Water power pertama kali digunakan di Yunani pada 4000 B.C.

untuk memutar water wheel yang selanjutnya digunakan untuk menghancurkan biji gandum menjadi tepung gandum. Water turbine ditemukan pada 1800-an, digunakan untuk kebutuhan mekanis seperti menggiling biji-bijian, memutar generator untuk menghasilkan listrik.

Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

Hydro Energy

Potential Energy

Electrical Energy Electricity

Kinetic Energy

Mechanical Energy
8

Name

Country China Brazil/Paraguay Venezuela United States Russia Canada Canada Romania/Serbia

Year 2009 1983 1986 1942/80 1983 1981 1971 1970

Max Generation 18,200 MW 12,600 MW 10,200 MW 6,809 MW 6,400 MW 5,616 MW 5,429 MW 2,280 MW

Annual Production

Three Gorges Itaip Guri Grand Coulee Sayano Shushenskaya Robert-Bourassa Churchill Falls Iron Gates

93.4 TW-hrs 46 TW-hrs 22.6 TW-hrs

35 TW-hrs 11.3 TW-hrs

Ranked by maximum power.

Hydroelectricity, Wikipedia.org

10

11

12

Itaipu, Wikipedia.org

13

http://www.kented.org.uk/ngfl/subjects/geography/rivers/River%20Articles/itaipudam.htm

14

http://www.infodestinations.com/venezuela/espanol/puerto_ordaz/index.shtml

15

http://lmhwww.epfl.ch/Services/ReferenceList/2000_fichiers/gurimap.htm

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www.swehs.co.uk/ docs/coulee.html

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www.inforse.dk/europe/dieret/Hydro/hydro.html

Positive
Emissions-free, with virtually no CO2, NOX, SOX, hydrocarbons, or particulates Renewable resource dengan efisiensi konversi energi ke listrik tinggi (80+%) Dispatchable with storage capacity

Negative
Seringkali melibatkan penampungan air dalam jumlah banyak sehingga ada habitat yang hilang. Out put bervariasi bergantung pada curah hujan dan salju (di daerah subtropis) Pengaruh yang besar pada river flows dan aquatic ecology, migrasi ikan, dan penurunan kadar oksigen. Efek sosial berkaitan dengan pemindahan orang pribumi di site tersebut. Pengaruh pada aspek kesehatan terutama pada negara-negara berkembang. High initial capital costs Long lead time in construction of large projects
20

Berguna untuk base load, peaking and pumped storage applications Scalable dari 10 KW sampai 20,000 MW Low operating and maintenance costs Long lifetimes

Hydro Power Design

Head
Air mengalir karena perbedaan elevasi. Perbedaan elevasi (water level pada forebay dan tail bay) disebut

dengan head.

Dams: tiga kategori

high-head (800 or more feet) medium-head (100 to 800 feet) low-head (less than 100 feet)

Energi yang dihasilkan sebanding dengan head x flow

http://www.wapa.gov/crsp/info/harhydro.htm

www.rise.org.au

Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

24

Impoundment (Penampungan)
Hoover Dam, Grand Coulee

Diversion or run-of-river systems

Niagara Falls Most significantly smaller

Pumped Storage
Two way flow Air dari reservoir bawah dipompa ke storage reservoir

(upper elevation) dan dialirkan lagi ke reservori bawah untuk power generation (looping).
Mekanisme untuk menyimpan energi.
25

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydro_plant_types.html

26

http://las-vegas.travelnice.com/dbi/hooverdam-225x300.jpg

27

28

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydro_plant_types.html

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http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydro_plant_types.html

30

Used in remote locations in northern Canada

http://www.electrovent.com/#hydrofr

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32

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33

Turbine

Turbin air adalah rotary engine yang memperoleh energi dari pergerakan air. Turbin air dibuat pada abad 19 dan diguanakan secara luas untuk sumber listrik industri. Sumber energi yang bersih (bebas polusi) dan dapat diperbaharui.

www.wikipedia.com

Aliran air melewati blades of turbine runner sehingga turbine berputar.

www.wikipedia.com

Jumlah energi listrik yang dihasilkan dari water source bergantung pada :
Ketinggian air (head of water)
Semakin tinggi head of water maka energi yang dihasilkan setiap cubic metre untuk memutar turbine semakin besar (which in turn drives a generator).

Jumlah air yang mengalir

Semakin besar jumlah air, semakin besar ukuran dan jumlah turbine yang bisa diputar sehingga semakin besar pula power output dari generator.

Hydroelectric power stations diletakkan pada lokasi yang memiliki ketinggian air tinggi dan jumlah air yang banyak. Biasanya di bagian bawah lembah, ngarai, atau dekat dengan dasar dam.

www.rise.org.au

www.rise.org.au

Air dikumpulkan dan disimpan dalam dam . Beberapa dam dibuat dengan reservoir besar untuk menyimpan air dengan meningkatkan ketinggian sungai sehingga diperoleh kapasitas yang diinginkan. Sementara yang lain dibuat dengan hanya menahan aliran air dan mengalihkannya ke power station melalui pipeline. blades dipasang dengan shaft. Ketika aliran air menekan blades kemudian shaft akan berputar, turbine berputar. Air kemudian dikeluarkan melalui drainage pipes atau saluran yang disebut "tailrace" untuk irigasi, supply air, atau bahkan langsung menuju ke laut.

www.rise.org.au

www.rise.org.au

Pada conventional coal-fired (thermal) power station, generating unitnya terdiri dari:
boiler, steam turbine, generator

Pada hydroelectric, generating unitnya terdiri dari:

water turbine
Untuk mengubah energi dari flowing water ke mechanical energy

electric generator
Untuk mengubah mechanical energy ke electrical energy.
www.rise.org.au

Turbine Design

Professor Stephen Lawrence Leeds School of Business University of Colorado Boulder, CO

Karena perbedaan karakteristik sumber air, water turbine didesain berbeda-beda sesuai dengan karakteristik sumber air tersebut. Berdasarkan head dan quantity of water, ada tiga jenis utama water turbine:
Pelton wheels, Francis turbines, Kaplan or propeller type turbines

Ketiga jenis tersebut dapat dipasang vertikal maupun horisontal. Kaplan atau propeller dapat dipasang pada sudut apapun.

nama sesuai dengan penemu

www.rise.org.au

Berdasarkan fungsi, water turbine dibagi menjadi dua:

Reaction Turbine
Reaction turbines are acted on by water, which changes pressure as it moves through the turbine and gives up its energy. They must be encased to contain the water pressure (or suction), or they must be fully submerged in the water flow. Sebagian besar turbine termasuk dalam jenis ini dan digunakan untuk low dan medium head applications.

Impulse Turbine
Impulse turbines mengubah kecepatan pancaran air (water jet). Pancaran mengenai turbines curved blades yang mengubah arah aliran. Ada perubahan momentum (impulse) dalam proses ini yang kemudian menghasilkan gaya pada turbine blades. Since the turbine is spinning, the force acts through a distance (work) and the diverted water flow is left with diminished energy
www.wikipedia.com

Reaction Turbine

Francis Kaplan, Propeller, Bulb, Tube, Straflo Tyson Water wheel

Impulse turbines:
Pelton Turgo Michell-Banki (also known as the Crossflow or

Ossberger turbine)
www.wikipedia.com

www.rise.org.au

Francis turbine
The Francis turbine is used where a large flow and a

high or medium head of water is involved. The Francis turbine is also similar to a waterwheel, as it looks like a spinning wheel with fixed blades in between two rims. This wheel is called a runner. A circle of guide vanes surround the runner and control the amount of water driving it. Water is fed to the runner from all sides by these vanes causing it to spin

Professor Stephen Lawrence Leeds School of Business University of Colorado Boulder, CO

50

Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University

Press, 2003

Professor Stephen Lawrence Leeds School of Business University of Colorado Boulder, CO

51

"Water Turbine," Wikipedia.com

52

"Water Turbine," Wikipedia.com

53

www.rise.org.au

Propeller type turbines are designed to operate where a small head of water is involved. These turbines resemble ships propellers. However, with the Kaplan turbines the angle (or pitch) of the blades can be altered to suit the water flow.

www.rise.org.au

"Water Turbine," Wikipedia.com

56

"Water Turbine," Wikipedia.com

57

"Water Turbine," Wikipedia.com

58

Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University

Press, 2003

Professor Stephen Lawrence Leeds School of Business University of Colorado Boulder, CO

59

Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

Professor Stephen Lawrence Leeds School of Business University of Colorado Boulder, CO

60

Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University

Press, 2003

Professor Stephen Lawrence Leeds School of Business University of Colorado Boulder, CO

61

The Pelton wheel turbine is a tangential-flow impulse turbine, water flows along the tangent to the path of the runner The largest units can be up to 200 megawatts Pelton wheels are the preferred turbine for hydro-power, when the available water source has relatively high hydraulic head at low flow rates

www.wikipedia.com

Pelton wheel from Walchensee, Germany hydro power station www.wikipedia.com

Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University

Press, 2003

Professor Stephen Lawrence Leeds School of Business University of Colorado Boulder, CO

64

designed for medium head applications. Operational Turgo Turbines achieve efficiencies of about 87%. In factory and lab tests Turgo Turbines perform with efficiencies of up to 90%. water does not change pressure as it moves through the turbine blades. The water's potential energy is converted to kinetic energy with a nozzle. The high speed water jet is then directed on the turbine blades which deflect and reverse the flow. The resulting impulse spins the turbine runner, imparting energy to the turbine shaft. Turgo runners may have an efficiency of over 90%.

www.wikipedia.com

www.wikipedia.com

Kaplan Francis Pelton Turgo

2 < H < 40 10 < H < 350 50 < H < 1300 50 < H < 250
(H = head in meters)

Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

67

Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University

Press, 2003

Professor Stephen Lawrence Leeds School of Business University of Colorado Boulder, CO

68

Head Pressure
High Impulse Pelton Turgo Multi-jet Pelton Medium Crossflow Turgo Multi-jet Pelton Francis Pump-as-Turbine Low Crossflow

Reaction

Propeller Kaplan

Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

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www.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydro_rd.html

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Terima kasih