Armand V.

Feigenbaum - The Proponent of Total Quality Control

Demings speech to the Japanese revolutionized their perspective on quality and gave birth to the idea of using quality as yardstick for success. Demings idea of quality soon caught on, and using this lead, a General Electric (GE) Quality Control engineer named Armand V. Feigenbaum proposed the theory of Total Quality Control. Armand V. Feigenbaum An overview Feigenbaum published his first book on Total Quality Control (TQC) when he was a doctoral student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Boston. By 1950 the book had become quite popular, and the Japanese saw great potential in using TQC as a tool to achieve high quality. Feigenbaums idea of TQC came from his experiences being in charge of quality at General Electric (GE). During this period, he was in constant contact with world-class companies such as Hitachi and Toshiba. By studying the quality procedures at these companies, he realized the need for a total approach to quality. By this, he meant that all processes and units related to quality must aim at creating a high quality end product. In short, he believed that high quality could be achieved only through organizational support. He also asserted that quality must be a priority and not an afterthought. For the next ten years (1958 to 1968), he was the Director of Manufacturing Operations and Quality Control at GE. Eventually, his pioneering work in quality propelled him to President of GE. Later he took over as the President of the American Society for Quality Control and subsequently became the chairman of the International Academy for Quality. His knowledge and intellect earned him the prestigious Edward Deming Medal and the Lancaster Award for his international contribution to quality and productivity. In his later years, Feigenbaum joined the board of overseers for the United States, Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award Program. Feigenbaums Ideas Feigenbaums book, Quality Control: Principles, Practices and Administration, was provoked by the idea that quality control is managements responsibility. He stressed that management should thoroughly understand the aspects that control quality, namely humans. Therefore, management needs to work on improving employee consistency and quality. According to Feigenbaum, statistical tools make up a very small percentage of the quality control program. Quality Control Feigenbaum defined quality control as an effective system for coordinating the quality maintenance and quality improvement efforts of the various groups in an organization so According to Feigenbaum, quality did not mean giving the best product to the customer. More important as a tool was control, which focuses on the following: 1. Devising clear and achievable quality standards 2. Enhancing existing working conditions to reach the desired quality standards. 3. Setting new quality standards with an aim to further improve.

Feigenbaum TQC Feigenbaum presented quality in a holistic perspective. According to him, quality must encompass all the phases in the manufacturing of a product. This includes design, manufacturing, quality checks, sales, after-sales services, and customer satisfaction when the product is delivered to the customer. Given that these factors control the perception of quality, he proposed controls to control the above-mentioned phases. New-design control Incoming material control Product control Special process studies. Since these controls affect the quality of the product, they must be used to influence the quality of the end product. Misconception in quality control According to Feigenbaum, many organizations commit the blunder of viewing statistical tools as a means to control quality. However, he suggested that statistical tools make up only a small percentage of the quality control program. In short, statistical tools and techniques are a subset of the main quality control system. Modern quality control Feigenbaums idea of modern quality control was more management-based. He recommends: Increasing operator efficiency by educating them on quality in order to enhance overall quality. Aiming to increase quality awareness throughout the organization. Involving the entire organization in each and every quality initiative undertaken. He believed that quality control must not be viewed as a cost reduction tool but as an administrative effort to: Provide a channel for knowledge integration and communication, thus enhancing product quality. Encourage employee participation in organizational quality control initiatives. Grow constantly, not abruptly Feigenbaums modern quality control initiative stressed continuous improvement. He believed that the success of a quality control program depends on its ability to encompass more employees as it progresses. Often organizations leap into new concepts and techniques, and ultimately they become dejected. Feigenbaum advised climbing one step at a time. Therefore, he suggested that organizations allow the quality control program to develop slowly. Later, the emphasis should be on implementing the features of the quality control program throughout the organization.

FEIGANBAUM MODEL USEFUL ASPECTS OF PHILOSPHY It has been over forty years since Feigenbaum published his book on TQC. His book on TQC presents 10 attributes that are still critical to organizations today. 1. Quality control must be a company-wide process. 2. Quality is defined by the customer. 3. Quality and cost is a sum, not a difference. 4. Quality requires both individual and team enthusiasm. 5. Quality is a way of managing. 6. Quality and innovation are interdependent. 7. Quality is an ethic. 8. Enhanced quality demands continuous improvement. 9. Quality is the most cost-effective and least capital-intensive route to productivity. 10. Quality is implemented with a total system connected with customers and suppliers. COMPREHENSIVE MODEL Feigenbaums idea of Total Quality Control as a management responsibility has been widely appreciated and implemented as it is a comprehensive model. Nevertheless, it is only through entire workforce dedication that high quality by Total Quality Control can be achieved.
What is Feigenbaum's constant? Vague area & unrealistic. In a period doubling cascade, such as the logistic equation, consider the parameter values where period-doubling events occur (e.g. r[1]=3, r[2]=3.45, r[3]=3.54, r[4]=3.564...). Look at the ratio of distances between consecutive doubling parameter values; let delta[n] = (r[n+1]-r[n])/(r[n+2]r[n+1]). Then the limit as n goes to infinity is Feigenbaum's (delta) constant. Based on independent computations by Jay Hill and Keith Briggs, it has the value 4.669201609102990671853... Note: several books have published incorrect values starting 4.66920166...; the last repeated 6 is a typographical error. The interpretation of the delta constant is as you approach chaos, each periodic region is smaller than the previous by a factor approaching 4.669... Feigenbaum's constant is important because it is the same for any function or system that follows the period-doubling route to chaos and has a one- hump quadratic maximum. For cubic, quartic, etc. there are different Feigenbaum constants.

Feigenbaum's alpha constant is not as well known; it has the value 2.502907875095. This constant is the scaling factor between x values at bifurcations. Feigenbaum says, "Asymptotically, the separation of adjacent elements of period-doubled attractors is reduced by a constant value [alpha] from one doubling to the next". If d[n] is the algebraic distance between nearest elements of the attractor cycle of period 2^n, then d[n]/d[n+1] converges to -alpha.

The Feigenbaum delta constant has the value

It governs the structure and behavior of many types of dynamical systems. It was discovered in the 1970s by Mitchell Feigenbaum, while studying the logistic map

which produces the Feigenbaum tree:

Generated by GNU Octave and GNUPlot.

If the bifurcations in this tree (first few shown as dotted blue lines) are at points then

That is, the ratio of the intervals between the bifurcation points approaches Feigenbaum's constant. However, this is only the beginning. Feigenbaum discovered that this constant arose in any dynamical system that approaches chaotic behavior via period-doubling bifurcation, and has a single quadratic maximum. So in some sense, Feigenbaum's constant is a universal constant of chaos theory.

Feigenbaum's constant appears in problems of fluid-flow turbulence, electronic oscillators, chemical reactions, and even the Mandelbrot set (the ``budding'' of the Mandelbrot set along the negative real axis occurs at intervals determined by Feigenbaum's constant). This is the vague area and unrealistic.

ASSIGNMENT # 04

QUALITY IMROVEMENT IN TECHNICAL CONCERNS

TOPIC: GROUP3 FEIGENBAUM MODEL

SUBMITTED BY AHMAD FRAZ SP-10-CE-129 CLASS ROLL NO. 45