part of emitter current, IEP 5 = electrons injected across forward biased E-B junction, ( IBE); same as electron part of emitter current, IEN 4 = electron supplied by base contact for recombination with holes lost, IBR (= 1) 3 = thermally generated e & h making up reverse saturation current of reverse biased C-B junction. (generally neglected)

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Junction Transistor Lesson 6- " , Raj Kamal,

Formula for Collector Current Components

IC

= ICmajority + ICOminority

Leakage component

ICO = Collector Current with emitter terminal open (not connected)

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3. Transistor Alpha

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Alpha dc dc= IC IE = IC .. (1)

IE

dc 0.90 to 0.998

Leakage component

IC = dc IE + ICB0 ..(2)

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Alpha ac (Common means small base short circuit change in amplification factor) ac= IC IE = IC .. (1) IE VCB = constant ac dc 0.90 to 0.998 IC = dc IE + ICB0 ..(2)
Leakage component

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4. Input and Output Characteristics of transistor in common base

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Emitter characteristics (input Characteristics) of basebase-emitter region amplifier in the dc mode Common base
IE (mA) Active Region Active Region IE VBE 0.7 V VBE (V)
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VBE (V)
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Junction Transistor Lesson 6- " , Raj Kamal,

Active region VBE 0.7 v VBE Active 0.7 v region VBE 0.7 v VBE VBE 0.7 v 0.7 v Saturation region VBE OR << 0.7 V

Output Characteristics Common Base

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First Approximation Relationship between IC

and IE
IC

IE

BJT Common Base configuration

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Biasing Common Base

VEE

VCC IB = 0 mA

VEE IB = 0 mA

VCC

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Amplifying action Common Base

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Input i
iinput

= vinput / Ri = 20 mV = 1 mA 20

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Current iinput transfers from a low Ri circuit to high Ro circuit ac = 1, iC = iE iL = iinput = 1 mA vL = IL. R = 1 mA. 5 k = 5 V Voltage Amplification = vL/vinput = 5 V 20 mV = 250 Generally 50 to 300
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5. Input and Output Characteristics of transistor in common emitter

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BaseBase -emitter region amplifier in the dc mode Input Characteristics (also base characteristics) in common emitter amplifier
IB (A) VCE = 1V VCE = 10V VCE = 20V Active Region VBE (V)
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Active Region IB VBE 0.7 V VBE (V)

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Junction Transistor Lesson 6- " , Raj Kamal,

90 A 70 A 50 A 30 A Active region IB= 10 A IB= 0 A Saturation region ICE0 ICB0

Cut-off region region

Output Characteristics (also called collector characteristics) of Common Emitter

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pnp transistor as common emitter amplifier

C IC IB B IC IE E + RB IB B p n p E I E C IC RC

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npn transistor in a simple circuit, known as common-emitter amplifier

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BJT Common emitter configuration

Relationship between IC
IB

and IB
Leakage current

= IC IE IC = IE + ICB0

IC = ( IC + IB ) + ICB0 (1 ) IC = IB + ICB0 IC = /(1 ) IB + ICB0 /(1 ) = Current gain = [IC / IB] at constant VCE
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ICEO

If = 0.996 then when at IB at 0 A IC = 0.996/(0.004) . 0 A + ICB0 /(0.004) = ICB0 /(0.004) = 250 ICB0 IC / ICB0 = 250 at IB = 0 ICEO = ICBO / (1 - ) at IB = 0

For linear very small distortion amplifier cut-off for common emitter configuration is at IC = ICEO

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pnp transistor as common emitter amplifier at CutCut -Off IC = ICE0

IC IB = 0 B ICE0 E + RB IB B C IC p n p E I E

IC RC

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6. Input and Output Characteristics of transistor in common collector

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BaseBase -collector region amplifier in the dc mode Input Characteristics (also collector characteristics) in common collector amplifier
IC (mA) VEC = 1V VEC = 10V VEC = 20V Active Region VBC (V)
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Active Region IC VBC 0.7 V VBC (V)

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Junction Transistor Lesson 6- " , Raj Kamal,

IE

9 mA 7 mA 5 mA 3 mA Active region IC= 1 mA IC= 0 mA IE IEC0

Saturation region

Cut-off region

Output Characteristics (also called emitter characteristics) of Common Collector

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pnp transistor as common collector amplifier

E IE IB B IC C + IB B IE p n p C I C E RE IE

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BJT Common collector configuration

Relationship between IC
IB

and IE
Leakage current

= IE IC IE = IC/ + IEC0

IE = ( IC / ) + IEC0 IE = 1 IC + IEC0 Current gain = [IE / IC] at constant VCE

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ICEO

If = 0.996 then when at IB at 0 A IE = (0.996) 1 . IC mA IE / IC 1 at IB = 0

For linear very small distortion amplifier cut-off for common collector configuration is at IE = IC + IECEO

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pnp transistor as common collector amplifier at ICE0

IB 0 B ICE0 E + B IC C low Impedance at input

IC

IC RC

p IB n Very High p Impedance at input E IE

Current iinput transfers from a high Ri circuit to low Ro circuit

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7. Transistor Beta

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Beta dc dc= IC IB = IC .. (1)

IE

dc 50 to 400 range

Leakage component

IC = dc IB + ICE0 ..(2)

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Beta ac (Common means small emitter forward current open circuit change in amplification factor) ac= IC IB = IC .. (1) IB VCE = constant ac dc 50 to 400 IC = dc IB + ICE0 ..(2) Related to hFE
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Leakage component

8. Relation Between Transistor Alpha and Beta

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BJT Alpha and Beta

IE

= IC + IB IC / = IC + IC /
= / ( + 1)

1/ = 1 + 1 / ; = / (1 ) IC = I B
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IE = IB ( + 1)

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BJT Alpha and Beta

ICE0

= ICB0 / (1 )

1/ = 1 + 1 / ; + 1= 1/ (1 ) ICE0 ICB0
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Summary

We learnt

Current components in a transistor Input and output circuit characteristics in Three configurations- Common base, common emitter and Common collector Alfa dc and alpha ac Beta and beta ac
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End of Lesson 6

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