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Disclaimer: ON Semiconductor is providing this reference design documentation package AS IS and the recipient assumes all risk associated with the use and/or commercialization of this design package. No licenses to ON Semiconductors or any third partys Intellectual Property is conveyed by the transfer of this documentation. This reference design documentation package is provided only to assist the customers in evaluation and feasibility assessment of the reference design. It is expected that users may make further refinements to meet specific performance goals.
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TECHNICAL NOTE
1 Overview This reference document describes a builtandtested, GreenPointt solution for an xDSL modem acdc adapter. This power supply reference design is intended for low power, offline applications where a regulated output voltage is required. Applications would also include modems, printers, routers, hubs and/or similar consumer audio and video products that require a single output voltage in the 10 to 20 W range. The power supply design is based around ON Semiconductors NCP10xx family of monolithic controllers with an integrated 700 V MOSFET. In this particular design an NCP1027 is utilized in a 12 V, 1.3 A output supply with a surge capability of over 1.6 A.
This design can be tailored for any output voltage from several volts up to 28 V (or higher) with power outputs to approximately 20 W (depending on the AC input requirement) by merely reconfiguring the transformer turns ratio and the voltage reference zener. The power supply will meet typical safety agency isolation and leakage current standards and comply with FCC Part 15 Level B conducted EMI requirements and has an average efficiency of greater than 75%. Figure 1 shows a simplified block diagram of the reference design circuit.
90 to 265 Vac
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2 Introduction In 1Q06, the number of internet broadband lines (per 100 households) reached 54% in the USA, placing the country in the top 20 ranking worldwide far behind countries such as South Korea with 83% broadband penetration (source: Point Topic). By 2010, nearly 71 million households in the United States will have broadband access, a new study by Forrester Research predicts. The growth in broadband connection will result in increasing growth of cable modems and xDSL modems. Typically, these modems are powered by an external acdc adapter. In most offices and households, these adapters remain plugged in the socket, continuously drawing power from the mains. For this reason, the acdc adapter must be designed in such a way that its power consumption in standby (noload) mode is very low. It is estimated that, on average, 25% of the energy that passes through power supplies does so during standbymode (source: NRDC). 3 Modem ACDC Adapter Requirements The above paragraph showed the importance of reducing the standby power. Not only the standby power consumption of an acdc adapter has to be very low, but its active mode efficiency has to be very high. High activemode efficiency saves energy when electronic devices are active, which are the times when they consume the most energy. (Examples: TV is turned on; computer is being used to play a video game.) It is estimated that 75% of the energy that passes through power supplies does so during activemode (source: NRDC).
3.1 Regulatory Requirements for Standby (noload) Power Consumption and Active Mode Efficiency
Several regulatory bodies around the world address low standby power consumption and efficiency in active mode for external power supply (EPS). These requirements target two issues: Get rid of the losses in a noload situation (e.g.: when the ACDC adapter is plugged in even when it is not connected to the cell phone). Achieve good average active mode efficiency during various active mode load conditions (25%, 50%, 75% and 100%). Many regulations have been proposed around the world. Hereafter is the list of some of the most important ones:
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ENERGY STAR): applicable in the US and international partners http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=ext_power_supplies.power_supplies_consumers
Nameplate Output Power (Pno) ENERGY EFFICIENCY CRITERIA FOR ACTIVE MODE 0 to < 1 Watt > 1 and 49 Watts > 49 Watts ENERGY CONSUMPTION CRITERIA FOR NO LOAD 0 to < 10 Watts 10 to 250 Watts 0.5 Watt 0.75 Watt 0.49 * Pno [0.09 * Ln(Pno)] + 0.49 0.84 Minimum Average Efficiency in Active Mode (expressed as decimal)
European Unions Code of Conduct, version 2, November 24, 2004 Noload Power Consumption
Noload Power Consumption Rated Output Power > 0.3 W and < 15 W > 15 W and < 50 W > 50 W and < 60 W > 60 W and < 150 W Phase 1 (Jan. 1, 2005) 0.30 W 0.50 W 0.75 W 1.00 W Phase 2 (Jan. 1, 2007) 0.30 W 0.30 W 0.30 W 0.50 W
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EnergyEfficiency Criteria for Active Mode for Phase 1 (for the period January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2006)
Rated Output Power 0 < W < 1.5 1.5 < W < 2.5 2.5 < W < 4.5 4.5 < W < 6.0 6.0 < W < 10.0 10.0 < W < 25.0 25.0 < W < 150.0 Minimum Four Point Average (see Annex) or 100 % Load Efficiency in Active Mode 30 40 50 60 70 75 80
EnergyEfficiency Criteria for Active Mode for Phase 2 (valid after January 1, 2007)
Nameplate Output Power (Pno) 0<W<1 1 < W < 49 49 < W < 150 Minimum Four Point Average (see Annex) or 100 % Load Efficiency in Active Mode (expressed as a decimal) (Note 1) 0.49 * Pno [0.09 * Ln(Pno)] + 0.49 0.84 (Note 2)
1. Ln refers to the natural logarithm. The algebraic order of operations requires that the natural logarithm calculation be performed first and then multiplied by 0.09, with the resulting output added to 0.49. An efficiency of 0.84 in decimal form corresponds to the more familiar value of 84% when expressed as a percentage. 2. Power supplies that have a power factor correction (PFC) to comply with IEC6100032 (above 75 W input power) have a 0.04 (4%) allowance, accordingly the minimum on mode load efficiency (100% or averaged) is relaxed to 0.80 (80%).
Korea:
Comments http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c= ext_power_supplies.power_supplies_consumers http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/energyefficiency/html/ standby_initiative_External%20Power%20Supplies.htm Harmonized with ENERGY STAR, http://www.cecp.org.cn/englishhtml/hlproductlist1.asp http://www.energy.ca.gov/appliances/index.html Harmonized with ENERGY STAR, http://www.energyrating.gov.au/eps2.html Source: http://www.standardsasap.org Source: http://www.standardsasap.org Source: http://www.standardsasap.org Source: http://www.standardsasap.org Source: http://www.standardsasap.org Source: http://www.standardsasap.org Source: http://www.standardsasap.org
European Union China Standard Certification Center (CSC, exCECP) California Energy Commission Australia Greenhouse Office (AGO) Arizona Massachusetts New York Oregon Rhode Island Vermont Washington
California Australia, New Zealand Arizona Massachusetts New York Oregon Rhode Island Vermont Washington
January 1, 2007 October 1, 2008 January 2008 January 2008 January 2008 January 2008 January 2008 January 2008 January 2008
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4 Modem ACDC Adapter Specification For modem OEM manufacturers, the acdc adapter is a commodity. So, they impose their own stringent specifications and derating guidelines while requiring low costs. The key performance criteria for adapters are: Power density (driven by package size requirements) Safety Low case temperature Input: 90 to 270 Vac, 50/60 Hz Output: 12 Vdc 5% at 1.3 A continuous (16 W); 1.6 A surge to 10 seconds Regulation: < 2% line and load combined Output Ripple: Less than 200 mV p/p Average Efficiency: > > 0.09 * Ln (16) + 0.09 = 74% (per ENERGY STAR) Standby (noload) power consumption < 300 mW Operating Temperature: 0 to 50C
R1 L1 3.9 mH C1 C2 100 nF x C3 D1D4 1N4007 10 uF, 400Vdc x2 C4 L2 680 uH R2 4.7 C5 180pF 2 kV 10 5 6 C6 470 uF 16V x2
Cooling: Convection Input Protection: 8 ohm inrush limiting with 1 A fuse Output Protection: Overcurrent, overvoltage, and over temperature Safety Compliance: 3 kV I/O isolation EMI Compliance: FCC Part 15 conducted EMI (Level B, average profile) 5 Circuit Operation Referring to the schematic in Figure 2, the power supply is designed around a flyback converter topology with a simple zener plus optocoupler feedback circuit for output voltage sensing and regulation. The ac input is fullwave rectified by D1 through D4 and filtered by C3 and C4 to provide a dc bulk bus to the flyback converter stage. R1 provides inrush current limiting at turnon while C1, C2, L1, L2 and C13 comprise both common and differential mode filtering for conducted EMI.
AC input
8.2, 2W
T1 R3 39K, 1W 1 9 D5 MURS160 2
F1
10 nF x
D6 MBRS360T
R4 100K C7
12V @ 1.3A
C12 0.1
1 A, 250 Vac
MMSD4148A R12 2.2M R14 omit R15 10 D7 3 8 C13 2.2nF Y2 Z1 MMSZ5241B (11V) R5 Vtrim (0 ohm) R6 4 U2 1 47 R7 330 3 opto 2
R11 2.2M
R13 omit
C10 10 uF 25V
2 7 R8 0 ohm
+
R9 1K
+ C9
C8 1 nF
10 uF 25V
NOTES: 1. L1 is Coilcraft E3491AL common mode EMI inductor (3.9 mH) 2. L2 is Coilcraft part RFB0810681L or similar (680 uH, 500 mA) 3. See Magnetics Data Sheet for T1 construction details. 4. R9 sets OVP trip level. 5. R8, R13, R14 for optional power limit feature (see NCP1027 data sheet.) 6. Z1 zener sets Vout: Vout = Vz + 0.85V; R5 is optional voltage trim resistor 7. R10 sets AC input brownout level. 8. R1 is optional inrush limiter. 9. U1 requires Aavid #580100W00000G clipon DIP8 heatsink or similar. 10. Crossed schematic lines are not connected
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The flyback converter is comprised of the NCP1027 controller/MOSFET U1, flyback transformer T1, and the secondary output rectifier/filter section of D6, C6 and C7. An auxiliary winding on T1 and associated components R15, D7, C10, R9, and C9 provide an operating bias (VCC) for the control chip and allows for low output power if the supply is short circuited, and very low standby power under noload conditions. Since the voltage produced by the auxiliary winding tracks the main output voltage, it is also used to sense for overvoltage conditions in the event the feedback loop opens. The OVP trip level can be adjusted by the turns on the auxiliary winding and the value of R9. The main secondary voltage is rectified by Schottky diode D6 and filtered to a
10 uF, 400Vdc x2 C4 L2 680 uH Bulk common
relatively smooth dc level by C6 and C7, the main output capacitors. Capacitor C12 provides for additional high frequency noise filtering for the output. An RCD snubber network composed of R2, R3, C5, and D5 is implemented to clamp voltage spikes caused by the primary leakage inductance of T1. This network prevents potential damage to the MOSFET drain terminal (pin 5) of U1 by limiting the peak voltage and lowers potential EMI emissions. An alternate nondissipative, resonant snubber circuit is shown in Figure 3 which will improve the efficiency of this circuit by a few percentage points depending on the nature of the transformer design and the associated parasitic parameters.
T1 10 MURS160 x2 1 Cr 180pF 2 kV Drain terminal 9 2
C3
As the supplys supply output voltage and/or power level decreases, depending on the need, this incremental increase in efficiency may be critical in meeting ENERGY STAR efficiency requirements. The nondissipative snubber circuit utilizes a resonant tank circuit composed of Lr and Cr which essentially acts as a reactive charge pump that returns the transformers leakage reactance energy back to the input bus (on C4) rather than burn it away in a resistor. This can be implemented for the slight cost increase of an extra fast recovery diode and the small 1.5 mH inductor Lr. Output voltage regulation is achieved by the combination of components Z1, R5, R6, R7 and optocoupler U2. When the output voltage reaches approximately 12 V, zener Z1 conducts, and when sufficient current flows through R7 to produce the 0.9 V necessary to turn the optocoupler diode on, the voltage feedback loop closes and the output will be regulated. The use of R7 forces the zener current to be in a stable part of the devices characteristic V/I curve such that temperature effects on the output voltage are minimized. The output voltage will be equal to the rated zener voltage plus about 0.9 V. There will be some variation due to zener and optocoupler characteristics and a small negative temperature coefficient with this circuit, however, the Vout set point variations should not exceed 5%. Optional resistor R5 allows trimming of the output voltage in the upward direction only.
If the output current exceeds approximately 1.8 A, the converter duty cycle will be reduced by peak current sensing of the MOSFET in U1, and the output voltage will begin to drop. Since the Vcc bias voltage on C10 will drop with the output voltage, eventually there will be insufficient voltage on VCC pin 1 to power the controller, and the supply will then go into a startstop hiccup mode which will prevent high output currents into an overload and protect both the power supply and load. The network of R10 through R12 provides brownout protection for the circuit in the event the AC input voltage (and hence, the dc bulk voltage) drops below about 75 Vac. The level on pin 3 at which the chip shuts down can be adjusted via R10. C11 provides noise filtering for this input. Optional overpower compensation can also be provided via optional resistors R8, R13 and R14 if desired. With universal input supplies, the available output current will typically increase at high line due to reduced inverter duty cycle and the associated propagation delays in the control circuit. As a consequence more output power (current) is available at 230 Vac input. Adding these circuit components will compensate for this effect. Grounding pin 7 disables this feature. The details for the application of this and the brownout features, among others, is described in detail in the data sheet for the NCP1027, which is available at www.onsemi.com.
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6 Transformer Design For low power applications it is desirable to have as small a transformer as possible; however, as the transformer gets smaller, so does the cores cross sectional area. This forces more primary turns in order to maintain an acceptable magnetic flux density limit and can cause excessive turns buildup in the bobbin such that effective primary to secondary insulation becomes prohibitive. A large number of primary turns also increases the primary leakage inductance, not to mention the dc resistance of the windings in general. Both of these factors contribute to lower efficiency in the converter. In this design an E25/10/6 (formerly E24/25) ferrite core was used with a satisfactory compromise with respect to the above mentioned parametric issues. The transformer design for a universal input is shown in Figure 4.
Project / Customer: ON Semiconductor 16 20 watt, 12 vout Wallwart supply Part Description: 20 watt NCP1027 flyback transformer, 100 kHz, 12V / 1.5 A Schematic ID: T1 Core Type: E24/25 (E25/10/6); 3C90 material or similar Core Gap: Gap for 750 uH Inductance: 750 uH +/5% Bobbin Type: 10 pin horizontal mount for E24/25 (E25/10/6) Windings (in order): Winding # / type Primary A (1 10) Vcc (3 8)
Turns / Material / Gauge / Insulation Data 25 turns of #30HN over 1 layer. Insulate for 1 kV to next winding. Self leads to pins.. 5 turns of #30 HN spiral wound over 1 layer with 3 mm end margins minimum. Self leads to pins. Insulate to 3 kV to next winding 5 turns of three strands of #26HN (trifilar) over previous winding with 1.5 mm end margins approximately. Winding ends should be cuffed with tape to avoid edge breakdown other windings. Insulate for 3 kV to next winding. Self leads to pins. Same as Primary A.
12V Secondary (5 6)
Primary B (2 9)
Hipot: 3 kV from primaries & Vcc to secondary for 1 minute. Schematic 10 1 9 2 3 8 5 6 Lead Breakout / Pinout (Top View)
10 9 8 7 6
12 3 4 5
Figure 4.
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Figure 5 is a design for 230 Vac input only (Europe) and will provide slightly higher efficiency and the ability to increase the available continuous power output to approximately 20 W (1.65 A). In either design, the primary is separated into two layers with the secondary and Vcc winding sandwiched in between. This configuration provides for lower leakage inductance and subsequently less voltage spiking at MOSFET turnoff. The trifilar wound 12 V secondary provides for lowest ac and dc losses in this winding. The designs shown in Figures 4 and 5 should be sufficient for any magnetics fabrication house to produce the transformer. Exact pinouts will depend on the specific layout, however, the core selection, wire sizing, inductance value and turns ratio should be adhered to for proper operation. This particular flyback transformer is designed for 100 kHz discontinuous inductor mode (DCM) operation, so the slope compensation feature of pin 2 in the NCP1027 is not necessary (see data sheet for details).
Turns / Material / Gauge / Insulation Data 38 turns of #32HN over 1 layer. Insulate for 1 kV to next winding. Self leads to pins.. 6 turns of #30 HN spiral wound over 1 layer with 3 mm end margins minimum. Self leads to pins. Insulate to 3 kV to next winding 6 turns of three strands of #26HN (trifilar) over previous winding with 1 mm end margins approximately. Winding ends should be cuffed with tape to avoid edge breakdown other windings. Insulate for 3 kV to next winding. Self leads to pins. Same as Primary A.
12V Secondary (5 6)
Primary B (2 9)
Hipot: 3 kV from primaries & Vcc to secondary for 1 minute. Schematic 10 1 9 2 3 8 Lead Breakout / Pinout (Top View)
10 9 8 7 6
5 6
Vendor: Mesa Power Systems, Escondido, CA. 7604898162 Part # 131305
12 3 4 5
Figure 5.
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7 Test Results
7.1 Active Mode Efficiency
The efficiency curves with output loading at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% for 120 and 230 Vac inputs are shown in Figures 6 and 7. Figure 7 displays the improved efficiency with the resonant snubber circuit. Note that the average efficiency in both cases easily meets the ENERGY STAR
Traditional RCB Snubber
Efficiency @ 255C % Load 25 50 75 100 Average Efficiency Minimum Efficiency per ENERGY STAR: [0.09 * Ln(16W)] + 0.49 90 120 Vac 74 77 77.6 76.8 76.4% 74% 230 Vac 73 78.2 80 80.6 78.0% 74%
minimum requirement of 74% at this particular power level. In the 230 Vac input case, a slight efficiency degradation occurs at light loading due to increased circuit quiescent power, mainly due to higher MOSFET switching losses at this input level.
NonDissipative Resonant Snubber
Efficiency @ 255C % Load 25 50 75 100 Average Efficiency Minimum Efficiency per ENERGY STAR: [0.09 * Ln(16W)] + 0.49 90 120 Vac 76.2 79 78 78.2 78.1% 74% 230 Vac 74.4 79.8 80.5 81 78.9% 74%
80 Efficiency (%) Efficiency (%) 0 10 20 30 40 50 % Load 120 Vac 230 Vac 60 70 80 90 100
80
70
70
60
60
50
Figure 6. 7.2 Standby (no load) Power Consumption Traditional RCD Snubber
Figure 7.
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7.3 EMI Profile
The power supply was also tested at a local certified EMI/EMC test facility for conducted EMI on the AC input mains. The plot of Figure 8 shows the conducted EMI profile (peak and average) for 120 Vac input with an output load of 1.3 A. Note that the supplys EMI plot meets the average boundary for FCC Level B.
M. Flom Associates, Inc.
EN 55022: 1998, Class B Line 1 (Neutral)
90.0 Points of Interest 80.0 70.0 Corrected Peak Data CISPRB_QP CISPRB_AV
Amplitude dBuV
1.0M
10.0M
100.0M
Frequency MHz
Job #: p0703008
Figures 9 and 10 show the typical discontinuous flyback voltage waveforms on U1s internal MOSFET drain for 120 and 230 Vac inputs respectively, with a 1.3 A output load.
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Figure 11 is a display of the output ripple with a 1.3 A load. If necessary, lower output ripple can be achieved by placing a small 4.7 mH, 2 A rated inductor between the output capacitors C6 and C7 in the positive rail.
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8 Bill of Materials
16 W, NCP10127 Adaptor BOM (Rev. 4)
Part MRA4007 MURS160 MBRS360T Schottky MMSZ5241B zener diode Optocoupler, SFH6156A4 (4 pin) NCP1027 (100 kHz) X cap, disc type Y cap, disc type Ceramic cap, disc Ceramic cap, monolythic Ceramic cap, monolythic Electrolytic cap Electrolytic cap Electrolytic cap Resistor, 2 W Resistor, 1 W Resistor, 1/4 W Resistor, 1/4 W Resistor, 1/8 W Resistor, 1/8 W Resistor, 1/4 W Resistor, 1/8 W Resistor, 1/8 W Resistor, 1/8 W Resistor, 1/8 W Resistor, 1/4 W Resistor, 1/4 W Heatsink for U1 Inductor, 680 mH EMI Inductor, 3.9 mH Transformer Qty 4 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 L2 L1 T1 ID D1 D4 D5 D6 Z1 U2 U1 C1, C2 C13 C5 C12 C8, C11 C3, C4 C6, C7 C9, C10 R1 R3 R2 R8 R7 R6 R4 R5 R15 R9 R10 R11, R12 R13, R14 Description 1 A, 800 V diode 1 A, 600 V UFR diode 3 A, 60 V Schottky 11 V, 250 mW zener Optocoupler 100 kHz current mode controller 10 nF X2 capacitor, 250 Vac 2.2 nF, Y2 capacitor, 250 Vac 4.7 nF, 2 kV capacitor (snubber) 0.1 mF, 50 V ceramic cap 1 nF, 50 V ceramic cap 10 mf, 400 Vdc 470 mf, 16 V (low ESR) 10 mf, 25 V 8.2 W, 2 W ceramic 39 K, 1 W 4.7 W, 1/4 W 0 W, 1/4 W (jumper power limit) 330, 1/8 W 47 W, 1/8 W 100 K, 1/4 W 0 W, 1/8 W (jumper) 10 W 1 kW 30 K 2.2 Meg TBD (optional for power limit) Aavid 580100W00000G RFB0810681L E3491AL Flyback Xfmr #131302 Comments ON Semiconductor ON Semiconductor ON Semiconductor ON Semiconductor Vishay ON Semiconductor Vishay Vishay Vishay Vishay Vishay UCC, Rubycon UCC, Rubycon UCC, Rubycon Ohmite Ohmite Ohmite Ohmite Ohmite Ohmite Ohmite Ohmite Ohmite Ohmite Ohmite Ohmite Ohmite Aavid Coilcraft Coilcraft Mesa Power Systems
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3.75 Inches
2.25 Inches
(Top View)
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9 Appendix
References:
Draft Commission Communication on Policy Instruments to Reduce Standby Losses of Consumer Electronic http://standby.lbl.gov/ACEEE/StandbyPaper.pdf
CSC (exCECP China):
Equipment (19 February 1999) http://energyefficiency.jrc.cec.eu.int/pdf/consumer_electronics_communication.pdf European Information & Communications Technology Industry Association http://www.eicta.org/
http://www.cecp.org.cn/englishhtml/index.asp
Energy Saving (Korea): Top Runner (Japan):
http://weng.kemco.or.kr/efficiency/english/main.html# http://www.eccj.or.jp/top_runner/index.html
EU Ecolabel (Europe):
http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/ecolabel/index_en.htm http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/ecolabel/product/pg_television_en.htm
EU Code of Conduct (Europe): GEEA (Europe):
http://www.energystar.gov/ http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=ext_power_supplies.power_supplies_consumers
1 Watt Executive Order:
http://oahu.lbl.gov/ http://oahu.lbl.gov/level_summary.html
Additional Collateral from ON Semiconductor:
Power Offline SMPS Design note DN06006/D: NCP1027: 1 A, 12 W Constant Current OffLine LED Driver Design note DN06012/D: NCP1027: 10 W, 24 V / 5 V OffLine Power Supply Design note DN06021/D: NCP1027: 16 W, 12 Vdc Modem Power Supply
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