International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 6340(Print), ISSN

N 0976 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 5, September - October (2013) IAEME

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ISSN 0976 6340 (Print) ISSN 0976 6359 (Online) Volume 4, Issue 5, September - October (2013), pp. 103-110 IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijmet.asp Journal Impact Factor (2013): 5.7731 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com

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BILINEAR RESPONSE ANALYSIS OF BREATHING CRACK IN CANTILEVER BEAM

Dr.Animesh Chatterjee1,Ashwini Baghele2, Nagnath Kakde3,Vishal Deshbhratar4
1 2

Mechanical Department, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, Maharashtra India Mechanical Department, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, Maharashtra India 3 Mechanical Department, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar college of Engineering and Research, Nagpur, Maharashtra India 4 Mechanical Department, Vidarbha Institute of Technology,Umrer Road, Nagpur

ABSTRACT Vibration measurements offer an effective, inexpensive and fast means of non- destructive testing of structures and various engineering components. There are mainly two approaches to crack detection through vibration testing; open crack model with emphasis on changes in modal parameters and secondly, the breathing crack model focusing on nonlinear response characteristics. The open crack model based on linear response characteristics can identify the crack only at an advanced stage. Researchers have shown that a structure with a breathing crack behaves more like a nonlinear system, the nonlinear response characteristics can very well be investigated to identify the presence of the crack. In the present study, the switching behavior of crack are analyzed and converted the time-domain data into frequency domain. The effect of crack severity on the response harmonic amplitudes are investigated and a new procedure is suggested whereby the crack severity can be estimated through measurement of the first and second harmonic amplitudes. Keywords:- Vibration, Breathing Crack, Cantilever Beam 1. INTRODUCTION

Fatigue crack often exist in structural member that are subjected to repeated loading ,which compromises the structural integrity. Many studies have been carried out on the dynamic response of fatigue cracks, in an attempt to find viable vibration methods for non destructive inspection and health monitoring. The crack models used in these analyses fall largely into two categories: open crack models and breathing crack models .Most researchers have used open crack models in their studies and have claimed that the change in natural frequency might be a parameter used to detect the
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presense of cracks However the assumption that cracks are always open in vibration is not realistic because compressive loads may close the cracks .Recently, efforts have focused on vibration analysis using opening and closing models to simulate a fatigue crack .Their fatigue crack model considers the bilinear behavior of an elastic crack. In this model ,the structure has only two characteristic stiffness values: larger value corresponding to the state of crack closing and a smaller value for crack opening. This fatigue crack model, however, only represents an idealized situation in which the crack has two perfectly flat surfaces and can only exist in fully open or fully closed states. Due to the lack of a systematic theory regarding the breathing crack, it is difficult to interpret the experimental results. The effect of the breathing crack in the vibration response of cracked structural members have been recognized long ago. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW

Kirmsher in 1944 [1]reported that if a crack in a concrete beam is filled with dirt or crystallized material, or is narrow enough so that interference occurs, the effect on the natural frequency is the same as that of a crack of lesser depth. This observation was the basis for systematic investigation of the effects of opening and closing of cracks .Actis and Dimarogonas [2], used the finite element method to study the simply supported cracked beam. The crack was assumed to be a breathing crack. They assumed that when the bending moment changes sign, the crack changes from open to closed, or from closed to open. Ibrahim et al. [3] presented a bond graph technique that models the crack as a torsional spring with two spring constants, one when it is open, and the other when it is closed. A numerical simulation procedure is used for the prediction of the non-linear behaviour of a cantilever beam with a fatigue crack located near its root. Qian et al. [4] investigated the effects of an opening and closing crack on the dynamic behaviour of a cantilever beam using a finite element model for the cracked member. A numerical method and Hermitian interpolation was introduced for the solution of the resulting non-linear equations of motion. Friswell and Penny [5]have simulated the non-linear behavior of a beam with a closing crack vibrating in its first mode of vibration through a simple 1 d.o.f .model with bilinear stiffness .Shen and Chu[6] simulated, with a bilinear equation of motion for each mode of vibration, the dynamic response of simply supported beams with a closing crack ,analyzing the response spectra in order to detect changes which are potentially useful for damage assessment . Krawczuk and Ostachowicz [7] studied the transverse vibrations of a beam with a closing crack simulated through springs with periodically time variant stiffness. In a recent paper these author presented an analysis of the forced vibrations of cantilever beam with a closing crack, in which the equation of motion were solved using harmonic balance method[8]. Abraham and Brandon [9]applied a piece-wise linear approach to analyse vibrations of a cantilever beam with a breathing crack. Their formulation was a hybrid frequency-domain/timedomain method. For the majority of the vibration ,the crack section is unambiguously either open or closed. During this time a mode superposition is used to develop the response of the system. They proposed fourier series to simulate the continuous change of stiffness in crack breathing. In this paper,a simple non-linear fatigue crack model of cantilever beam is developed. Equations of motion have solved by newmark beta method[12] and analyse the response in time domain and in frequency domain by fast fourier transform. A procedure is then suggested for estimating the structural damage through measurement of the first and second harmonic amplitudes. The method is illustrated with numerical simulation for two different damage levels and it is found that the procedure provides an accurate estimation of the damage, even when the crack size is very small.
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3.

CRACK MODEL DESCRIPTION

The presence of crack in a structural member alters the local compliance that would affect the vibration response under external loads. This effect is related to the crack tip stress intensity factors. Consider the cantilever beam as shown in Fig.1.The length of beam is L and it has a crack at a distance l1 from the fixed end. The beam is divided into elements. The beam stiffness matrix is derived using energy method. The strain energy for the uncracked beam element, subjected to a total bending moment Mb is given by U0=1/2 Mb2dx/EI
0 l

(1)

Where E is the Youngs modulus ,I is the geometric moment of inertia and l is the length of the element. The total bending moment maybe written as Mb=Tl+M, Where T is the shear force and M is the bending moment on the element. l1 T a M L Fig 1. Schematic model of beam The additional strain energy due to the presence of crack is given by Tada et al.[10] as U1= 1/AE[KI2+KII2+1/(1-)KIII2]dA,
A

(2)

(3)

Where A is the crack cross-section ,E=E for plane stress and E=E/1-v2 for plane strain, v is the poissons ratio and KI,KII,KIII are stress intensity factors for opening, sliding and tearing type cracks ,respectively. To apply the linear fracture mechanics theory, it is necessary to consider a plain strain state. Neglecting the effect of axial force, for a beam with cross sectional area bxh and a crack with depth a,Eq.(3) may be written as
a

U1=b {[(KlM+KlP)2+KIIP2]/E}da.
0

(4)

The stress intensity factors are then given as [10] KlM = 6M/bh2 a FI(s), KlP = 3TL/bh2 a FI(s), KlIP=T/bh a FII(s),

(5)

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 5, September - October (2013) IAEME

Where s=a/h and FI(s) and FII(s) for a rectangular cross-section are expressed as follows: FI(s) = (2 / s ) tan(s / 2) 0.923+0.199[1-sin( s/2)]4/ cos( s/2)), FII(s)=(3s-2s2)1.122-0.561+0.085s2+0.18s3/( 1 s ), (6)

From the definition of the compliance, the flexibility coefficient for an element without crack is obtained as Cij(0)= 2U0/ Ti Tj T1=T, T2=M, i,j=1,2. The additional flexibility coefficient introduced due to crack is Cij(1)= 2U1/ Ti Tj , T1=T, T2=M, i,j=1,2.

(7)

(8)

3.1 Cracked beam finite element In order to model the effect that the crack introduces to a structure, the stiffness matrix of a cracked beam element is derived. The element is assumed to have a transverse crack under bending and shear forces.Applying the principle of work,the stiffness matrix of cracked beam element is defined as [Kc]=[T]T[C]-1[T]. Where [T] is the transformation matrix given as [T] = -1 -l 1 0 0 -1 0 1 (9)

From eqs. (1),(2) and (4)-(8) the elements of flexibility matrix [C] may be obtained as C11=l3/3EI + 2B1[9l2B2 + h2B3], C12=l2/2EI + 36lB1B2 , C22=l/EI+72B1B2 Where, B1 = (1-v2)/Ebh2 , B2 =
.s

(10)

sFI2(s)ds , , B3=

.s

sFII2(s)ds ,

Using Eq.(9) ,the cracked element stiffness matrix becomes

(11)

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 5, September - October (2013) IAEME

The integrals B2 and B3 were evaluated using the MATLAB program. Due to negligible effect of crack on mass of the beam element ,mass matrix of cracked element is assumed to be the same as that of uncracked element. 3.2 Cracked element behavior To show the vibration behavior of cracked beam, consider a cantilever beam with ten elements as a model and MATLAB[11] program ,the natural frequencies of the cracked beam are obtained for aedge crack located at normalized distance x/L from the fixed end and with a normalized depth a/h in each location. The normalized natural frequencies are defined as the ratio of cracked beam natural frequency to the uncracked beam natural frequency. Variations of the first four normalized natural frequencies of the beam model in terms of crack depth ratio and cracked element location are constructed shown in Fig. 2. Variations of the normalized natural frequencies of the beam model in terms of the cracked element number, for different crack depth ratios, are illustrated in Fig. 3. As can be seen from Fig. 2, natural frequencies of the cracked beam decrease as crack grows deeper. The fundamental frequency is mostly affected when crack is located on the first element which is near the fixed end. The reason is that the presence of a crack near the fixed end reduces the stiffness near the support significantly. The second, third and fourth natural frequencies change rapidly as the crack is located on the sixth element. From the results it can be seen that the decrease in the frequencies is greatest for a crack located at the point of maximum bending moment. The trends of changes of the second, third and fourth natural frequencies, also, are not monotonic as in the first natural frequency (see Fig. 3). It can be concluded that both crack location and crack depth have influence on the frequencies of the cracked beam. Also, a certain frequency may correspond to different crack depths and locations. Based on this, the contour line which has the same normalized frequency change can be plotted having crack location and crack depth as its axis. The location and depth corresponding to any point on this curve becomes a possible crack location and depth.

Fig.2 Variation of normalized natural frequencies verses crack depth ratio for different crack element locations:
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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 5, September - October (2013) IAEME
F re q u e n c y o f c ra c k e d b e a m / F re q u e n c y o f u n c ra c k e d b e a m 1

0.98 0.96 0.94 0.92 0.9

0.88 0.86 0.84 0.82 0.8

5 Element Number

10

Frequency of cracked beam/Frequency of uncracked beam

0.95

0.9

0.85

0.8

0.75

0.7

5 Element number

10

F re q u e n c y o f c ra c k e d b e a m /F re q u e n c y o f u n c ra c k e d b e a m

1.05

0.95

0.9

0.85

0.8

5 Element Number

10

F re q u e n c y o f c ra c k e d b e a m / F re q u e n c y o f u n c ra c k e d b e a m

1.05

0.95

0.9

0.85

0.8

5 Element Number

10

Fig.3 Variation of normalized natural frequencies verses cracked element number for different crack depth ratio

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4.

TIME DOMAIN/FREQUENCY DOMAIN ANALYSIS

In this paper have solved the numerical integration at each time step with switching behavior of crack by the newmark beta method[9] and find out the displacement per unit time. Frequencydomain data are obtained by converting time-domain data using a mathematical technique referred to as a fast Fourier transform (FFT).This FFT gives two frequency spectrum first for the uncracked beam and second peak gives the assessment of crack in the beam. Consider a cantilever beam with uniform cross-section having 3 L=200mm,b=20mm,d=20mm,E=208e9,=0.3,=7850kg/m ,dt=0.2sec.,number of elements=10

Fig 4 the response amplitude for the first and second harmonic Figure 4 shows that FFT results for computing number of DFT at consistent frequency and gives the two peaks.First peak for the uncracked and second peak for the structural damage or crack of the beam.As the crack depth varies the second peak varies continuously and peak ratio decreases and when move fixed end to free end second peak decreases and first peak remain unchanged 5. CONCLUSION

The Bilinear response of a cracked beam is analysed using fast fourier transform representation. The effect of crack severity on the response harmonic amplitudes are investigated and a new technique is suggested whereby the crack severity can be estimated through measurement of the first and second harmonic amplitudes. The estimate is found to be more accurate for smaller crack size. The procedure also discusses proper location and depth of structural damage.

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6. [1] [2]

REFERENCES P.G.Kirmsher, The effect of discontinuities on the natural frequencies of beam Proceedings of the American Society of testing and materials 44,897-904. R.I.Actis and A.D.Dimargonas, Non-linear effect due to closing crack in vibrating beams 12th ASME Conference on Mechanical Engineering, Vibration and Noise, Montreal Canada,1720 september. A.Ibrahim,F.Ismail and H.R.Martin, Modelling of the dynamics of a continuous beam including non linear fatigue crack International journal of Analytic and Experimental Model Analysis 2, 76-82. G.L.Qian,S.N.Gu and J.S.Jiang,The dynamic behavior and crack detection of beam with a crack Journal of sound and vibration 138, 233-243. M.I.Friswell and J.E.T.Penny, A simple nonlinear modal of a cracked beam. In: 10th Int. Modal Analysis Conf.,San Diego, Calif.,pp.516-521 (1992). M.H.Shen and Y.C.Chu, Vibration of beams with a fatigue crack. Comput. Struct. 45(1), 7993 (1992). W.Ostachowicz and M.Krawczuk, Vibration analysis of cracked beam. Comput. Struct.36,245-250 (1990) M.Krawczuk and W.Ostachowicz, Forced vibration of a cantilever Timoshenko beam with a closing crack 1994 proceedings of the 19th International Seminar on Modal Analysis, K.U. Leuven, Belgium, Vol. 3, 1067-1078. O.N..L.Abraham and J.A.Brandon, The modelling of opening and closing of a crack Transaction of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers:Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 117,370-377. Tada H,Paris P,Irwin G. The stress analysis of cracks handbook. Hellertown ,PA: Del Rsearch Corp; 1973. Jabbari M. Crack detection in beams using vibration test data and finite element method. M.Sc. Thesis, Isfanan University of Technology,Isfanan,Iran,2004. Klaus Jurgan Bathe and Edward L.Wilson. Numerical methods in finite elements analysis Prentice Hall of India 1987. Akash.D.A, Anand.A, G.V.Gnanendra Reddy And Sudev.L.J, Determination Of Stress Intensity Factor For A Crack Emanating From A Hole In A Pressurized Cylinder Using Displacement Extrapolation Method International Journal of Civil Engineering & Technology (IJCIET), Volume 4, Issue 2, 2013, pp. 373 - 382, ISSN Print: 0976 6308, ISSN Online: 0976 6316, Published by IAEME. Mohammed S. Al-Ansar, Flexural Safety Cost Of Optimized Reinforced Concrete Beams International Journal of Civil Engineering & Technology (IJCIET), Volume 4, Issue 2, 2013, pp. 373 - 382, ISSN Print: 0976 6308, ISSN Online: 0976 6316, Published by IAEME. Sharad V. Kshirsagar, Dr. Lalit B. Bhuyar, Signature Analysis Of Cracked Cantilever Beam International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering & Technology (IJARET), Volume 1, Issue 1, 2010, pp. 105 - 117, ISSN Print: 0976-6480, ISSN Online: 0976-6499, Published by IAEME.

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