Chapter1 NatureofLight

LectureNotesforModernOpticsbasedon Pedrotti&Pedrotti&Pedrotti Instructor:NayerEradat Spring2009

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Eradat,SJSU,NatureofLight

NatureofLight
Abriefhistory Particlesandphotons The h Electromagnetic l i S Spectrum Radiometry

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Whatislight?
Thenatureoflightisstillsubjectofa debateandcoveredonsomerecent publications bl such hasspecial lissueof f OPN(Opticsandphotonicsnews) October2003publishedbyOSA (OpticalSocietyofAmerica). AlbertEinstein: Allthe50yearsofconsciousbrooding havebroughtmenoclosertothe question:Whatarelight g answertotheq quanta? ArthurZajonc(2003): Wearetodayinthesamestateof learnedignorancewithrespectto lightaswasEinstein.

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1.2 1 2Particlesandwaves; Quantumoptics

Principleofcomplementarity(Niels Bohr):photonsandelectronsare neither h wavesnorparticles. l They h are somethingmorecomplexthaneither. Nosinglephysicalmodelcanexplain theirattributes. Wavorparticlelikebehavioris exhibitedindifferentsituations. Quantumelectrodynamics=Quantum mechanics+specialtheoryofrelativity describethelight g andmatterandtheir relationships/interactions. Twokeypointsonapplyingthese relationshipstophotons: 1)Photonshavezerorestmass 2)Seedofphotonsinvacuumisalways c=3x108 m/s. PhotonsobeytheBoseEinstein statisticswhileelectronsandprotons obeyFermiDiracstatistics.
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Every particle has: m, the rest mass of the particle E 0 =mc2 , is the rest-mass energy E is the total energy E K is the kinetic energy or work done to accelerate l t the th particle ti l to t its it current t speed. d Total energy: Momentum: E = E0 + EK p= E 2 m2c 4 c

pc 2 m2c 4 Speed: = c 1 2 V= E E Kinetic energy: EK = mc 2 mc 2 = mc 2 ( 1) Total energy: Where: = E = mc 2 + mc 2 ( 1) = mc 2 1 1 V 2 / c2 h = p hc

de Broglie Wavelength: =

E 2 m2c 4 For photons the rest mass m = 0 and we have: E = pc; = hc / E ; V = pc 2 / E = c;

NatureofLight

1.3 1 3TheElectromagnetic Spectrum

Alltheelectromagnetic(EM)wavesare composedoftimevaryingelectricand magneticfields. f ld EMwavesareproducedbyaccelerating chargedparticles(likeelectron). EMwavescarryenergy,momentum, andexertforcesonchargedparticles. particles SpeedofallEMwavesinfreespace (vacuum)isc=3x108 m/s. FrequencyofEMwavesisdeterminedat thesourceproducingthem them. Monochromaticwaves:single frequencycontent Polychromaticwaves:multiple q ycontent frequency Spectrumofawavepacketis distributionofenergyamongthe variousconstituentsofthewavepacket. VariouspartofEMwavesaregiven particularnamesbytheindustrythat usesthem..
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WarmupExample1.2
AnEMsignalisdetectedbyadetector withfrequencyof100MHzandpower of f6.63x1016 J/s. / Calculate l l the h photons: a)Wavelength b)EnergyofaphotoninthissignalinJ andeV c)Numberofphotonsinthissignal d)Calculateenergyofa555nm photoninJandeV.Whatcoloristhis? e)Howmany555nmphotons/s wouldcorrespondtothedetected signalpower. f)Calculateenergyofa0.1nmphoton inJandeV.Whatkindofradiationis this? e)Howmany0.1nmphotons/swould correspondtothedetectedsignal power.

a. =c/ =3 m
26 b. E 3m =h =hc/ =6.63 10-26 J = 4.14 107 eV

c. N 3m =

power =1010 / s Energy/photon

d E 555nm =hc/ d. hc/ = 3 3.58 58 10-19 J J=2 2.2 2 eV Visible green e. N 555nm = power = 1850 / s Energy/photon

f. E 0.1nm =1.99 10-15 J=12400 eV X-ray g. N 0.1nm = .33 / s

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1 4R 1.4 Radiometry di t
Scienceofmeasurementofelectromagneticradiation. Photometry:Scienceofmeasurementofelectromagneticradiationfortheopticalfrequencies. quantities: Physical y termsusedtocharacterizeenergy gycontentofradiation. Radiometricq WeonlylisttheSIterms. Inthistablesubscriptecorrespondstoelectromagneticradiation. Samequantitiescanbedefinedforothertypesofwaves.

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Radiometry(contibued)
Radiantfluxdensityiscalled: radiantexitance(Me)foremittedradiationfromasurfaceand irradiance(Ee)isfortheradiationarrivingatasurface Ie theradiantintensity:radiantfluxe emittedperunitofsolidangle()byapointsourceina givendirection.

dA d = 2 r

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Inversesquarelawof radiationfromapoint source

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Example

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