Sources of Vibration

Sources of Vibration

Forces and Vibration

Forces caused by Imbalance Shock Friction Acoustic

[m/s] Autospectrum(Response) - Input (Magnitude) Mobility : Input : Input : FFT Analyzer

Structural Parameters: Mass Stiffness Damping

[m/s]

Vibration Parameters: Acceleration Velocity Displacement

Autospectrum(Response) - Input (Magnitude) Mobility : Input : Input : FFT Analyzer

Frequency Response (response, excitation) Mobility : Input :H1 Input : FFT Analyzer
1

1 100m

x
0 100 200 300 [Hz] 400 500

20

=
0 100 200 300 [Hz] 400 500

100m

10m 1m

-20

10m 1m 0 100 200 300 [Hz] 400 500

Input Forces
2

System Response =

Vibration

Sources of Vibration

Fault Diagnosis
Frequency analysis: The tool for diagnosis of faults

Sources of Vibration

Faults in Rotating Shafts

Unbalance: Vibration: Frequency: Mainly radial Rotation speed

Misalignment and bent shaft Radial and axial Vibration: Frequency: Rotation speed
Often 2nd harmonic sometimes 3rd and 4th harmonic

Cracks in shafts The components at the rotation speed and the second harmonic will increase.
(B. Grabovski: VDI berichte n. 320 1978)

Sources of Vibration

Unbalance

Sources of Vibration

Misalignment

Sources of Vibration

Misalignment in Gearbox
85 Hz 50 Hz mm/s 10 1 0.1 50 Hz 0.01 0 500 Hz Measurement using accelerometer 100 200 300 400 mm/s 10 1 0.1 0.01 0 100 200 300 400 500 Hz 170 Hz 100 Hz 170 Hz 85 Hz 5100 rpm Gear 50 Hz 3000 rpm

Before repair
85 Hz 100 Hz, Mains 2nd order

After repair

Measurement using velocity transducer

Sources of Vibration

Rotating Shaft

Sources of Vibration

Fault in Bearings

Sources of Vibration

Oil Whirl and Oil Whip

Low Eccentricity Natural Frequency Bearing (oil) stiffness

(Hz)
High Eccentricity Natural Frequency Shaft stiffness

10

Sources of Vibration

Oil Whirl and Oil Whip

11

Sources of Vibration

Loose Journal Bearing

12

Sources of Vibration

Journal Bearing Looseness (after repair)

13

Sources of Vibration

Vibration from Gears

14

Sources of Vibration

Faults in the Vibration Spectrum

Toothmesh Frq.

F = 1/T

15

Sources of Vibration

Tooth Deflection

Varying numbers no. of teeth carry the load! New Gears also.

16

Sources of Vibration

Tooth Wear

17

Sources of Vibration

Tooth Meshing Frequency and Harmonics

18

Sources of Vibration

Ghost Component

19

Sources of Vibration

Ghost independent of Load

20

Sources of Vibration

Cement Mill Drive

21

Sources of Vibration

Ghost before and after Repair

22

Sources of Vibration

Gearbox and Zoom

23

Sources of Vibration

Electrical Machines

24

Sources of Vibration

Electric Motor Vibrations

600

1200

90

100

110

25

Sources of Vibration

Faults in Rolling Element Bearing

26

Sources of Vibration

Vibration Trouble-shooting Chart (1/4)

Nature of Fault
Rotating Members out of Balance Misalignment and Bent Shaft Journal Bearings Loose in Housing

Frequency of Dominant Vibration (Hz = RPM/60)

1 RPM Usually 1 RPM Often 2 RPM Sometimes 3 and 4 RPM Sub-harmonics of shaft RPM, exactly 1/2 or 1/3 RPM Slightly less than half shaft speed (42% to 48%) Shaft critical speed

Direction
Radial Radial and Axial Primarily Radial

Remarks
A common cause of excess vibration in machinery A common fault

Looseness may only develop at operating speed and temperature (eg. turbomachines). Applicable to high-speed (eg. turbo) machines. Vibrations excited when passing through critical shaft speed are maintained at higher shaft speeds. Can sometimes be cured by checking tightness of rotor components.

Oil Film Whirl or Whip in Journal Bearings Hysteresis Whirl

Primarily Radial Primarily Radial

27

Sources of Vibration

Vibration Trouble-shooting Chart (2/4)

Nature of Fault
Damaged Rolling Element Bearings (Ball, Roller, etc.)

Frequency of Dominant Vibration (Hz = RPM/60)

Impact rates for the individual bearing component* Also vibrations at high frequencies (2 to 60 kHz) often related to radial resonances in bearings

Direction
Radial and Axial

Remarks
Uneven vibration levels, often with shocks.

* Impact rates (assuming pure rolling motion)

Contact Angle

For an outer race defect:

f [Hz ] = f [Hz ] =

n BD fr 1 cos 2 PD n BD fr 1 + cos 2 PD

For an inner race defect:

Ball Diameter (BD) Pitch Diameter (PD) n = number of balls of rollers fr = relative rev./sec between inner and outer races
28

For a ball defect:

2 PD BD f [Hz ] = fr 1 cos BD PD

For a cage defect:

f [Hz ] =

1 BD fr 1 cos 2 PD

Sources of Vibration

Vibration Trouble-shooting Chart (3/4)

Nature of Fault
Damaged or worn gears

Frequency of Dominant Vibration (Hz = RPM/60)

Tooth meshing frequencies (shaft RPM number of teeth) and harmonics

Direction
Radial and Axial

Remarks
Sidebands around tooth meshing frequencies indicate modulation (eg. eccentricity) at frequency corresponding to sideband spacings. Normally only detectable with very narrow-band analysis

Mechanical Looseness Faulty Belt Drive Unbalanced Reciprocating Forces and Couples

2 RPM

Also sub and interharmonics, as for loose Journal bearings Radial Primarily Radial

1, 2, 3 and 4 RPM of belt 1 RPM and/or multiples for higher order unbalance

29

Sources of Vibration

Vibration Trouble Shooting Chart (4/4)

Nature of Fault
Increased Turbulence

Frequency of Dominant Vibration (Hz = RPM/60)

Blade and vane passing frequencies and harmonics

Direction
Radial and Axial

Remarks
Increasing levels indicate increasing turbulence

Electrically Induced Vibrations

1 RPM or 1 or 2 times synchronous frequency

Radial and Axial

Should disappear when turning off the power

30

Sources of Vibration