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A

Accepts : Usable pulp that has passed the screening operation. Active alkali (AA) With respect to kraft white liquor, the amount of concentration of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) plus sodium sulphide (Na2S). Alkaline extraction Bleaching stage (denotation E) for removal of lignin made potentially soluble by the previous acidic oxidizing stage and to reactivate the pulp to further oxidation. Main chemical applied: sodium hydroxide NaOH. Can be enhanced with oxygen (EO), hydrogen peroxide (EP) or both (EOP). Alkaline pulping : General term usually denoting the kraft process. However, the term is also applied to other high pH chemical pulping processes, such as soda or soda-oxygen pulping. AOX (Adsorbable organic halogen compounds) Collective term for the amount of chlorine bound in organic pollutants, contained in waste water for instance.

B
Back-pressure turbine Steam turbine, from which the exhaust steam is not condensed, but is transported and utilized in an industrial process. Bagasse

The crushed stalks of sugar cane after the sugar has been extracted. Can be used as a fibre source for nonwood pulping. Bamboo Giant wood grass that is used as a fibre source in nonwood pulping. Barking Removing bark from pulpwood prior to processing. Basis weight Weight per unit area of paper. Synonym: Grammage. Batch cooking Chemical pulping operation, in which a discrete quantity or batch of chips is individually processed. Batch digester Large pressure vessel (150...400 cubic meters) used for batchwise production of pulp.

Black liquor Spent cooking liquoThe pulp production depends on the number of batches (i.e. cooks) that are processed.r from a kraft cook, containing dissolved organic material and residual alkali compounds. Bleachability Qualitative term used to describe the relative ease of which pulp can be bleached. Bleaching : Chemically treating a pulp to alter the coloring matter so the pulp has a higher brightness. Bleaching sequence

Series of subsequent bleaching stages, normally described by abbreviations (e.g. CEDED which stands for "chlorination - alkaline extraction - chlorine dioxide - alkaline extraction - chlorine dioxide"). Blow Pulp discharge under pressure from the digester. Blow line Pipeline which transports stock from the digester to the blow tank. Blow tank Large vessel into which pulp is blown at the end of a cook and from which the pulp is pumped to the next processing stage. BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand). A measure of the amount of oxygen consumed by microorganisms in breaking down organic matter in effluent during a certain method. E.g. BOD7, biological oxygen demand during seven days. Bone dry (b.d.) Moisture free (also termed oven-dry, o.d.). A pulp or paper which has been dried to a constant weight at a temperature of 100 to 105 oC in a completely dry atmosphere. Breaking length Measure of pulp tensile strength which is independent of the basis weight of the paper sheet, equal to the length of paper which will just support its own weight when hung freely from one end. (Conversion factor: tensile index (Nm/g) = 9.81 x breaking length (km)). Brownstock Unbleached pulp from an alkaline pulping process. The term is derived from the dark brown color of the pulp. Brightness

Reflectivity of a sheet of pulp or paper measured under standardized conditions; used to indicate the degree of "whiteness". Brightness reversion A term applied to pulps to indicate loss of brightness during natural or artificial agening.

Bulk Ratio of thickness to basis weight of paper. A dense sheet has low bulk. Bursting strength A measure of the ability of paper to resist rupture when pressure is applied to one of its sides by a specific instrument.

C
Carbohydrates The main carbohydrates in wood are polysaccharides such as cellulose and hemicellulose. CED Viscosity Test of cellulose solution viscosity which indicates the average length of the cellulose molecules, i.e. the degree of polymerization. Cellulose Chemically, a polymer composed of glucose monomers. It is the main constituent of plant fibres. Chelating Chemically combining with a metallic ion into a "coordination complex". Common chemicals used for chelation are EDTA (Ethylendiaminetetraacidic acid) and DTPA (Diethylenetetraminepentaacidic acid).

Chemical pulp Pulp obtained by digestion of wood with solutions of various chemicals. Chemical recovery cycle Part of the pulp mill, in which the spent cooking chemicals are recycled and reconverted into active cooking chemicals. Chemimechanical pulp 1. Pulp produced with a combination of a gentle chemical treatment stage and mechanical defibration, such as disc refining. The yield range is 80 to 95 %. 2. Subgroup of chemimechanical pulps (also called CMP), produced with relative severe chemical treartment combined with atmospheric refining. The yield is typically below 90 %. Chemithermomechanical pulp, CTMP Chemimechanical pulp produced with relatively low chemical doses combined with pressurized refining. The yield is typically above 90 %. Chlorine number Test method for determining the bleach requirement of a pulp. It indicates the number of grams of chlorine consumed by 100 g of pulp under specified conditions. Chips Chopped wood prepared for coking to produce chemical pulp or refining to produce refiner mechanical pulp.

Chip chute Vertical conduit through which chips fall from the steaming vessel into the high pressure feeder, a component of continuous digester systems.

Chip meter Device used with the continuous digester feed system to control the chip feed rate. Chlorination A bleaching stage (denoted C) using elemental chlorine as bleaching agent. Chlorine Greenish-yellow gas used as a bleaching agent. Also known as gas chlorine or elemental chlorine. Chlorine dioxide Yellow gas in solution as a bleaching agent. Chop Short, chunky bundle of unseparated fibres occurring in mechanical pulps. Chromophor Chemical group responsible for colour in (wood and pulp). Classifier Term with wide applications. Usually refers to laboratory devices for separating aqueous suspension of pulp fibres into various-size fractions. Cleaning Removal of dirt and foreign material from pulp by centrifugal action. Cleaners Vessels which remove dirt and foreign material from pulp by centrifugal action. Closed system System wherein white water or filtrate is mainly recirculated and not discharged to waste.

COD (Chemical oxygen demand). Chemical oxygenconsuming substances. A measure of the amount of oxygen required for the total chemical breakdown of organic substances in water. Cold blow Pressure ejection of cooked pulp from a batch or continuous digester after the pulp has been cooled to below 100 oC. The cooling step reduces damage to the fibres. Cold soda pulp A semichemical pulp generally produced from hardwoods by room temperature treatment with sodium hydroxide followed by mechanical fiberizing.

Condensate Any material that has condensed from a gaseous phase into a liquid phase. Usually refers to water that has condensed from steam in a heat exchange process. Coniferous trees Cone-bearing and evergreen trees, such as spruce, pine, hemlock, balsam. Also termed softwood trees. Consistency Weight percentage of pulp in a pulp and water mixture. Continuous cooking Chemical pulping operation in which wood chips and cooking liquor are fed at a constant rate into the digester and move in continuous fashion through successive zones or stages of equipment. Continuous digester Digester system for continuous cooking. Cooking

Treating fibrous materials with chemicals under heat and pressure to produce pulp for papermaking. Cooking zone Section within a continuous digester in which the major portion of the cooking reactions occur; the section in which the chip mass is at or near the maximum cooking temperature. Cord Usually a pile of pulpwood 8 feet long, 4 feet wide and 4 feet high, containing 128 cubic feet. Countercurrent cooking Cooking technique for a kraft continuous digester wherein cooking liquor and heat are introduced at the point where pulp is removed; the liquor then moves countercurrently to the chip mass flow until it is extracted as black liquor through the extraction screens. Cunit A term used in the measurement of pulpwood, i.e. 100 cubic feet of solid wood, bark excluded. One cunit corresponds to 2.83 cubic meter of wood.

D
Debarking Removing bark from pulpwood prior to processing. Deciduous trees Hardwoods or broad-leaved trees which lose their leaves in winter, such as birch, aspen, maple and cottonwood. Degree of delignification Amount of delignification as measured by the kappa number test or other comparable method of determining residual lignin. (Synonym: Degree of cooking).

Delignification Removal of all part of the lignin from wood or plant material by chemical treatment. Chemical pulping and the initial stages of bleaching are examples of delignification. Degree of polymerization (DP) As applied to cellulose, refers to the average number of glucose unit in each cellulose molecule of a pulp sample. Usually determined by the CED viscosity test. Deinking Removal of ink and other extraneous materials from printed, reclaimed papers by mechanical disintegration and chemical treatment, with subsequent washing or flotation separation. Diffusion Diffusion in impregnation of wood chips: movement of ions and molecules from an area of high concentration (e.g. the free cooking liquor surrounding the chips) to an area of lower concentration (e.g. the inner part of the chips). Digester The pressure vessel to treat pulpwood or other fibre raw material with chemicals to produce chemical pulp. The digester may be either of the batch or the continuous type. Digester relief Venting of steam and noncondensibles from the digester during the cook to prevent hot spots and buildup of excessive pressure.

Dregs Settleable solids which comprise the underflow from the green liquor clarifier. DTPA

Diethylenetetraminepentaacidic acid. Chemical used for chelation (removal of transition metals from pulp).

E
ECF Elemental chlorine-free bleaching. Bleaching in sequences not including elemental chlorine but using chlorine dioxide, e.g. D(EO)DD. Bleaching in sequences not including chlorine-containing substances at all is called TCF (totally chlorine-free bleaching) EDTA Ethylendiaminetetraacidic acid. Chemical used for chelation (removal of transition metals from pulp). Elemental chlorine Molecular chlorine, Cl2, used for pulp bleaching. Emission Passage of air contaminants into the atmosphere via a gas steam or other means. Enzyme Class of complex organic substances that accelerate or catalyze specific chemical reactions. Extended delignification Kraft pulping modification to achieve lower kappa numbers with maintained pulp strength. Extractives Minor substances ( 1-5 % of the raw material) present in native wood, i.e. resin acids, fatty acids, turpenoid compounds and alcohols. Most of these substances are soluble in water or neutral organic solvents.

F
Fibril Thread-like element unraveled from the fibre wall.

Fibrillation A term commonly associated with refining of pulp. It results in the loosening of threadlike elements from the fibre wall to provide greater surface for forming fibre-to-fibre bonds. Fillers Paper materials used to fill spaces not occupied by fibres. Filtrate The liquid that is produced when a solution is filtered. Fines Very small fibre fragments that readily pass through a filter wire cloth. Flash dryer : Pulp dryer, in which the material is dried in particulate form. Flash tank A vessel used to lower the pressure of steam condensate causing the hot condensate to evaporate, or flash to steam, and separate the remaining liquid. Formation Degree of uniformity of the fibre distribution in a sheet of paper. Freeness A measure of the degree of refining and drainage of a particular stock. Also called CSF (Canadian Standard Freeness). Furnish The specific mixture of raw materials, both pulp and chemicals, from which a particular paper or board grade is manufactured.

Glucose Simple hexose sugar that forms the basic chemical building unit of cellulose. Grade An identification or description of a particular paper or pulp based on its use, appearance, quality, method of manufacture, raw materials or a combination of these factors. Grammage : Weight per unit area of paper (i.e. basis weight) in grams per square meter. Green liquor The smelt from a kraft recovery boiler dissolved in weak wash liquor. Green liquor contains mainly sodium carbonate and sodium suphide. Green wood Freshly cut or undried wood. Grinder A machine for producing mechanical groundwood pulp. It is essentially a rotating pulpstone against which logs are pressed and reduced to pulp. Groundwood pulp (GW or SGW) Mechanical pulp produced with a grinder. Grits Unreacted particles of lime removed from the slaker.

H
Handsheet A sheet made from a suspension of fibres in water. Each sheet is formed separately by draining a pulp suspension on a stationary sheet mould. It is

generally used for testing the physical properties of the pulp. Hard cook Generally refers to digester charge that has been undercooked with respect to target conditions. Hardwood Wood from trees of the angiosperm class, usually with broad leaves and deciduous in temperate zones. Hardwood fibres are short in relation to softwood fibres. Hemicelluloses Any of a number of cell-wall polysaccharides occurring in nearly all vegetable fibres. Hexenuronic acid Acid groups formed from the hemicelluloses in kraft cooking. Hexenuronic acids contributes to the kappa number and reacts with several bleaching agents, thus consuming these chemicals. Hexose Simple sugar (monosaccharide) containing six carbon atoms in the molecule (e.g. glucose, galactose). High density storage tower Pulp tower used for storage of pulp at 9...22 % consistency.

High pressure feeder Key component of the continuous digester system, consisting of a plug revolving in a casing, similar in appearance to a revolving valve cock. Holocellulose The term applied to the total carbohydrate fraction in extractive free wood.

Hydrolysis Decomposition of a complex molecule and reaction with water to form a least two smaller molecules. Hydrophilic Having a strong affinity for water. Hydrophobic Lacking affinity for water, i.e. water-repellent.

I
Impregnation Process of distributing cooking chemicals through the wood chips by the mechanism of penetration and diffusion. Impregnation vessel Component part of some continuous cooking systems (usually called two-vessel systems) in which the chips are impregnated with cooking liquor at a temperature below the maximum cooking temperature. Impregnation zone : Section within a continuous digester in which impregnation occurs. Integrated mill A paper or board mill that produces substantially all its own pulp. Intrinsic viscosity An indication of cellulose DP(degree of polymerization) obtained by measuring the viscosity of a cellulose solution of known concentration. ISO brightness ISO brightness is an intrinsic reflectance factor determined with a brightness meter whose sensitivity to light agrees with ISO standard 2470.

J K
Kappa number Modified permanganate test value of pulp which has been corrected to 50 percent consumption of the chemical. Kappa number has the advantage of a linear relationship with lignin content over a wide range. Kraft process Alkaline cooking process using sodium hydroxide and sodium sulphide as the active cooking chemical. Synonym: Sulphate process. Kraft pulp Pulp produced with the kraft process. Synonym: sulphate pulp.

L
Light absorption coefficient The light absorption coefficient, k, is a theoretical quantity related to the Kubelka-Munk theory. The light absorption coefficient has no direct physical meaning, but it is a measure of an infinitely thin layer's ability to absorb light. Light scattering coefficient The light scattering coefficient, s, is a theoretical quantity related to the Kubelka-Munk theory. The light scattering coefficient has no direct physical meaning, but it is a measure of how well an infinitely thin layer of material scatters light. Lignin Chemical component of wood. Lignin is a threedimensional, highly polymerized substance composed of 100 and more phenyl propane units. Lignin cements the fibres together in wood and makes the fibres stiff.

Linerboard A paperboard used as the facing material in the production of corrugated and solid fiber containers. Liquor circulation Movement of cooking liquor through the chip mass during a cook either by convection or pumping. Lo-Solids A continuous cooking process that uses split white liquor additions, split washer filtrate additions and multiple extractions to manipulate both the amount and concentration of dissolved organics in order to improve pulping efficiency and pulp quality. Low-consistency (pulp) Pulp of a consistency below 4 % pulp fibres, the remaining being water. Low-pressure feeder Tapered star feeder that feeds chips from atmospheric pressure to approximately 150 kPa pressure as they enter the steaming vessel of a continuous digester system. o

M
Market pulp Pulp sold as raw material to nonintegrated paper mills. MC pump Medium (10...16 %) consistency centrifugal pulp, the operation of which is based high shear forces in the inlet throat to reach a fluid-like state in the pulp. Mechanical pulp Pulp produced by mechanical treatment of wood in grinders or refiners.

Modified continuous cooking, MCC Continuous cooking system in which the white liquor is introduced in three circulations of the cooking system: the feed circulation, the transfer circulation and the countercurrent cooking circulation.

N
Neutral sulphite pulp Neutral sulphite pulps - commonly called neutral sulphite semichemical or NSSC - are usually made from hardwoods although softwoods low in resins can also be used. The active cooking chemicals are either sodium sulphite and sodium carbonate or ammonium and suphur dioxide. NSSC pulps are used as the corrugated layer in corrugated board.H Non-condensibles Gases released during the evaporation of black liquor. Nonwood pulping Manufacture of pulp from nonwood raw material, i.e. from various vascular plants such as straw, bagasse, bamboo etc.

O
Opacity Property of a paper which prevents "show-through" of printing from one side of sheet to the other. Outlet device Rotating scraper assembly at the bottom of a continuous digester which conveys the chips from the column into the blow line. Oven dry, o.d. Moisture free, also "bone dry". A pulp or paper which has been dried to a constant weight at a temperature of 100 to 105 oC in a completely dry atmosphere. Oxidation

The chemical reaction of adding oxygen to an element or compound. Oxygen chemical bleaching, OCB Bleaching in sequences not including chlorine chemicals at all, but only oxygen-based chemicals such as oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, ozone etc. Synonym: TCF bleaching. Oxygen delignification Delignification stage based on sodium hydroxide or oxidized white liquor and oxygen. The oxygen delignification stage is normally located after cooking but ahead of the bleachery. Synonym: oxygen bleaching.

P
Penetration Flowing of the cooking liquor into the wood chips through the pores of the wood. Pentose Simple sugar (monosaccharide) containing five carbon atoms in the molecule (e.g. xylose, arabinose). Permanganate number Chemical test performed to determine the amount of residual lignin in pulp. PH A measure of the acid or alkaline characteristics of a chemical obtained by measuring the hydrogen ion potential to the substance and assigning it a number from 1 to 14. Pitch Resinous materials present in wood that carry over into the pulping and papermaking systems to form insoluble deposits.

Polymer Chemical compound consisting of repeating structural units. Pre-steaming 1. Injection of steam into a batch digester during or after charging with chips, but before the cooking liquor is added. 2. Introduction of steam at atmospheric pressure into the chip bin just before the chips are metered into a steam pressurized environment. In both cases, the objective is to preheat the chips and remove a portion of the air from the chip mass. Pulp Fibrous material produced either chemically or mechanically (or by some combination of chemical and mechanical means) from wood or other cellulosic raw material. Pulp is the principal raw material for papermaking.

Pulping reaction Any of the chemical reactions between active cooking chemicals and the pulping raw material during cooking. Pulpwood Logs trimmed and cut to size for use by the pulp mill. Generally of poorer quality and smaller diameter than sawlogs.

Q
Quenching Slowing down the cooking reaction in a continuous digester at the end of the cooking zone by displacing the hot black liquor with ascending wash liquor and extracting it into the flash tank.

Ray cells Short cells, chiefly parenchymatous, which make up the wood ray. The wood ray is a ribbonlike strand of tissue extending in radial direction across the annual rings of the wood. Recaustisizing Conversion of sodium carbonate into active sodium hydroxide. Recovery boiler Steam boiler specially designed for the kraft recovery process. The recovery boiler uses strong black liquor as fuel and supplies heat for steam generation and recovers the inorganic cooking chemicals in molten form. Synonym: Recovery furnace. Rejects Stock and wood dirt that is not accepted by cleaning system. Refiner A mechanical device used to produce mechanical pulp between grooved metallic discs, of which the other or both are rotating. Refiner mechanical pulp, RMP Mechanical pulp produced in a refiner. Refiner plates Grooved discs mounted inside a refiner used to defiberize wood chips into mechanical pulp. Residual lignin Lignin left in the pulp after a delignification treatment, e.g. cooking or oxygen delignification. Roe number Roe Measure of the amount of residual lignin in pulp.

S
Saturated steam Steam at its condensing temperature (for a given pressure). Sawlog High-quality log suitable for processing into lumber. Scaling Formation of scale due to precipitation, principally of inorganic compounds, on the inside surfaces of digesters and other equipment. Screened yield Yield of accept pulp after screening. Screening Process for removal of oversized and unwanted particles from the pulp. Selectivity Relative extent to which active cooking chemicals attack the lignin and preserve the carbohydrates, i.e. better selectivity is synonymous to higher yield and/or better viscosity at a given kappa number. Semichemical pulp A pulp produced by a mild chemical treatment of the raw material followed by a mechanical fiberizing operation. Shives Small bundles of fibres that have not been separated completely in the pulping operations.

Slasher

Machine that saws pulplogs into uniform short lengths. Slowness Measure of pulp drainage. Has in inverse relationship to freeness. Slurry A suspension of insoluble material in water Smelt Inorganic chemicals obtained in molten form from the recovery boiler. Soda pulp A chemical pulp produced by high temperature digestion using sodium hydroxide. Soft cook General term for a cook than has been overdelignified. Softwoods Cone-bearing trees. Since they usually keep their needles or leaves the entire year, they are popularly called evergreens. Steaming vessel Vessel in a continuous cooking system through which the chips are conveyed and exposed to a displacement flow of steam which heats the chips and removes air and other non-condensibles. Steam-phase digester Cooking vessel in which impregnated chips are heated with direct steam to bring them up to the cooking temperature. Stock Wet pulp of any type at any stage of the manufacturing process.

Sulphate process Alkaline cooking process using sodium hydroxide and sodium sulphide as the active cooking chemical. Synonym: Kraft process. Sulphate pulp
Chemical pulp produced with the sulphate process. Synonym: sulphate pulp.

Sulphidity With respect to white or green liquor, the ratio of sodium sulphide concentration to the active alkali (sodium hydroxide + sodium sulphide) concentration, all in terms of equivalent sodium hydroxide (or sodium oxide). Sulphite process Chemical pulping process using a bisulphite solution as the delignifying medium. The cation used is usually calcium, magnesium, sodium or magnesium. Sulphite pulp Chemical pulp produced with the sulphite process. Suspended solids A measure of the quantity of filterable solids which are present in a water suspension. Superheated steam Steam at higher temperature than its saturation (condensing) temperature.

T
Tall oil Byproduct from the kraft pulping process. TCF bleaching ( ) Bleaching in sequences not including chlorine chemicals at all, but only oxygen-based chemicals

such as oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, ozone etc. Synonym: oxygen chemical bleaching (OCB). Tear index Tear index = tearing resistance/basis weight. Tearing resistance The mean force required to continue the tearing of paper from an initial cut under standardized conditions. Tensile index Tensile index = tensile strength/basis weight.

Tensile strength The force, parallel with the plane of paper, required to produce failure in a specimen of specified width and length under specified conditions of loading. Top circulation system Pumping circuit on a continuous digester that transports chips in sluicing liquor from the highpressure feeder to the top separator and returns the sluicing liquor to the high-pressure feeder. Top separator Equipment at the top of a continuous digester used for separation of chips and liquor from excess transport liquor. Transfer circulation Pumping circuit on a continuous digester that transports chips in sluicing liquor from the impregnation vessel to the top separator and returns the sluicing liquor to the impregnation vessel.

Two-vessel digester Usually refers to a continuous digester system where one vessel is used for in series with a second vessel for cooking. Turpentine Byproduct from the kraft pulping process.

U
Unit A term used in the measurement of pulpwood. It refers to a pile of wood eight feet long, five feet wide and four feet high.

V
Viscosity
An indication of cellulose DP(degree of polymerization) obtained by measuring the viscosity of a cellulose solution of known concentration.

W
White liquor Kraft cooking liquor containing active alkali compounds of sodium hydroxide and sodium sulphide. Wood-free Pulp furnish without mechanical pulp.

X
Xylan One of the hemicelluloses in wood.

Xylanase Enzyme used for hydrolysis of xylan in pulp bleaching.

Z
Zero-span tensile strength The tensile strength of a sheet of fibrous material, measured with special jaws, at an apparent initial span of zero. It is an indication of the strength of the material comprising the fibre

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