Chapter 10 Transport 1. (a) Diagram 10.1.1 shows a sequence in a process carried out by a leucocyte . Rajah 10.1.

1 menunjukkan susunan proses yang dijalankan oleh suatu leukosit.

Diagram 10.1.1 / Rajah 10.1.1 Describe briefly how a leucocyte plays its role in bodys defences. Bincangkan secara ringkas bagaimana leukosit memainkan peranannya dalam pertahanan badan. [ 4 marks ] (b) Diagram 10.1.2 is a graph showing the concentration of antibody in the blood of an individual after receiving two injections. Rajah 10.1.2 adalah graf yang menunjukkan kepekatan antibodi dalam darah individu selepas menerima dua suntikan.

Concentration of antibodies in the blood (arbitrary unit)

Immunity level

1st vaccination

2nd vaccination

Time (weeks)

Diagram 10.1.2 / Rajah 10.1.2 1

Explain how the individual could achieve the immunity level. Terangkan bagaimana individu tersebut boleh mencapai aras keimunan. [ 6 marks ] 2. Diagram 10.2 shows blood capillary and lymph capillary in a human. Rajah 10.2 menunjukkan kapilari darah dan kapilari limfa dalam manusia.

Blood capillary Kapilari darah Fluid R Bendalir R

Fluid S in lymph capillary Bendalir S dalam kapilari limfa

Diagram 10.2 / Rajah 10.2 (a) Explain the differences between the composition of fluid R and fluid S Terangkan perbezaan antara komposisi bendalir R dan bendalir S. [3 marks] (b) Based on Diagram 10.2, describe how fluid S is formed from blood plasma until it is brought back into the blood circulatory system. Berdasarkan Rajah10.2, bincangkan bagaimana bendalir S terbentuk dari plasma darah sehingga ia dikembalikan semula ke sistem peredaran darah. [7marks]

3.

Diagram 10.3 shows a human blood component. 2

Rajah 10.3 menunjukkan komponen darah manusia Erythrocyte Sel darah merah Leucocyte Sel darah putih Platlet Platlet

Diagram 10.3 / Rajah 10.3 (a) Explain how platelets help to stop bleeding when a wound occurs. Terangkan bagaimana platlet membantu menghentikan pendarahan apabila luka. [ 5 marks] (b) A blood test shows that a mans erythrocytes count is below normal. Explain the possible consequences of this condition on his health. Satu ujian darah manusia menunjukkan bilangan eritrositnya rendah daripada normal. Terangkan kesan keadaan ini ke atas kesihatannya. [ 5 marks]

4.

(a) Diagram 10.4.1 shows the part of a stem of a tree where the ring of bark has been 3

removed. The tree is watered everyday. Rajah 10.4.1 menunjukkan bahagian batang satu pokok dimana kulit yang digelang telah dibuang. Pokok itu disiram setiap hari.

Diagram 10.4.1 / Rajah 10.4.1 Based on Diagram 10.4.1, explain what happens to the tree after one month. Berdasarkan Rajah 10.4.1, terangkan apa berlaku kepada pokok itu selepas satu bulan. [ 4 marks] (b) Diagram 10.4.2 shows the blood circulatory system in organism A and organism B. Rajah 10.4.2 menunjukkan sistem peredaran darah dalam organisma A dan organisma B.

Organism A

Organism B

Diagram 10.4.2 /Rajah 10.4.2 Based on Diagram 10.4.2, Describe the similarities and differences between the blood circulatory system in organism A and organism B.. 4

Berdasarkan Rajah 10.4.2, bincangkan persamaan dan perbezaan di antara sistem peredaran darah organism A dan organism B [6 marks] 5. Diagram 10.5 shows a human heart . Rajah 10.5 menunjukkan jantung manusia. Pulmonary vein Vena pulmonary Left atrium Atrium kiri

Location of Pacemaker Lokasi perentak

Diagram 10.5/Rajah 10.5 (a) (i) Explain the pathway of the systemic circulatory system Terangkan laluan sistem peredaran sistemik [ 2 marks] (ii) The pacemaker of a patients heart fails to function. An electronic pacemaker is used to replace the original pacemaker. Explain how the electronic pacemaker works. Perentak seorang pesakit jantung gagal berungsi. Satu perentak elektronik digunakan untuk menggantikan perentak asal. Terangkan bagaimana perentak elektronik berkerja. [3 marks] (b) Explain the effect of taking excess fatty food in the long term to our blood circulatory system / human healthy life. Terangkan kesan pengambilan makanan berlemak secara berlebihan dalam jangka masa yang lama kepada sistem peredarah darah manusia dan kesihatan manusia. [ 5 marks ] 5

6.

Diagram 10.6 shows the structure of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). The virus causes Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) that infects the human immune system. Rajah 10.6 menunjukkan struktur Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Virus ini menyebabkan Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) yang menyerang sistem keimunan manusia.

Diagram 10.6/Rajah 10.6 (a) Descibe the effect of HIV on the bodys defence mechanism Bincangkan kesan HIV ke atas mekanisma pertahanan badan. [ 4 marks ] (b) Explain how first line defence can prevent the entry pathogens into the body. Terangkan bagaimana barisan pertahanan pertama boleh mencegah kemasukan pathogen ke dalam badan. [ 6 marks ]

TOPIC 11 LOCOMOTION AND SUPPORT 1. (a) Diagram 11.1.1 shows the earthworm. Rajah 11.1.1 menunjukkan seekor cacing tanah.

Diagram 11.1.1 / Rajah 11.1.1 How this organism support itself? Explain. Bagaimanakah organisma ini menyokong sokong tubuhnya? Terangkan. [ 4 marks ] (b) Diagram 11.1.2 shows the locomotion of earthworm in habitats. Rajah 11.1.2 menunjukkan pergerakan seekor cacing tanah dalam habitatnya.

s Diagram 11.1.2 / Rajah 11.1.2 Explain how locomotion in earthworm occurs. Terangkan bagaimana pergerakan cacing tanah berlaku. [6 marks] (c) Diagram 11.1.3 shows the movement of a human forearm. Rajah 11.1.3 menunjukkan pergerakan lengan manusia.

Diagram 11.1.3(i) / Rajah 11.1.3(i)

Diagram 11.1.3(ii) / Rajah 11.1.3(ii)

Based on Diagram 11.1.3(i) and Diagram 11.1.3(ii), explain the roles of the muscle, tendons, bones and ligaments in the movement of the forearm. Berdasarkan Rajah 11.1.3(i) dan Rajah 11.1.3(ii), terangkan peranan otot, tendon dan tulang dalam pergerakan lengan. [10 marks]

2. (a) Diagram 11.2.1 shows Water hyacinth In its habitat. Rajah 11.2.1 menunjukkan pokok keladi bunting di dalam habitatnya.

Diagram 11.2.1 / Rajah 11.2.1 Explain the adaptation of the plant which enable it to float on water surface. Terangkan penyesuaian pada tumbuhan tersebut yang membolehkannya terapung di permukaan air. [ 4 marks ] (b) Diagram 11.2.2 shows a cross-section of a woody plant stem. Rajah 11.2.2 menunjukkan keratan rentas batang pokok berkayu.

Diagram 11.2.2 / Rajah 11.2.2 Explain what modifications are found in the tissues of woody plants which giving support to the plants. Terangkan penyesuaian yang terdapat pada tisu-tisu kayu tumbuhan ini yang memberikan sokongan kepada tumbuhan. [6 marks]

(c) Diagram11.2.3 shows two vertebrae. Rajah 11.2.3 menunjukkan dua ruas vetebra.

Diagram 11.2.3(ii) Cervical vertebra Rajah 11.2.3(ii) Vetebra serviks

Diagram 11.2.3(i) Lumbar vertebra Rajah 11.2.3(i) Vetebra lumbar Compare and contrast between the two vertebrae. Banding bezakan antara keduanya. [10 marks] 3 (a) A bird can fly with its wings. Burung boleh terbang dengan sayapnya. Describe the mechanism of locomotion of a bird flying in the air. Huraikan mekanisme pergerakan seekor burung yang terbang di udara. [10 marks] (b) Impaired musculoskeletal system could cause diseases such as osteoporosis, muscular dystrophy and arthritis. Sistem rangka otot yang tidak sempurna boleh menyebabkan penyakit-penyakit seperti osteoporosis, distrofi otot dan artritis. Discuss how someone could have a healthy musculoskeletal system. Bincangkan bagaimana seseorang itu boleh mendapatkan kesihatan sistem rangka otot yang sihat. [ 10 marks ] 4. (a) Diagram 11.4.1 shows a body structure of a fish. Rajah 11.4.1 menunjukkan struktur badan sekor ikan.

10

Explain how coordination of a myotome and fins of a fish contributes to swimming activities in the aquatic habitat. Terangkan bagaimana koordinasi di antara otot miotom dan sirip-sirip dapat menyumbang kepada aktiviti berenang seekor ikan di dalam habitat akuatik. [10 marks] (b) Unbalanced diet, an unhealthy lifestyle and the process of ageing may cause diseases such as osteoporosis and arthritis. Diet tidak seimbang, gaya hidup tidak sihat dan proses penuaan mungkin menyebabkan penyakit-penyakit seperti osteoporosis dan arthritis.

Justify the above statement and explain how such diseases can be avoided. Justifikasikan kenyataan di atas dan terangkan bagaimana penyakit-penyakit tersebut boleh dielakkan. [10 marks] CHAPTER 12 COORDINATION AND RESPONSE 1. Diagram 12.1 shows the nerve transmission from neurone P to neurone R. Rajah 12.1 menunjukkan pemindahan impuls dari neuron P ke neuron R. 11

Nerve impulse Impulse saraf

Synaptic knob Bonggol sinaps Dendrite of neurone R Dendrit neuron R Diagram 12.1/Rajah 12.1 (a)

Axon of neurone P Akson neuron P

Explain the transmission of a nerve impulse from neurone P to neurone R across Q. Terangkan pemindahan impuls dari neuron P ke neuron R merentasi Q. [8 marks]

(b)

Alzheimers and Parkinsons diseases are related to nervous system. Explain the causes and the effects of the diseases on victims. Alzheimer dan Parkinson adalah penyakit-penyakit berkait saraf.Terangkan penyebab dan kesan penyakit ini ke atas pengidap. [4 marks]

(c)

In an accident, a motorist was seriously injured and was sent to a nearby hospital. A doctor is going to do a knee jerk test to examine the patients nerve system. Draw the reflect arch and describe the pathway involved in the transmission of nerve impulses which result in the reflect action. Dalam satu kemalangan, seorang penunggang motosikal mengalami kecederaan serius. Doktor menjalankan ujian sentakan lutut untuk menguji sistem saraf ke atas mangsa tersebut.

12

Lukis arka refleks dan huraikan laluan pemindahan impulse yang terlibat bagi menghasilkan tindakan refleks. [8 marks] 2. (a) The pituitary gland is regarded as the master endocrine gland. Kelenjar pituitary dikenali sebagai kelenjar induk.

Explain the statement above. Terangkan pernyataan tersebut. [2 marks] (b) After watching a horror movie at a cinema, Salim went back to his home. On the way home, he saw a monster exactly the same as he watched in the movie. He was very shocked and frightened. So he ran away as fast as he could. Selepas menonton filem seram di pawagam, Salim pulang ke rumah. Dalam perjalanannya, dia terserempak dengan satu lembaga yang sama seperti yang dilihatnya dalam filem. Disebabkan sangat terkejut dan takut, dia berlari dengan sekuat hati.

Explain the involvement of both the nervous system and the endocrine system in that critical situation. Terangkan penglibatan sistem saraf dan system endokrin dalam situasi tersebut. [8 marks] 3. (a) Explain how the body of a healthy person restores the blood sugar level to normal if the level drops too low. Terangkan bagaimana seseorang yang sihat tubuh badannya mengekalkan aras gula dalam darahnya apabila aras gula menjadi rendah . 13

[6 marks] (b) Diagram 12.3 shows a part of a nephron structure. Rajah 12.3 menunjukkan sebahagian daripada struktur nefron.

Diagram 12.3/ Rajah 12.3 (i) Label and complete Diagram 12.3 above. State the role of a nephron. Label dan lengkapkan Rajah 12.3 di atas. Nyatakan fungsi nefron. [4 marks] (ii) Describe the urine formation. Huraikan proses pembentukan urin. [10 marks] 4. (a) Explain the terms phototropism and geotropism. Terangkan istilah fototropisma dan geotropism. [4 marks]

(b)

Explain the role of auxins in tropism. Terangkan peranan auksin dalam gerakbalas tropisma. [10 marks]

(c)

State three types of hormones and its uses in agriculture. 14

Namakan tiga jenis fitohormon berserta fungsinya dalam pertanian. [6 marks]

CHAPTER 13 REPRODUCTION AND GROWTH 1. Diagram 13.1 shows the development of human zygote. Rajah 13.1 menunjukkan perkembangan zigot manusia.

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Fallopian Tube two cells stage

Diagram 13.1 / Q (a) Describe the process which occurred from P to Q. Huraikan proses yang berlaku dari P ke Q.

Rajah 13.1

P [4 marks]

(b) Pregnant women are advised not to smoke and avoid from drugs and alcohol. Wanita hamil dinasihatkan supaya tidak merokok dan mengelakkan diri dari najis dadah dan alkohol. Explain the above statement. Terang kenyataan di atas. [6 2 marks] Mrs. Lee is a married woman, she faces problem to get pregnant. Diagram 13.2 shows two laboratory methods which may help Mr. Lee and Mrs. Lee to have their own child. Pn. Lee telah lama berkahwin, beliau menghadapi masalah untuk hamil. Rajah 13.2 menunjukkan dua kaedah makmal yang mungkin boleh membantu En. Lee dan Pn. Lee untuk mendapatkan anak sendiri.

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M rLee . A li Mr.

Mrs. M r Lee s . A li

M adam X

Im p la n ta tio n

Im p la n ta tio n

M e th o d A

M e th o d B

Z y g o te

Diagram 13.2 / Rajah 13.2 (a) Explain under what type of condition Method A can be used to help Mr. and Mrs. Lee. Terangkan dalam keadaan yang bagaimanakah Kaedah A dapat membantu En. Lee dan isterinya. [5 marks] (b) Discuss the role of Madam X in Method B and the issue may arise. Bincangkan peranan Puan X dalam Kaedah B dan isu yang mungkin timbul. [5 marks] 3 Diagram 13.3(a) shows the formation of the embryo sac in the ovule, while Diagram 13.3(b) shows the formation of pollen grain in the anther in a flowering plant (angiosperm) Rajah 13.3(a) menunjukkan pembentukan pundi embrio di ovul, manakala Rajah 13.3(b) menunjukkan proses pembentukan butir debunga di anter pada tumbuhan berbunga (angiosperma).

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Anther/ant er

Mitosis

Embryo sac/ Pundi embrio

Mature embryo sac Pundi embrio matang Diagram 13.3 (a)/ Rajah 13.3 (a)

Pollen grain/ Butir debunga

Diagram 13.3 (b)/ Rajah 113.3 (b)

Based on the above diagrams, explain how the formation of the embryo sac and pollen grain process occurs. Berdasarkan rajah di atas, jelaskan bagaimana proses pembentukan pundi embrio dan butir debunga berlaku. [10 marks]

Diagram 13.4 shows the fertilization in a flowering plant (angiosperms). Rajah 13.4 menunjukkan proses persenyawaan yang berlaku pada tumbuhan berbunga (angiosperma).

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Pollen grain/ Butir debunga Pollen tube/Tiub debunga

Ovule/Ovul

Diagram 13.4/ Rajah 13.4 Based on diagram 13.4, describe how pollination leads to the formation of fruit and seed in a flowering plant (angiosperms). Berdasarkan rajah 13.4, jelaskan bagaimana perdebungaan membentuk buah dan biji pada tumbuhan berbunga (angiosperma). [10 marks]

CHAPTER 14 INHERITANCE 1. The variation of ABO blood group determined by three different alleles, but an individual can carry only two of the three alleles.

19

Variasi dalam kumpulan darah ABO ditentukan oleh tiga alel yang berbeza, tetapi setiap individu hanya membawa dua daripada tiga alel tersebut.

With schematic diagram, explain the possibilities of the blood group and the genotypes of the offspring if the fathers blood group is A and the mothers blood group is B. Dengan gambarajah skema, terangkan kebarangkalian kumpulan darah dan genotip pada anak jika ayahnya mempunyai kumpulan darah A dan ibunya kumpulan darah B. [10 marks] 2. Colour blindness is a genetic disease that could be inherited and occurs within a specific gender. Inheritance of colour blindness can be prevented in a family. Buta warna adalah penyakit genetik yang boleh diwarisi dan barlaku dikalangan jantina tertentu. Pewarisan buta warna dapat dicegah daripada berlaku dalam sesebuah keluarga. Schematic Diagram 14.2 shows a genetic pedigree of colour blindness in three generations of a family. Rajah skema 14.2 berikut menunjukkan salasilah buta warna bagi tiga generasi dalam sesebuah keluarga. b represents allele for colour blindness and , B represents allele for normal vision. b mewakili alel untuk buta warna dan, B mewakili alel untuk penglihatan yang normal.

XBY
Generation l

XBXb

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Colour blind male

Carrier female

Generation lI Colour blind female

Generation lII

Normal male

Normal female

Colour blind male

Carrierl female Colour blind female

Diagram 14.2/ Rajah 14.2 Based on Diagram 14.2, give your opinion about the above statements. Berdasarkan Rajah 14.2, berikan pendapat anda tentang pernyataan di atas. [10 marks] 3. The Law of Independent Assortment states that two or more pairs of alleles segregate independently of one another during the formation of gametes. a. Hukum Segregasi menyatakan bahawa dua atau lebih pasangan alel terpisah secara bebas antara satau sama lain semasa pembentukan gamet.

Illustrate the above statements by using the following cross between a pure bred watermelon with green and short fruit with a pure bred watermelon with striped and long fruit. Show the second filial (F2) generation phenotype and its ratio. Gambarkisahkan pernyataan di atas dengan menggunakan kacukan diantara tembikai baka tulen untuk warna hijau dan buah yang bulat dengan tembikai baka tulen untuk warna berjalur dan buah yang bujur.Tunjukkan fenotip dan nisbah fenotip bagi generasi 21

kedua. [10 marks]

CHAPTER 15 VARIATION 1. Diagram 15.1(a) and Diagram 15.1(b) shows the histogram about distribution of genetic variation in human.

22

Rajah 15.1(a) dan Rajah 15.1(b) menunjukkan histogram mengenai taburan variasi genetik dalam manusia.

Diagram 15.1(a)/Rajah 15.1 (a)

Diagram 15.1(b)/ Rajah 15.1 (b)

With a suitable example, explain the comparison of two kinds of variation. Dengan menggunakan contoh yang sesuai, terangkan perbandingan di antara keduadua variasi tersebut. [10 marks] 2. Variation is seen in almost all living organisms. Discuss the importance of variation and give an example. Variasi dapat dilihat pada hampir semua kehidupan. Bincangkan kepentingan variasi dan berikan satu contoh. [6 marks]

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3. An ex-champion runner in 800m has two sons. The first son has a well developed body muscles very much like his father. He is also a good athlete, who practices every day. The second son is small in build, choosy in his diet, reluctant to exercise and prefers to spend his time indoors sleeping and reading. Seorang bekas juara pelari 800m mempunyai dua orang anak lelaki. Anak yang pertama mempunyai otot badan yang berkembang baik seperti ayahnya. Dia juga seorang atlit yang baik yang berlatih setiap hari. Anak yang kedua pula berbadan kecil, amat memilih dalam pemakanan, tidak suka bersenam serta lebih suka mengisi masanya di dalam rumah tidur dan membaca.

Discuss the factors affecting the variation in the two sons. Bincangkan faktor-faktor yang memberi kesan variasi terhadap kedua-dua anak lelaki bekas juara tersebut. [10 marks]

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