Presented to:

Separa, Lenis Aislinn C.

Presented by:
Alindogan, Ronnie Joy Maica Arguelles, John Cris Cabanganan, Jasmine Caraig, Ria Mhillet Dolojan, Arjealyn Esteban, Melvin Garcia, Nica Rea Macalino, Almira Morante, Christine Pedralvez, Rey John Roa, Jaezelle Sedelis, Jean Villagracia, Gina

Making an Inferences/ Drawing Conclusions

Making an inference and drawing a conclusion are very similar skills. Each requires the reader to fill in the blanks left out by the author. An author may not include information for several reasons: they may think you already know it, it may not seem important to them, or they may want you to find the result.

How to make an inference or conclusion Observe all the facts, arguments, and information given by the author. Consider what you already know from your own experiences. When faced with multiple choice assessment, determine whether each is true or false based on the information in the passage. Example: The woman waited nervously in the line. When the country was empty, she carefully unloaded her items from her cart.. Li Lines creased her forehand as if to show the calculations ringing up in her head. Finally, the cashier began ringing up the items as the woman clutched her purse. Answer: The woman may not have enough money to cover the cost of her groceries.

Think about the facts of the passage and what may result from them. Try saying if...then.

Example: The child stood on the sidewalk clenching her ice creamcone. Beads of sweat collected on her little nose as she furiously licked on at the ice cream dropping hand down her hand. Answer: If the girl is sweating, then maybe its a fine day and she is outside.

Context Clues
-Context clues are hints found in sentence, paragraph, passage that a reader can use to understand the meanings of new or unfamiliar words. - Learning the meaning of a word through its use in a sentence or paragraph is the most

practical way to build vocabulary, since a dictionary is not always available when a reader encounters an unknown word. - A reader must aware that many words have several possible meanings only by being a sensitive to the circumstances in which a word is used can the reader decide upon an appropriate definition to fit the context. - A reader should rely on context clues when an obvious clue to meaning is provided or when only a general sense of the meaning is needed for the readers purposes. Context clues should not be relied upon when a precise meaning is required, when clues suggest several possible definitions, when nearby words are unfamiliar and when the unknown word is a common one that will be needed again; in these cases, a dictionary should be consulted. Types of Context Clues: 1. Definition/Description Clue The new term may be formally defined or sufficient explanation may be given within the sentence or in the following sentence. Clues to definition can include that is, commas, dashes and parentheses.

Example: a. His emaciation, that is, his skeleton-like appearance, was frightening to see. Skeleton-like appearance is the definition of emaciation. b. Fluoroscopy, examination with a fluoroscope, has become a common practice. The commas before and after examination with a fluoroscope point out the definition of fluoroscopy.

2. Example Clues Sometimes when a reader finds a new word, an example might be found nearby that helps to explain its meaning. Words like including, such as, and example point out example clues.

Example: a. Piscatorial creatures, such as flounder, salmon and trout live in the coldest parts of the ocean. Piscatorial refers to fish. b. Celestial bodies, including the sun, moon and stars, have fascinated man through the centuries. Celestial objects are those in the sky.

3. Synonym Restatement Clue The reader may discover the meaning of an unknown word because it repeats an idea expressed in familiar words nearby.

Example: a. Flooded with spotlightsfocus of all attentionthe new Miss America began her year-long reign. She was the cynosure of all eyes for the resting of the evening. Cynosure means the focus of all attention. b. The mountain pass was a tortuous road, winding and twisting like a snake around the trees of the mountain side. Tortuous means winding and twisting.

4. Contrast/Antonym Clue An opposite meaning context clue contrasts the meaning of an unfamiliar word with the meaning of a familiar term.

Example: a. When the light brightens, the pupils of the eyes contract; however, when it grows darker, they dilate. Dilate means the opposite of the contract.

b. The children were as different as day and night. He was lively conversationalist, but she was received and taciturn. The taciturn means the opposite of a lively conversationalist.

5. Mood/Tone Clue The author sets a mood, and the meaning of the unknown word must harmonize with the mood.

Example: a. The lugubrious wails of the gypsies matched the dreary whistling of the wind in the all but deserted cemetery. Lugubrious means sorrowful, fits into the mood set by the words wails, dreary deserted cemetery.

6. Experience Clue Sometimes a reader knows from experience how people or things act in a given situation. This knowledge provides a clue to words meaning.

Example: a. During those first bewildering weeks, the thoughts, the thoughts of a college freshman drift back to high school where he was in, knew everyone, and felt at home. A feeling of nostalgia sweeps over him. b. She walked away from her closet and quickly slipped a jersey over her head. She smoothened it into place over her hips, added a belt, glanced at the mirror, and left for work.

7. Analysis/Structure Clue Knowledge of prefixes, roots and suffixes can aid a reader in using this type of context clue. The power of word parts lies in the ability to combine the roots and affixes with the context in which a word is used to discover the authors meaning.

Example: a. The story is incredible. The root cred means to believe and the prefix in means not. b. The somnambulist had to be locked in his bedroom at night for his own safety. If a reader knows the meaning of ambular (walk) and somn (sleep) and sees the sentence, the reader may realize that a somnambulist is a sleepwalker.

8. Inference Clue Sufficient clues might be available for the careful reader to make an educated guess at the meaning.

Example: a. She told her friend, Im through with bandage together. What a dull evening! I was bored every minute. The conversation was absolutely vapid.

9. Cause and effect The author explains the reason for or the result of the world. Words like because, since, therefore, thus, so, may signal

Example: a. She wanted to impress all her dinner guests with the food she served, so she carefully studied the necessary culinary arts. Culinary means food preparation Lets do an Activity! 1. My brother said, I just freed myself from a very loquacious history professor. All he seemed to want was an audience a. pretentious b. grouchy c. talkative d. worried 2. There is worried

2. There is no doubt that the idea of living in such a benign climate was appealing. The islanders seemed to keep their vitality and live longer than Europeans. a. tropical b. not malignant c. kind d. favorable 3. It is difficult to imagine a surfeit of talent in one individual, yet Leonard Bernstein simply does not have the time to make complete use of his talent as conductor, performer, writer and lecturer. a. excess b. variety c. superiority d. lack 4. There is a large demand all over the United States for plants indigenous to the desert. Many people in Arizona have made a good business of growing and selling cacti and other local plants. a. native b. necessary c. foreign d. alien 5. After the Romans left, a millennium and a half passed before people again lived in such comfort. Churchill wrote, From the year 400 until the year 1900 no one had central heating and very few had not baths. a. a decade b. many years c. 1000years d. a century

Summarizing
- Is a condensation of an original writing. - Relay the main points of a passage and reports what the author is really saying. - Is not an explanation of, or a substitute for the original. It adds no interpretation of evaluation and retains the approach and tone of the original author.

Why do Writers Summarize? - To give the reader an overview of what the original have said. A summary provides the reader with the main point of the original text. - Also helps authors avoid plagiarism.

How Long is a Summarize Text? - Significantly shorter than the original text. A general guide for summarizing is to have one or two sentences per paragraph of original text.

How do I Summarize? 1. Read the original two or more entries or until you are sure you understand it. 2. Determine the writers main ideas and organizational structure. 3. Write a statement in your own words that digests the material. 4. Rewrite in your own words and authors thesis statement and topic sentences

Guidelines for Writing Summaries Identify Main points. Condense the main points without losing essence of the material. Use your own words to condense the message. If certain synonyms are awkward, quote the: certain synonyms. Keep your summary short. Do not plagiarize. Write down all documentation facts so that you can document your source when you use it in your writing.

Example: 1. A business is generally assumes one of the three forms of organization. The accounting

procedures depend on which form of organization takes. This business has a single owner called the proprietor who generally is also the manger. Sole Proprietorship tends to be small service type business and retail establishment, the owner receives all the losses and is solely responsible for all debts of the business. From the Accounting view point the sole proprietorship is distinct from its proprietor, thus, accounting records of the sole proprietorship do not conclude the proprietors personal financial records.

Summary: Sole proprietorship is a small service type of business owned by a proprietor who is duly responsible for all debts of the business.

2.

The Northern Lights There are times when the night sky glows with bands of color. The bands may begin as

cloud shapes and then spread into a great arc across the entire sky. They may fall in folds like a curtain drawn across the heavens. The lights usually grow brighter, then suddenly dim. During this time the sky glows with pale yellow, pink, green, violet, blue, and red. These lights are called the Aurora Borealis. Some people call them the Northern Lights. Scientists have been watching them for hundreds of years. They are not quite sure what causes them. In ancient times Long Beach City College people were afraid of the Lights. They imagined that they saw fiery dragons in the sky. Some even concluded that the heavens were on fire.

Summary: The Aurora Borealis, or Northern Lights, are bands of color in the night sky. Ancient people thought that these lights were dragon on fire, and even modern scientists are not sure what they are.

Lets do an activity! Activity 1: Tyler demonstrates how the past is inextricably linked to the present and how family and community, as a natural extension of the family, are centers for the ironies of lifelove and rejection, growth and entrapment, stability and conflict. Tyler resists the temptation to indict parents, particularly mothers, for the transgressions of the past and for the ultimate shaping of offspring. Maternal ambivalence is a not uncommon thread in the fabric of human experience. However, as Tyler knows, it is just one factor in the development of the individual. Family and community also exert important influences that shape, direct, and complicate human existence. Tyler portrays this process in the Tull family, and in the end she renders a contemporary and enduring message about the nature of family, one that speaks with some measure of truth about all of our lives. (Paula Gallant Eckard, Family and Community in Anne Tylers Dinner at the Homesick Restauran.t Southern Literary Journal 22.2 (Spring 1990): 33-34.)

Activity 2: People have counted and kept records throughout history. The origin of keeping accounts has been traced as far back as 8500 B.C., the date archeologists have established for certain clay tokens-cones, disks spheres and pellets- found in Mesopotamia (modern Iraq). These tokens represented such commodities as sheep, jugs of oil, bread or clothing and were used in Middle East to keep records. The tokens were often sealed in clay balls, called bullae, which were broken on delivery so the shipment could be checked against the invoice; bullae, in effect, were the first bills of lading. Later, symbols impressed on wet clay tablets replaced the tokens. Some experts consider this stage of record keeping the beginning of the art of writing, which spread rapidly along the trade routes and took hold throughout the known civilized world. Summary: 1. Eckard asserts that while Tyler creates characters whose present lives are shaped by their

past family experiences, she does not lay blame for human development on parents. Rather, she acknowledges that all families are not perfect, and that community and individuals also impact and complicate human existence. She also suggests that Tylers truthful depiction of the Tull family in her novel seems to claim truth about this universal and lasting condition of human experience and the nature of families.

2.

The origin of keeping accounts has been traced as far back as 8500 B.C. People used

tokens-often sealed in clay called bullae- for representation. Later symbols replaced tokens. Some experts consider this stage as the beginning of the art of writing.

Paraphrasing
It involves taking a set of facts or opinions and rewording them. When paraphrasing, it is important to keep the original meaning and to present it in a new form. Basically, you are simply writing something in your own words that expresses the original idea. Paraphrasing usually makes the passage shorter than the original. Another option is to use a summary that is much shorter than the original and is an overview of the main points. 6 Steps in Effective Paraphrasing 1. Reread the original passage until you understand its full meaning. 2. Set the original aside, and write your paraphrase on a note card. 3. Jot down a few words below your paraphrase to remind you later how you envision using this material. At the top of the note card, write a key word or phrase to indicate the subject of your paraphrase. 4. Check your rendition with the original to make sure that your version accurately expresses all the essential information in a new form. 5. Use quotation marks to identify any unique term or phraseology you have borrowed exactly from the source. 6. Record the source (including the page) on your note card so that you can credit it easily if you decide to incorporate the material into your paper. Avoiding Plagiarism There is a fine line between plagiarism and paraphrasing. If the wording of the paraphrase is too close to the wording of the original content, then it is plagiarism. The main ideas need to come through, but the wording has to be your own.

To use another persons writing in your own can be accomplished with quotes and citations. A quote will need to be the exact wording and the author and source will need to be identified. Paraphrasing Sentences Here are some sentences that have been paraphrased:

Original: Her life spanned years of incredible change for women. Paraphrase: Mary lived through an era of liberating reform for women. Original: Giraffes like Acacia leaves and hay and they can consume 75 pounds of food a day. Paraphrase: A giraffe can eat up to 75 pounds of Acacia leaves and hay everyday.

Paraphrasing Paragraphs

1. "The Antarctic is the vast source of cold on our planet, just as the sun is the source of our heat, and it exerts tremendous control on our climate," [Jacques] Cousteau told the camera. "The cold ocean water around Antarctica flows north to mix with warmer water from the tropics, and its up welling help to cool both the surface water and our atmosphere. Yet the fragility of this regulating system is now threatened by human activity." 2. "The twenties were the years when drinking was against the law, and the law was a bad joke because everyone knew of a local bar where liquor could be had. They were the years when organized crime ruled the cities, and the police seemed powerless to do anything against it. Classical music was forgotten while jazz spread throughout the land, and men like Bix Beiderbecke, Louis Armstrong, and Count Basie became the heroes of the young. The flapper was born in the twenties, and with her bobbed hair and short skirts, she symbolized, perhaps more than anyone or anything else, America's break with the past."

Outlining
-A general description covering the main points of a view of a subject. - A statements summarizing the important point of a text the important point of a text. - A summary of written work or speech, usually analyze in headings and subheadings. - An outline is usually in list divided headings and subheading that distinguish main point from supporting points

Outlining Form Title - always has a title that tells you what the outline is about Main Topics - a very important idea and is comparable to the headings in textbooks Subtopic - gives more information about the main topic Details - an extra piece of information that helps make the subtopic clearer

Styles of an Outline 1.Alpha Numeric Outline this is the most common style of outline. It is compose of roman numerals, capital letters, lower case letters and numbers. Example: The College Application Process I. Choose a desired college A. Visit and evaluate college campuses 1. Look for interesting classes II. Prepare an application A. Write a personal statement 1. Describe an influential person in your life III. Compile and pass the resume

2. Decimal Outline this is similar in format to the alpha numeric outline. The added benefit is a system of decimal notation that clearly shows every level of the outline relates to the larger whole number.

Example: The College Application Process 1. Choose a desired college 1.1 Visit and evaluate college campuses 1.1.5 Look for interesting classes 2. Prepare an application 2.1 Write a personal statement 2.1.5 Describe an influential person in your life III. Compile and pass the resume

Utilizing an Outlining in Taking Down Notes -To organize your notes, you have to prepare an outline. -A formal outline shows the main points of a topic, the order in which they are to be presented, and the relationship among them. Look at the sample skeletal outline below.

I.

Major Idea/Main Heading A. Subtopic 1 1. Minor Detail 1 2. Minor Detail 2 B. Subtopic 2 1. Minor Detail 1 2. Minor Detail 2

II.

Major Idea A. Subtopic 1 B. Subtopic 2

There are two types of a formal outline: the sentence outline and the topic outline. In a sentence outline, each main topic and subtopic is written in a complete sentence. Below is a portion of a sentence outline.

Beyond The Five Senses Thesis Statement: Animal sensory system surpass human senses. I. Humans are believed to have five senses: sight, hearing, touch, taste and smell. A. Aristotle, a Greek philosopher, first categorized the senses. B. Modern physics and physiology reclassified the senses. II. Photoreceptors are those sense organs on living organisms that react to light. A. The human eye is a photoreceptor. B. Animals photoreception can be superior to that of humans. 1. Insects have specialized eyes. 2. Nocturnal animals can see in the dark. 3. Some animals see the world in false colors that is, in colors that are different from those perceived by humans.

A topic outline is useful for the quick and efficient organization of ideas. The following topic outline uses phrases instead of sentences.

Thesis Statement: Animal sensory system can be compared with human senses. I. Five human senses A. Categorized by Aristotle B. Reclassified b modern physics and physiology II. Sense Organs (Photoreceptors)