Electronics engineering NIVAC- good precisional position SCARA good assembly IMPATT 10-1000GHz SULPHATION incomplete charging BJT

IMPATT 10-1000GHz SULPHATION incomplete charging BJT on state BE,BC Forward biased,saturated Reduced collector current collector with low level impurity NIBBLE 2 byte NYBBLE 4 bit data word 6 of Freedom Solid Object STEP recovery generates harmonics PUSH-PULL eliminates even harmonics LOWER BACKLASH helical gear has lower backlash than linear LATCH SC flip flop S=0,C=0 invalid condition NAND S=1,C=1 invalid condition NOR BENCH CHARGE when battery is removed from vehicle Antimony lead residue of lead acid battery MONOLITHIC IC active and passive is fabricated at the same time, extensive, digital, current regulator only FILM IC better frequency response Thick film silk screening Thin film splutter FET thermionic valve 64 bits TRANSPUTER computer in a chip TRANSPUTER 32 bit WIEN Bridge audio frequency IP/IV Ha-Hw is always greater than 1 TTL advantage is propagation delay ECL- very high speed Walk through continuous programming Efficient and unlimited life solar cell Phototransistor best sensitivity Databus data line on line bus CMOS nanowatts- advantage CPU and microprocessor essential part: ALU and control unit Comparator no feedback Differentiator resistor as feedback Shunt regulator series line resistance Saturation negative half cycle is clipped Move decimal to the right multiply by 2 STROBOSCOPE measure speed using frequency ONDOGRAPH waveshape of voltage and current INVENTOR convert DC to AC The di/dt of SCR produces local hot spot The dv/dt of SCR produces false triggering Sideband balance/symmetry odd harmonics Positive sway Push- pull- eliminates even order harmonics MAXWELL-WIEN use to measure inductor/inductances When the output swayed to the positive, the Q-point moved from the center to the saturation

When the output swayed to the negative, the Q-point moved from the center to the cut-off EARLY EFFECT base width modulation; base width modified by collector current Ringing circuit provides undamped oscillation DRIFT EFFECT bouncing of electron from one atom to another from negative terminal to the positive terminal of a battery TICKEL CHARGING keep fresh and fully charged WAFER foundation of IC Microprogramming 5 bit BARKHAUSEN CRITERION if not met oscillation will stop Class C Amplifier RF amplification Einstein Relation mobility is proportional to drift current Mean time life of carrier the time require for the creation and destruction of electron Fermi Level probability of occupation of charge by an electron FERMI-DIRAC DISTRIBUTION FUNTION principle that satisfactorily explain the acquisition of energy of different electron in a crystal at a certain temperature Static Characteristic characteristic of an object that is unvarying or almost constant with respect to time OP-AMP input impedance is equal to infinity hence input current is zero NAND LATCH Set=1, Reset=0 result to HIGH NAND LATCH Set=0, Reset=0 result to invalid NOR LATCH Set=1, Reset=1 result to invalid Multiplying binary numbers- adder, subtractor, shift register Digital computer is sometimes called decimal computer because each decimal digit is converted in binary form JACK KILBY first IC (integrated circuit) TED HOFF first Microprocessor JK flip-flop divides freq by 2 MULTIVIBRATOR generates non-sinusoidal waveform 555 timers can be used as a multivibrator, astable multivibrator, voltage controlled oscillator BOLOMETER measures .by varying metallic resistance THERMOMETER RESISTOR measures temperature PERMEAMETER measures permeability of ferromagnetic materials Advantages/characteristic of non-servo controlled: high repeatability, high operating speed, low cost, axis can be rotated only through hardware stop Light meter unit:LUX, illumination in point of an area SCADA assembly NIMAC measurable Prismatic linear Revolute Transducer high input Servocontrolled can be rotated through soft stop MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR can introduced delay i.e. 1 micro second to 1 milli second ECL low propagation time CMOS high packing density, low power dissipation (in terms of nanowatts) INVENTOR dc to ac Class C RF amplifier

Buffer amplifier- low mismatch, low Volatile memory semiconductor ROM ELECTROHEATING hair pin form Lead-acid battery lead peroxide, spongelead, sulfuric acid Transputer parallel processing CHOPPER fixed dc voltage to variable dc voltage Symmetry odd harmonics Monostable multivibrator 1 microsecond to 1 millisecond to 10 millisecond Monolithic IC passive and active component in 1 process Thin film ceramic Thick film alumina Anderson circuit upgraded Maxwell-Wien PHANTASTRON modified version of miller CANDELA unit of luminuous intensity(SI) or lux(MKS) Photoconductive cell-phototransistor;photoresistor LCD over LED and CMOS over TTL extremely Low power dissipation Class A with transformer coupling 50 % efficiency Class C 85% PIN semiconductor sandwich by 2 metallic material Half power 3 db increase LED have higher internal resistance than photodiode CMOS nanowatt power dissipation Daisy chaining interrupt values Floating point maltissa,base and exponent Diac 4 pair of SCR Clamper introduces dc voltage to ac Emitter follower common collector Common collector current amplifier Load impedance must match amplifier impedance in order to maximum power transferred to the load EPROM can be erased using ultraviolet light EAPROM LASER coherent, monochromatic Tickle charge fresh and fully charged ho smallest hybrid parameter h11 = V1/I1 st 1 IC jack kilby handshake input/output ports between comparator sulphation incomplete charging nibble 1 byte 4 bits CPU & MICROPROCESSOR composed of ALU and control unit Damping force moving Transformer coupling increases efficienc Hartley tapped inductor Colppitts tapped capacitor Nima gantry robot - - best precision 64 bit use in large computer 2 nibbles 1 bytes revolutes rotates prismatic straight axis OP AMP gain is 1,000,000 Card reader 10000 Peak inverse voltage (PIV) maximum reversed voltage 4 to 100 ohm

VR exp (1/3) L/C balanced SCS anode, cathode and 2 gate LASCR no gate Class c efficiency 85% Class A 50%, less distortion Half ADDER XOR and OR Roll off 40 db -40 dB/decade = -12 dB/octave 1kwh = 860 Kcal roll off decrease in gain due to frequency floating battery used in power supply, emergency light, telephone lines blown fuse when lamps light up Einstein relation mobility PIN diode used up to GHz range Permeameter measure permeability of ferrous materials Excess-3 larger than BCD by 3 Film IC passive component nd th th Three phase symmetry 2 , 4 , 6 Lux luminance Positive temperature coefficient increase in temperature also increases resistance Series capacitor long TL Shunt reactance Dead short most dangerous Inventor dc to ac Class B push pull Darlington pair base to base, collector Emitter to the nd 2 base Comparator no feedback Sensitivity A/Af Differential amplifier same input zero output Cell capacity is measure in AMPERE-HOUR Thermal runaway Increase capacity of fuse overload Compiler store and re-use Gold doping less shortage time Enhancement only N-type MOSFET high positive SiO2 isolate/isolation DIAC schottky diode back to back Class C efficiency mostly 85% CC/emitter follower voltage gain cannot exceed unity S-C latch Decade counter 9 inputs the next input will reset dv/dt effect in SCR false triggering di/dt effect in SCR hot shot input terminal of op-amp:inverting and non-inverting Gain of darlington multiply beta UJT diode and 2 resistor Bolometer measures temperature variation SI unit of luminance lux Light meter uses lux as unit of measurement Thermal runaway increase in temperature of BC junction will increase the collector current and hence destroy diode Skin effect ac transmission

3 phase system has a 5 harmonic negative phase sequence of RBY Darlington pair CB amplifier D flip-flop convenient way in binary counting D flip-flop composed of JK and RS flip flop and inverter Thermal neutrons slow neutrons Phototube emits electrons when cathode is illuminated JK F/F divides frequency by 2 1 byte 2 nibbles 1 nibbles 4 bits saturation - VCE=0 cut-off - VCE= VCC power loss due to corona static V/I curve describe by BOLTZMANN Diode equation stroboscope measure speed at preset frequency damping force moving element Class B eliminate even harmonics Class A worse case condition when input is zero Microprogramming control step Transmission lines conductor atmospheric temperature increases, length increases and stress decreases NIMAK gantry good precision 0.5 1 micron width of depletion region 0.5 micro meter width of depletion region of unbiased pn junction IMPATT used in Microwave( 10-1000GHz) Anderson bridge modified version of Maxwell-wien bridge ; used to measure inductance in term of known capacitance and resistance DE SAUTY bridged compares 2 capacitance of 2 air capacitor Heaviside-Campbell Equal ratio bridge used to measure self inductance in terms of mutual inductance Fermi level found in the forbidden gap Monolithic IC compact; used in computers Thin film IC used in sputtering ceramic substance Thick film IC used in silk screening alumina substrate 0- 1 micro ampere has a sensitivity of 1kilo-ohm/volts IC=Ie +Ico formula of CB amplifier 2 I L bipolar saturated logic Hays bridged Wien bridged oscillator stable sine wave audio generator Lead acid cell consist of lead peroxide, sponged lead and dilute sulphuric acid SCARA uses assembly operation Sulphation incomplete charging Photodiode used in alarm control system and timing End effect base width modulation MILLER circuit used to convert step waveform to ramp waveform Phantastron modified miller circuit Bootstrap circuit used to produced constant current by maintaining constant voltage 3 Tunnel diode impurity atoms may increase to 1 to 10 Relaxation oscillator interdependent circuit Class A maximum efficiency 50% Class B maximum efficiency 70% Class C minimum efficiency 85%

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Schottky TTL ha least propagation delay EAPROM Gallium Arsenide Infrared LED Full Adder add 2 binary and a carry input Varactor variable capacitor 1 10 milli second monostable 0.1 millisecond= 1kilo-ohm/volt hay high phase angle, increase impedance class A less distortion class C distorted D flip flop RS,JK,inverter Attenuator decreases amplitude of signal Microprogramming oldest method CE amplifier 180 degrees out-of-phase Sediment at the bottom of lead acid antimony and lead alloy Nickel-iron 21% iron, caustic potash, nickel hydroxide 1.21 ripple factor bridge discrete digital analog distortion electron flow Emitter-base collector Schottky fastest switching Drift bouncing of electron from negative to positive Anderson bridged solved unknown inductance using resistance and capacitance Power measure kilowatt-hr(KwH) SCR- pair with 4 layer Cut-off Vce=Vcc Flux-weber Calibration adjustment Schottky solve the problem of fast switching 6 degrees of freedom solid object CMMR = infinity(op amp ideal) Subtractor- can be performed by an adder Silicon(14): 2 8 4(electron distribution) N=4 :4 subshell Tunnel diode 4 to 100 quality factor ratio of energy to dissipated factor rise time time between10% to 90% of the signal coil increase heat,increase current electric field unit : Newton/coulomb=volt/meter absolute permittivity unit:F/m linear distortion is caused by internal junction in transistor and external capacitance thermal neutron slow neutron microprocessor uses 3 buses comparative subtracting is used to simplify circuit (uses adder) PIV of halfwave rectifier is 2Vm if shunt capacitor is used Lead acid water is neither formed nor absorbed Reverse recovery time forward biased off state Zero power cannot be zero dB, zero cannot be defined in dB Oscillator positive feedback Voltage drop of aluminum is greater than copper because of high resistivity of aluminum ohmic resistance conductor if current is equally distributed on cross section of conductor

RC power factor is between 0 to 1 Magnetic deflection system used in CRT Transducer high input, low output EB-BC darlington pair Karel Capek coined robotics Anderson bridge determine inductance with known capacitance and resistance Maxwell Wien bridge determine inductance De sauty capacitance of air capacitor Heaviside Campbell measure self inductance given mutual inductance 2 nibbles 1 word Triac function as SCR Phototransistor photoresistor Schottky diode high switching Gating circuit rectangulart wave Daisy chaining interrupt values Floating point mantissa, base, exponent Step recovery generate harmonic Push-pull amplifier eliminates even order harmonics Multivibrator non-sinusoidal Colpitts Capacitor and tuned circuit Hartley - inductor and tuned circuit Op-Amp infinite impedance; current = 0 Eddy current damping most applicable Power loss due to corona bounded conductor Lead acid - not dependent on charge Capacitor is not dependent on plate thickness JK F/F over SC F/F toggle Capacity of cell ampere-hour Thermionic valve FET ho smallest h parameter LASCR similar to SCR except for the gate Early effect base width modulation; base narrowing; variation of width if the base Voltage gain of darlington pair multiply beta Most dangerous dead short end Miller circuit pulse ramp to Bootstrap constant current Nickel Iron cell nickel and powdered iron and its oxides and 21% of caustic potash TTL less propagation delay EAROM degrades memory D F/F binary counter Amplitude stabilization circuit reduce amplitude ; less distortion Fermi Dirac energy distribution function distribution function that satisfactorily GaAs LED infrared light (invinsible) Thermometer resistor measures temperature 2 SCR triac subshell=4 when n=4 gain of an op-amp 1000000 to produced current in a diode the voltage should be greater than 0.7 COPPER has the lowest resistivity at -273 K Schottky diode : P-type:GOLD,SILVER,PLATINUM Ntype:SILICON Sensitivity of 100mA = 1Kohm/volt

Advantage of laser monochromatic and coherent Mica is a conductor the statement is false Voltage gain of CC always less than unity Is a factor of both torque and power speed Watt-hour is used as recording bevice 4 bits - nybble 1 byte 2 nibble ideal input impedance of an op-amp is- infinite according to Barkhausen principle an op-amp will oscillate if its gain is 1 and phase inversion is zero TRANSFORMER COUPLING used to increase the efficiency of Class A amplifier Ideal noise factor zero Positive feedback causes oscillation Tapped coil colpitts Tapped inductor Hartley CRYSTAL has the greatest frequency stability CRYSTAL has the simplest circuit Darlington pair and emitter follower has the same value of gain Pure resistive circuit has no transient because it has no stored energy Transient component capacitor and inductor Unique characteristic of CE phase inversion Unique characteristic of CC high current gain Half scale deflection 50% Ib=100 micro ampere, Ic=10 milli ampere range of beta is 1.01 up to 10 Thickness of depletion region 0.5 micrometer Monostable multivibrator increase time delay ASTABLE multivibrator produces oscillation Deacade counter count up to 9 and reset to start Output is low when 1 input or all input are high Boolean algebra was derived from logic An adder can be made XOR and OR gate