668

Chapter 11 Parametric Equatins and Polar Coordinates

5. 2 b sin (c)) 2 c sin ) r and 2 b sin (1 c ))

2 b sin ) cr not symmetric about the x-axis;
2 b sin (1 c )) 2 b sin ) r symmetric about the
y-axis; therefore not symmetric about the origin

6. 1 b 2 sin (c)) 1 c 2 sin ) r and 1 b 2 sin (1 c ))

1 b 2 sin ) cr not symmetric about the x-axis;
1 b 2 sin (1 c )) 1 b 2 sin ) r symmetric about the
y-axis; therefore not symmetric about the origin

)
)
7. sin c # c sin # cr symmetric about the y-axis;
c
)
sin 21# ) sin 2 , so the graph is symmetric about the

x-axis, and hence the origin.

)
)
8. cos c # cos # r symmetric about the x-axis;
c
)
cos 21# ) cos 2 , so the graph is symmetric about the

y-axis, and hence the origin.

9. cos (c)) cos ) r# (r c)) and (cr c)) are on the

graph when (r )) is on the graph symmetric about the
x-axis and the y-axis; therefore symmetric about the origin

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 11.4 Graphing in Polar Coordinates

10. sin (1 c )) sin ) r# (r 1 c )) and (cr 1 c )) are on
the graph when (r )) is on the graph symmetric about
the y-axis and the x-axis; therefore symmetric about the
origin

11. c sin (1 c )) c sin ) r# (r 1 c )) and (cr 1 c ))

are on the graph when (r )) is on the graph symmetric
about the y-axis and the x-axis; therefore symmetric about
the origin

12. c cos (c)) c cos ) r# (r c)) and (cr c)) are on

the graph when (r )) is on the graph symmetric about
the x-axis and the y-axis; therefore symmetric about the
origin

13. Since a r c)b are on the graph when (r )) is on the graph

a rb# 4 cos 2(c )) r# 4 cos 2) , the graph is
symmetric about the x-axis and the y-axis the graph is
symmetric about the origin

14. Since (r )) on the graph (cr )) is on the graph

a rb# 4 sin 2) r# 4 sin 2) , the graph is
symmetric about the origin. But 4 sin 2(c)) c4 sin 2)
r# and 4 sin 2(1 c )) 4 sin (21 c 2)) 4 sin (c2))
c4 sin 2) r# the graph is not symmetric about
the x-axis; therefore the graph is not symmetric about
the y-axis
15. Since (r )) on the graph (cr )) is on the graph
a rb# c sin 2) r# c sin 2) , the graph is
symmetric about the origin. But c sin 2(c)) c(c sin 2))
sin 2) r# and c sin 2(1 c )) c sin (21 c 2))
c sin (c2)) c(c sin 2)) sin 2) r# the graph
is not symmetric about the x-axis; therefore the graph is
not symmetric about the y-axis

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

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670

Chapter 11 Parametric Equatins and Polar Coordinates

16. Sincea r c)b are on the graph when (r )) is on the

graph a rb# c cos 2(c)) r# c cos 2), the
graph is symmetric about the x-axis and the y-axis the
graph is symmetric about the origin.

r c1 c1 1 , and ) c 1 r c1
#
#
dr
c1 c 1 ; rw d) c sin ); Slope r sin )brr cos )
#
r cos )c sin )

17. )

1
#

Slope at c1 1 is
#

c sin )br cos )

c sin ) cos )cr sin )
c sin b(c1) cos
c sin cos c(c1) sin

c1; Slope at c1 c 1 is
#

1
#
1 #
#

c sin c b(c1) cos c

c sin c cos c c(c1) sin c
1

18. ) 0 r c1 (c" 0), and ) 1 r c1

dr
(c" 1); rw d) cos );
r sin )br cos )
cos ) sin )br cos )
r cos )cr sin ) cos ) cos )cr sin )
0 c
cos ) sin )br cos )
Slope at (c" 0) is cos 0 sinc(b(1)1) cos 0
cos )cr sin )
cos 0 c sin 0
1 c
c1; Slope at (c" 1) is cos 1 sinc(b(1) 1) cos 1 1
cos 1 c sin 1
#

Slope

r 1 " 1 ; ) c 1 r c1
4
4
1
1
c1 c 1 ; ) 34 r c1 c" 34 ;
4
1
1
) c 34 r 1 1 c 34 ;
2 cos 2);

1
4

c1;

2 cos c sin c 4 b(c1) cos c 4

2 cos c cos c 4 c(c1) sin c 4
1

2 cos 3 sin 34 b(c1) cos 34

1

3
3
4 b(1) cos c 4
cos c 34 c(1) sin c 34

sin c

2 cos c

1;
1

2 cos 3 cos 34 c(c1) sin 34

2 cos c

1;

1
Slope at 1 c 34 is

Slope at c1 c 1 is
4

Slope at 1 1 is
4

1
Slope at c1 34 is

2 cos 2) sin )br cos )

2 cos 2) cos )cr sin )
2 cos sin 4 b(1) cos 4
2 cos cos c(1) sin

r sin )br cos )

r cos )cr sin )

Slope

dr
d)

rw

1
4

19. )

c1

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 11.4 Graphing in Polar Coordinates

20. ) 0 r 1 (1 0); ) 1 r c1 c1 1 ;
2
2
) c 1 r c1 c" c 1 ; ) 1 r 1
#
2
(1 1); rw

dr
d) c2 sin 2);
)
c
)
)
Slope r sin )brr cos ) c2 sin 2) sin )brr cos )
r cos )c sin
2 sin 2 cos )c sin
0
Slope at (1 0) is c2 sin 0 sin 0bcos 0 , which is undefined;
c2 sin 0 cos 0csin
c2 sin 2 sin b(c1) cos
Slope at c1 1 is c2 sin 2 2 cos 2 c(c1) sin 2 0;
2
w
w

0;

1
#

1
#

c2 sin 21 sin 1bcos 1

c2 sin 21 cos 1csin 1

Slope at (" 1) is

Slope at c1 c 1 is
2

c2 sin 2 c sin c b(c1) cos c

c2 sin 2 c cos c c(c1) sin c

, which is undefined

21. (a)

(b)

22. (a)

(b)

23. (a)

(b)

24. (a)

(b)

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

671

672

Chapter 11 Parametric Equatins and Polar Coordinates

25.

26. r 2 sec ) r

27.

2
cos )

r cos ) 2 x 2

28.

29. Note that (r )) and (cr ) b 1) describe the same point in the plane. Then r 1 c cos ) c1 c cos () b 1)
c1 c (cos ) cos 1 c sin ) sin 1) c1 b cos ) c(1 c cos )) cr; therefore (r )) is on the graph of
r 1 c cos ) (cr ) b 1) is on the graph of r c1 c cos ) the answer is (a).

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 11.4 Graphing in Polar Coordinates

30. Note that (r )) and (cr ) b 1) describe the same point in the plane. Then r cos 2) c sin 2() b 1)) b 1
#
1
1
1
c sin 2) b 5# c sin (2)) cos 5# c cos (2)) sin 5# c cos 2) cr; therefore (r )) is on the graph of
r c sin 2) b 1 the answer is (a).
#

31.

33. (a)

34. (a)

32.

(b)

(c)

(b)

(d)

(c)

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

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674

Chapter 11 Parametric Equatins and Polar Coordinates

(d)

(e)

11.5 AREA AND LENGTHS IN POLAR COORDINATES

1. A '0 " )# d) < 1 )3 !
#
6
1

13
6

2. A '14 " a2 sin )b# d) 2'14 sin2 ) d) 2'14

#
12

12

1 c 0 c 1 c 1
2
4
2
3. A '0

21

1
4

12

21

"
#

21

a#

'

5. A 2 '0

1 4

6. A 'c16
1 6

7. A '0

"
#

acos 3)b2 d)

1
16
6 sin 6) c16

"
#

"
#

"
#

sin 2) ! 181

"
4

a# < 3 ) b 2 sin ) b
#

d)

"
#

cos2 3) d)

<) b
"
#

sin 4) 1%
4
!

1 6
'c16

"
"
4 1 b 0 c 4 c 1 b 0
6
6

(4 sin 2)) d) '0

8. A (6)(2)'0

1 b cos 4)
#

' 1 6
6

"
#

"
4 <) b

1 4

#1

"
2

a# a1 b 2 cos ) b cos# )b d)

cos 2) d)

cos# 2) d) '0

"
#

"
#

1 b cos 6)
2

1#

a#

'021 1 b 2 cos ) b 1 b cos 2) d)

#
#1

sin 2) !

3
#

1a#

1
8

d)

"
4

1 6
'c16

a1 b cos 6)b d)

(2 sin 3)) d) 12 '0 sin 3) d) 12 <c cos 3) !

3
6

"
#

1
12

2 sin 2) d) cc cos 2)d !

1

"
#

21

1c

'0

"
#
# [a(1 b cos ))] d)
21
3
# b 2 cos ) b "
#
0

1 2

21

4. A '0

12

a16 b 16 cos ) b 4 cos# )b d) '0 <8 b 8 cos ) b 2 1 b cos 2) d)

#

'0 (9 b 8 cos ) b cos 2)) d) <9) b 8 sin ) b

2

1
d) '14 a1 c cos 2)bd) <) c 2 sin 2)14

1
2

(4 b 2 cos ))# d) '0

"
#

1 c cos 2)
2

1'

9. r 2 cos ) and r 2 sin ) 2 cos ) 2 sin )

cos ) sin ) ) 1 ; therefore
4
4

(2 sin ))# d) '0

4 1 c cos 2) d) '0
#

c2) c sin

'0

"
#

A 2 '0

1%
2) d !

1
#

4 sin# ) d)

(2 c 2 cos 2)) d)

c1

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 11.5 Area and Lengths in Polar Coordinates

10. r 1 and r 2 sin ) 2 sin ) 1 sin )
or

51
6

A 1(1)# c '

1 c cos 2) c " d)
#

"
" c cos 2) d) 1 c < 2 ) c
#

1
5

1c'

c(2 sin ))# c 1# d d)

1
5

"
#

2 sin# ) c " d)
#

1c'

; therefore

1c'

1
6

"
#

1 c 51 c
1#

"
#

sin

51
3

1
b 12 c

"
#

sin 1
3

sin 2) &1'
#
1'
41 c 3 3
6

11. r 2 and r 2(1 c cos )) 2 2(1 c cos ))

cos ) 0 ) 1 ; therefore
#
A 2 '0

'0

'0

'0

"
#

[2(1 c cos ))]# d) b " area of the circle

#

4 a1 c 2 cos ) b cos# )b d) b " 1 (2)#

#
4 1 c 2 cos ) b

1 b cos 2)
#

d) b 2 1

(4 c 8 cos ) b 2 b 2 cos 2)) d) b 21

1#

c6) c 8 sin ) b sin 2)d !

b 21 51 c 8

12. r 2(1 c cos )) and r 2(1 b cos )) 1 c cos )

1
1 b cos ) cos ) 0 ) 1 or 3# ; the graph also
#
gives the point of intersection (0 0); therefore
"
#

[2(1 c cos ))]# d) b 2 '

A 2 '0

'0 4a1 c 2cos ) b cos# )bd)

2

"
#

[2(1 b cos ))]# d)

4 a1 b 2 cos ) b cos# )bd)

4 1 c 2 cos ) b

1 b cos 2)
#

d) b '

1
2

4 1 b 2 cos ) b

1 b cos 2)
#

d)

(6 c 8 cos ) b 2 cos 2)) d) b ' 2 (6 b 8 cos ) b 2 cos 2)) d)

1

1#

c6) c 8 sin ) b sin 2)d !

'0

'0

b'

b c6) b 8 sin ) b sin 2)d 1# 61 c 16

1

13. r 3 and r# 6 cos 2) 3 6 cos 2) cos 2)

1
6

"
#

(in the 1st quadrant); we use symmetry of the

graph to find the area, so

A 4 '0 " (6 cos 2)) c " 3 d)
#
#
6

2 '0 (6 cos 2) c 3) d) 2 c3 sin 2) c 3)d !

6

1'

33 c 1

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

675

676

Chapter 11 Parametric Equatins and Polar Coordinates

14. r 3a cos ) and r a(1 b cos )) 3a cos ) a(1 b cos ))

3 cos ) 1 b cos ) cos ) " ) 1 or c 1 ;
#
3
3
the graph also gives the point of intersection (0 0); therefore
A 2 '0

"
#

c(3a cos ))# c a# (1 b cos ))# d d)

'0 a9a# cos# ) c a# c 2a# cos ) c a# cos# )b d)

3

'0

a8a# cos# ) c 2a# cos ) c a# b d)

'0 c4a# (1 b cos 2)) c 2a# cos ) c a# d d)

3

'0 a3a# b 4a# cos 2) c 2a# cos )b d)

3

1$

1a# b 2a# " c 2a#

#

c3a# ) b 2a# sin 2) c 2a# sin )d !

3
#

a# 1 b 1 c 3

15. r 1 and r c2 cos ) 1 c2 cos ) cos ) c "

#
1

[2(1 b cos 2)) c 1] d) '2 3 (1 b 2 cos 2)) d)

1

c) b sin 2)d 11$

#

1
3

1
3

'2

c(c2 cos ))# c 1# d d) '2 3 a4 cos# ) c 1b d)

1

A 2'

in quadrant II; therefore

"
2 3 #

21
3

3
#

16. r 6 and r 3 csc ) 6 sin ) 3 sin )

or

51
6

18 c

9
#

; therefore A '

"
#

a6# c 9 csc# )b d)

csc# ) d) <18) b

9
#

cot ) 1'

'

1
6

"
#

&1'

151 c 9 3 c 31 b 9 3 121 c 93
#
#

17. r sec ) and r 4 cos ) 4 cos ) sec ) cos2 )

1
1
1
) 1 , 23 , 43 , or 53 ; therefore
3
13
A 2 0 " a16 cos# ) c sec# )b d)
#
13
0 a8 b 8 cos 2) c sec# )b d)
13
c8) b 4 sin 2) c tan )d0

1
4

'

'

1
83 b 23 c 3 c a0 b 0 c 0b

81
3

b 3

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 11.5 Area and Lengths in Polar Coordinates

18. r 3 csc ) and r 4 sin ) 4 sin ) 3 csc ) sin2 )
) 1,
3

21 41
51
3 , 3 , or 3 ; therefore
1 2
"
a16 sin# ) c 9 csc#
1 3 #

A 41 c 2 '

677

3
4

)b d)

41 c '13 a8 c 8 cos 2) c 9 csc# )b d)

1 2

1 2

41 c c8) c 4 sin 2) b 9 cot )d13

1
41 c a41 c 0 b 0b c 83 c 23 b 33

81
3

b 3

19. (a) r tan ) and r

sin# )
cos# ) b
2
#

2
#

2
#

csc ) tan )

2
#

cos ) 1 c cos# )

2
# cos

csc )

2
#

cos )

) c 1 0 cos ) c2 or

(use the quadratic formula) )

1
4

(the solution

in the first quadrant); therefore the area of R" is

1

2
#

"
#

and OB

'0

"
#

tan# ) d)
2
#

1
4

csc

1%

asec# ) c 1b d) " ctan ) c )d !

#

1 AB 1# c

2 #
#

therefore the area of the region shaded in the text is 2 " c

#

1
8

" tan
#

2
#

1
4

but does not generate the segment AB of the liner

2
#

b_ on the line r

"
b 4

3
#

1
4

sin
cos ) c
)

r sec ) as )

"
cos )

1
#

"
4

1
4

generates the arc OB of r tan )

lim

) 1 2

sin ) c 1
cos )

lim

) 1 2

lim

) 1 2

(tan ) c sec ))

cos
csin)) 0 r tan ) approaches

r sec ) (or x 1) is a vertical asymptote of r tan ). Similarly, r c sec ) (or x c1)

lim

) 1 2

2
2
# #

1
#

. Note: The area must be found this way

tan ) _ and the line x 1 is r sec ) in polar coordinates; then

c

csc

csc ).

lim

) 1 2 c

"
#

2
#

csc ). Instead the interval generates the half-line from B to

(b)

c 1 ; AO
8

the area of R# is A#

since no common interval generates the region. For example, the interval 0 )
2
#

"
#

c 1
4

A" '0

is a vertical asymptote of r tan ).

20. It is not because the circle is generated twice from ) 0 to 21. The area of the cardioid is

(cos ) b 1)# d) '0 acos# ) b 2 cos ) b 1b d) '0 1 b cos 2) b 2 cos ) b 1 d)

#
#

. The area of the circle is A 1 "

#

2); therefore Length '0

'0 k)k )# b 4 d) (since ) 0) '0

,0)1

dr
d)

e
2
)

e
2

u du

) ) # b 4 d ) ; <u ) # b 4

" < 2 $# *
# 3 u
%

"
#

) % b 4) # d)

du ) d); ) 0 u 4,

19
3

e
e
; therefore Length '0 2 b 2 d) '0 2 e# d)
1

'0 e) d) <e) ! e1 c 1
1

22. r

"
#

a)# b# b (2))# d) '

) 5 u 9 '4

1
the area requested is actually 3# c

dr
d)

1
4

21. r )# , 0 ) 5

31
#

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

b 2 sin ) !

sin 2)
4

< 32) b

"
#

A 2 '0

1
4

51
4

Chapter 11 Parametric Equatins and Polar Coordinates

23. r 1 b cos )

c sin ); therefore Length '0 (1 b cos ))# b (c sin ))# d)

2

dr
d)

678

cos
)
) 1
2 '0 2 b 2 cos ) d) 2'0 4(1 b#cos )) d) 4 '0 1 b # ) d) 4 '0 cos # d) 4 <2 sin 2 ! 8
1

)
#

)
#

b a# sin#

)
#

cos#

)
#

a sin

cos

)
#

) #
; therefore Length '0 a sin# # b a sin

)
d) '0 a sin # sin#
1

'0 a# sin%

dr
d)

)
#

)
#

b cos#

; therefore Length '0

"
1bcos ) 1 b

d)

62 '0

d)
2 cos

3'0

1%
sec$ u du (use tables) 6 < sec u2tan u ! b

'0

sec u du9

"
#

)
sec$ # d)

#$

d)
(1 b cos ))

#
#$ ) #

d) 6'0

)
#

d)

b cos
0 on 0 ) 1 6 '0 1 b " ) 1 b 2 cos )b cos ))) b sin
#
cos
(1
2

sin )
(1 b cos ))

6
1 b 6 ) b (1 bsin ))) d)
cos
cos

d) 6 '0

2
6 '0 1 b " ) (1b 2 cos )) d) 62 '0
cos
b cos )

3'0 sec$

"
1 b cos )

36 sin )
a1 b cos )b

6 sin )
(1 b cos ))

since

dr
d)

(1 b 36 )) b
cos

1
#

'0

,0)

6
1 b cos )

) #
cos # d)

)
d) (since 0 ) 1) a ' sin # d)

) 1
<c2a cos 2 ! 2a

25. r

)
#

, 0 ) 1, a 0

)
#

24. r a sin#

1%
"
"
6 2 b < 2 ln ksec u b tan uk ! 3 2 b ln 1 b 2

#$

) 1 2 '

d)
2 sin

#
#$ ) #

2 2 '

1
#

0 on

d)
(1 c cos ))

d)

)
' 2 csc$ # d)

csc$ u du (use tables)

1#

'

"
"
"
csc u du9 2 2 c < 2 ln kcsc u b cot uk 1% 2 2 b

"
#

)
#

1#

d)

)
csc$ # d) since csc

2<c csc u2cot u 1% b

cos
d) ' 2 1 c 2 ) (1 c(1 c )) b)sin
cos
cos )

2
2 ' 2 1 c " ) (1c 2 cos )) d) 22 '
cos
c cos )

'

b cos
) 1 2 ' 2 1 c " ) 1 c 2 cos )c cos ))) b sin
cos
(1

1
#

since 1 c cos ) 0 on

sin )
; therefore Length ' 2 1 c 2 ) b (1c2cos )) d)
cos
c

sin )
a1 c cos )b

c2 sin )
(1 c cos ))

4
' 2 (1 c cos )) 1 b

dr
d)

)1

1
#

2
1 c cos )

26. r

"
#

ln 2 b 1

2 b ln 1 b 2
)
3

cos#

)
3

; therefore Length '0

)
)
)
cos' 3 b sin# 3 cos% 3 d) '0

d)

"
#

<) b

3
2

sin

2) 1%
3 !

28. r 1 b sin 2) , 0 ) 12

(1 b sin 2)) b

sin
21b 2sin 22) d) '0
b
)

dr
d)

cos 2)
(1 b sin 2))
#

Length '0
'0

"
#

1
8

)
cos$ 3 # b c sin

)
3

) #
cos# 3 d)

)
)
)
cos# 3 cos# 3 b sin# 3 d) '

)
cos# 3 d)

3
8

(1 b sin 2))c"# (2 cos 2)) (cos 2))(1 b sin 2))c"# ; therefore

d) '0

2 d) 2 )

1bcos 23
#

1 b 2 sin 2) b sin 22) b cos

1 b sin )

1#
!

c sin

dr
d)

'0

'0

)
3

27. r cos$

2)

d)

21

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 11.6 Conic Sections

29. Let r f()). Then x f()) cos )

679

#
f w ()) cos ) c f()) sin ) dx cf w ()) cos ) c f()) sin )d#
d)

dx
d)

cf w ())d# cos# ) c 2f w ()) f()) sin ) cos ) b [f())]# sin# ); y f()) sin )
#

dy
d)

f w ()) sin ) b f()) cos )

dy cf w ()) sin ) b f()) cos )d# cf w ())d# sin# ) b 2f w ())f()) sin ) cos ) b [f())]# cos# ). Therefore
d)
#

dr
dx # b dy cf w ())d# acos# ) b sin# )b b [f())]# acos# ) b sin# )b cf w ())d# b [f())]# r# b d) # .
d)
d)
#
dr #
Thus, L ' dx b dy d) ' r# b d) d).
d)
d)
#

"

"

0; Length '0 a# b 0# d) '0 kak d) ca)d #1 21a

!
dr
d)

ca sin ); Length '0 (a cos ))# b (ca sin ))# d) '0 a# acos# ) b sin# )b d)

dr
d)

a cos ); Length '0 (a cos ))# b (a sin ))# d) '0 a# acos# ) b sin# )b d)

(b) r a cos )

dr
d)

30. (a) r a

'0 kak d) ca)d 1 1a

!
1

(c) r a sin )

'0 kak d) ca)d 1 1a

!
1

a d)
2

1
#

1
#

32. r 2f()), ! ) "

ca)d #1 a
!

a cos ) d)
dr
d)

"
1

1#

ca sin )d c1#

2a
1

dr #
2f w ()) r# b d) [2f())]# b c2f w ())d# Length ' 4[f())]# b 4 cf w ())d# d)

2 ' [f())]# b cf w ())d# d) which is twice the length of the curve r f()) for ! ) " .

"
#1

c) c sin )d #1 a
!

a
21

"

'

"
cc

1c

(c) rav

a(1 c cos )) d)

(b)

"
2 1 c0

'02
2
rav 21" 0 '0
c

31. (a) rav

"

11.6 CONIC SECTIONS

4p 8 p 2; focus is (2 0), directrix is x c2

y
8

1. x

2. x c y 4p 4 p 1; focus is (c1 0), directrix is x 1

4
#

3. y c x 4p 6 p
6
#

; focus is ! c 3 , directrix is y
#

3
#

4p 2 p

5.

x
4

y
9

1 c 4 b 9 13 foci are 13 ! ; vertices are a 2 0b ; asymptotes are y 3 x

#

6.

x
4

y
9

1 c 9 c 4 5 foci are 0 5 ; vertices are a0 3b

7.

x
2

b y# 1 c 2 c 1 1 foci are a 1 0b ; vertices are 2 !

8.

y
4

c x# 1 c 4 b 1 5 foci are 0 5 ; vertices are a! 2b ; asymptotes are y 2x

x
2

#
#

4. y

3
#

1
#

; focus is ! 1 , directrix is y c 1
#
#

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

#
#
#

Chapter 11 Parametric Equatins and Polar Coordinates

10. x# 6y y x 4p 6 p
6
focus is ! 3 , directrix is y c 3
#
#

4p 12 p 3;

focus is ($ !), directrix is x c3

focus is (! c2), directrix is y 2

4p

"
4

"

directrix is y c

"

focus is c

"

1# ! ,

directrix is x

14. y c8x# y c x 4p

"
16

15. x c3y# x c y 4p
3

"
16

"

focus is !

"
16 ,

x
4

13. y 4x# y

"
3

"
1#

focus is ! c

y
12. y# c2x x c# 4p 2 p
focus is c " ! , directrix is x "
#
#

4p 8 p 2;

"
1#

"
32 ,

16. x 2y# x
focus is

"
8 ! ,

4p

"
#

directrix is x c

"
8

"
#

p
"
8

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

"
3#

directrix is y

#
"

x
c8

3
#

11. x# c8y y

y
1#
#

9. y# 12x x

680

"
8

"
32

Section 11.6 Conic Sections

y
x
17. 16x# b 25y# 400 #5 b 16 1
c a# c b# 25 c 16 3

x
18. 7x# b 16y# 112 16 b y 1
7
a# c b# 16 c 7 3
c

19. 2x# b y# 2 x# b y 1
#
a# c b# 2 c 1 1
c

20. 2x# b y# 4 x b y 1
#
4
a# c b# 4 c 2 2
c

21. 3x# b 2y# 6 x b y 1

3
#
a# c b# 3 c 2 1
c

x
22. 9x# b 10y# 90 10 b y 1
9
a# c b# 10 c 9 1
c

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

681