Introduction

First of all, it is necessary to state that this booklet is presented only to

highlight the usurping activities of Israel in Palestine and our aim is not
in anyway to hurt the feelings of the Jewish community. Through this
small presentation we only wish highlight the plight and sufferings of
Palestinians in their own homeland.
Palestine is located on the East coast of the Mediterranean Sea, West of
Jordan and to the south of Lebanon. Between 3000 and 1100 B.C this

Facts area was inhabited by Canaanites who remained in the Jerusalem hills
after the Romans expelled the Jews in 2nd century A.D. The Arab invaders
of the 7th century A.D. made Moslem converts of the natives, settled
down as residents, and intermarried with them, with the result that all

about are now so completely Arabized that we cannot tell where the Canaanites
leave off and the Arabs begin.
How long has Palestine been a specifically Arab country?
“Palestine became a predominately Arab and Islamic country by the end

Palestine of the 7th century. Almost immediately thereafter its boundaries and its
characteristics - including its name in Arabic, Filastin - became known
to the entire Islamic world. Following the war of 1948 this land was
divided into three parts: the state of Israel, the West Bank and the Gaza

and Strip.
Origin of Zionism
In the 19th century Jews began to develop a national consciousness, and
mobilized to achieve national goals. Because Jews were spread across

Israel
Presented by: World Islamic Network
the world (in diaspora), their national movement, Zionism, entailed the
identification of a place where Jews could come together through the
process of immigration and settlement. They chose Palestine since it
was the site of Jewish origin. The Zionist movement began in 1882 with
the first wave of European Jewish immigration to Palestine.
The World Zionist Organization, established in 1897, declared that the
aim of Zionism was to establish “a national home for the Jewish people
secured by public law.” Zionism drew on Jewish religious attachment to
Jerusalem and the Land of Israel (Eretz Israel). But the politics of Zionism
was influenced by nationalist ideology, and by colonial ideas about

2
Europeans’ rights to claim and settle other parts of the world.
At that time, Palestine was part of the Ottoman Empire. According to
Ottoman records, in 1878 there were 462,465 subject inhabitants of the
Jerusalem, Nablus and Acre districts: 403,795 Muslims (including Druze),
43,659 Christians and 15,011 Jews. In addition, there were perhaps 10,000
Jews with foreign citizenship (recent immigrants to the country), and
several thousand Muslim Arab nomads (bedouin) who were not counted
as Ottoman subjects.
Jewish Notion Rejected
Jewish claims to this land are based on the biblical promise to Abraham
and his descendants, on the fact that this was the historical site of the
Jewish kingdom of Israel (which was destroyed by the Roman Empire),
and on Jews’ need for a haven from European anti-Semitism.
Palestinian Arabs’ claims to the land are based on continuous residence
in the country for hundreds of years and the fact that they represented
the demographic majority. They reject the notion that a biblical-era
kingdom constitutes the basis for a valid modern claim. If Arabs engage
the biblical argument at all, they maintain that since Abraham’s son
Ishmael is the forefather of the Arabs, then God’s promise of the land to
the children of Abraham includes Arabs as well. They do not believe
that they should forfeit their land to compensate Jews for Europe’s crimes
against them.
The standard Zionist position is that they showed up in Palestine in the
late 19th century to reclaim their ancestral homeland. Jews bought land
and started building up the Jewish community there. They were met with
increasingly violent opposition from the Palestinian Arabs, presumably
stemming from the Arabs’ inherent anti-Semitism. The Zionists were
then forced to defend themselves and, in one form or another, this same
situation continues up to today.
Actually the Zionist movement, from the beginning, looked forward to
a practically complete dispossession of the indigenous Arab population
so that Israel could be a wholly Jewish state, or as much as was possible.
Land bought by the Jewish National Fund was held in the name of the
Jewish people and could never be sold or even leased back to Arabs (a
3 4
situation which continues to the present).
The Arab community strenuously opposed further Jewish immigration
and land buying because it posed a real and imminent danger to the very
existence of Arabs in Palestine. In short, Zionism was based on a faulty,
colonialist world view that the rights of the indigenous inhabitants didn’t
matter. The Arabs’ opposition wasn’t based on anti-Semitism but rather
on a totally reasonable fear of the dispossesion of their people. The mythic
“land without people for a people without land” was already home to
700,000 Palestinians in 1919. This was the root of the problem.
Birth of the state of Israel
During the 1948 war, 750,000 Palestinians fled in terror or were expelled
from their ancestral homeland and turned into refugees. The state of
Israel then refused to allow them to return and either destroyed their
villages entirely or expropriated their land, orchards, houses, businesses
and personal possessions for the use of the Jewish population. This was
the birth of the state of Israel.
The indigenous Jews
“Before the 20th century, most Jews in Palestine belonged to a community
that had settled more for religious than for political reasons. There was
little if any conflict between them and the Arab population. Tensions
began after the first Zionist settlers arrived in the 1880’s. The indigenous
Jews of Palestine also reacted negatively to Zionism. They did not see
the need for a Jewish state in Palestine and did not want to exacerbate
relations with the Arabs. (John Quigley, “Palestine and Israel: A Challenge
to Justice”)
The British Mandate in Palestine
By the early years of the 20th century the Ottoman Empire was weakening,
and European powers were entrenching their grip on areas in the eastern
Mediterranean, including Palestine. The Arab revolt, led by T. E.
Lawrence (“Lawrence of Arabia”) and Husayn’s son Faysal, was
successful in defeating the Ottomans, and Britain took control over much
of this area during World War I.
In 1917, the British Foreign Minister, Lord Arthur Balfour, issued a
declaration (the Balfour Declaration) announcing his government’s
support for the establishment of “a Jewish national home in Palestine.”
After the war Britain obtained a mandate over the areas which now
comprise Israel, the West Bank, the Gaza Strip and Jordan.
In 1921, the British divided this region in two: east of the Jordan River
became the Emirate of Transjordan, to be ruled by Faysal’s brother
‘Abdullah, and west of the Jordan River became the Palestine Mandate.
This was the first time in modern history that Palestine became a unified
political entity. Throughout the region, Arabs were angered by Britain’s
failure to fulfill its promise to create an independent Arab state. In
Palestine, the situation was more complicated because of the British
promise to support the creation of a Jewish national home. The rising
tide of European Jewish immigration, land purchases and settlement in
Palestine generated increasing resistance by Palestinian Arab peasants,
journalists and political figures. They feared that this would lead
eventually to the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine. In the 1920s,
when the Jewish National Fund purchased large tracts of land from
absentee Arab landowners, the Arabs living in these areas were evicted.
These displacements led to increasing tensions and violent confrontations
between Jewish settlers and Arab peasant tenants.
European Jewish immigration to Palestine increased dramatically after
Hitler’s rise to power in 1933, leading to new land purchases and Jewish
settlements. Palestinian resistance to British control and Zionist settlement
climaxed with the Arab revolt of 1936-39. After crushing the Arab revolt,
the British issued a White Paper (a statement of political policy) limiting
future Jewish immigration and land purchases. The Zionists regarded
this as a betrayal of the Balfour Declaration and a particularly egregious
act in light of the desperate situation of the Jews in Europe, who were
facing extermination.
The United Nations Partition Plan
On November 29, 1947, the UN General Assembly voted to partition
Palestine into two states, one Jewish and the other Arab. The territory
designated to the Jewish state would be slightly larger than the Palestinian
5 6
state on the assumption that increasing numbers of Jews would immigrate
there.
Publicly, the Zionist leadership accepted the UN partition plan, although
they hoped somehow to expand the borders allotted to the Jewish state.
The Palestinian Arabs and the surrounding Arab states rejected the UN
plan and regarded the General Assembly vote as an international betrayal.
Some argued that the UN plan allotted too much territory to the Jews.
Most Arabs regarded the proposed Jewish state as a settler colony and
argued that it was only because the British had permitted extensive Zionist
settlement in Palestine against the wishes of the Arab majority that the
question of Jewish statehood was on the international agenda at all.
The 1948 War
Fighting began between the Arab and Jewish residents of Palestine days
after the adoption of the UN partition plan. By the spring of 1948, the
Zionist forces had secured control over most of the territory allotted to
the Jewish state in the UN plan. On May 15, 1948, the British evacuated
Palestine, and Zionist leaders proclaimed the state of Israel. Neighboring
Arab states invaded Israel claiming as they sought to save Palestine from
the Zionists. During May and June 1948, when the fighting was most
intense, the outcome of this first Arab-Israeli War was in doubt. But
after arms shipments from Czechoslovakia reached Israel, its armed forces
established superiority and conquered territories beyond the UN partition
plan borders of the Jewish state. In 1949, the war between Israel and the
Arab states ended with the signing of armistice agreements. The country
once known as Palestine was now divided into three parts, each under
separate political control. The State of Israel encompassed over 77 percent
of the territory. Jordan occupied East Jerusalem and the hill country of
central Palestine (the West Bank). Egypt took control of the coastal plain
around the city of Gaza (the Gaza Strip). The Palestinian Arab state
envisioned by the UN partition plan was never established.
Was the partition plan fair to both Arabs and Jews?
“Arab rejection was...based on the fact that, while the population of the
Jewish state was to be [only half] Jewish with the Jews owning less than
10% of the Jewish state land area, the Jews were to be established as the
ruling body - a settlement which no self-respecting people would accept
without protest, to say the least...The action of the United Nations
conflicted with the basic principles for which the world organization
was established, namely, to uphold the right of all peoples to self-
determination. By denying the Palestine Arabs, who formed the two-
thirds majority of the country, the right to decide for themselves, the
United Nations had violated its own charter.” (Sami Hadawi, “Bitter
Harvest.”)
Public vs private pronouncements on this question.
“In internal discussion in 1938 [David Ben-Gurion] stated that ‘after we
become a strong force, as a result of the creation of a state, we shall
abolish partition and expand into the whole of Palestine’ (Noam Chomsky,
“The Fateful Triangle.”)
Zionists’ disrespect of partition boundaries
“Before the end of the mandate and, therefore before any possible
intervention by Arab states, the Jews, taking advantage of their superior
military preparation and organization, had occupied most of the Arab
cities in Palestine before May 15, 1948. Tiberias was occupied on April
19, 1948, Haifa on April 22, Jaffa on April 28, the Arab quarters in the
New City of Jerusalem on April 30, Beisan on May 8, Safad on May 10
and Acre on May 14, 1948...In contrast, the Palestine Arabs did not seize
any of the territories reserved for the Jewish state under the partition
resolution.” (British author, Henry Cattan, “Palestine, The Arabs and
Israel.”)
The Palestinian Arab Refugees
As a consequence of the fighting in Palestine/Israel between 1947 and
1949, over 700,000 Palestinian Arabs became refugees. The precise
number of refugees, and questions of responsibility for their exodus are
sharply disputed. Many Palestinians have claimed that most were expelled
in accordance with a Zionist plan to rid the country of its non-Jewish
inhabitants.
7 8
Arab resistance to Pre-Israeli Zionism
David Ben-Gurion urged, ‘let us not ignore the truth among ourselves.’
The truth was that ‘politically we are the aggressors and they defend
themselves... The country is theirs, because they inhabit it, whereas we
want to come here and settle down, and in their view we want to take
away from them their country, while we are still outside’ (Noam Chomsky,
“The Fateful Triangle.”)
The 1967 War and Israeli Occupation of the West Bank and Gaza
On June 5, 1967 Israel preemptively attacked Egypt and Syria, destroying
their air forces on the ground within a few hours. Jordan joined in the
fighting belatedly, and consequently was attacked by Israel as well. The
Egyptian, Syrian and Jordanian armies were decisively defeated, and
Israel captured the West Bank from Jordan, the Gaza Strip and the Sinai
Peninsula from Egypt, and the Golan Heights from Syria.
Menahem Begin had the following remarks to make: ‘In June 1967, we
again had a choice. The Egyptian Army concentrations in the Sinai
approaches do not prove that Nasser was really about to attack us. We
must be honest with ourselves. We decided to attack him.’ (“Noam
Chomsky, “The Fateful Triangle.”)
What happened after the 1967 war ended?
“In violation of international law, Israel has confiscated over 52 percent
of the land in the West Bank and 30 percent of the Gaza Strip for military
use or for settlement by Jewish civilians...From 1967 to 1982, Israel’s
military government demolished 1,338 Palestinian homes on the West
Bank. Over this period, more than 300,000 Palestinians were detained
without trial for various periods by Israeli security forces.” (Intifada:
The Palestinian Uprising Against Israeli Occupation,” ed. Lockman and
Beinin.)
World opinion on the legality of Israeli control of the West Bank
and Gaza.
“Under the UN Charter there can lawfully be no territorial gains from
war, even by a state acting in self-defense. The response of other states
to Israel’s occupation shows a virtually unanimous opinion that even if
Israel’s action was defensive, its retention of the West Bank and Gaza
Strip was not...The [UN] General Assembly characterized Israel’s
occupation of the West Bank and Gaza as a denial of self determination
and hence a ‘serious and increasing threat to international peace and
security.’ (“John Quigley, “Palestine and Israel: A Challenge to Justice.”)
All Jewish settlements in occupied territories are a direct violation
of the Geneva Conventions, which Israel has signed.
“The Geneva Convention requires an occupying power to change the
existing order as little as possible during its tenure. One aspect of this
obligation is that it must leave the territory to the people it finds there. It
may not bring its own people to populate the territory. This prohibition
is found in the convention’s Article 49, which states, ‘The occupying
Power shall not deport or transfer parts of its own civilian population
into the territory it occupies.’” (John Quigley, “Palestine and Israel: A
Challenge to Justice.”)
Jewish Criticism of Zionism
“Albert Einstein - “‘I should much rather see reasonable agreement with
the Arabs on the basis of living together in peace than the creation of a
Jewish State. Apart from practical considerations, my awareness of the
essential nature of Judaism resists the idea of a Jewish State, with borders,
an army, and a measure of temporal power, no matter how modest. I am
afraid of the inner damage Judaism will sustain’...
“In an article published in the Washington Post of 3 October 1978, Rabbi
Hirsch (of Jerusalem) is reported to have declared: ‘The 12th principle
of our faith, I believe, is that the Messiah will gather the Jewish exiled
who are dispersed throughout the nations of the world. Zionism is
diametrically opposed to Judaism. Zionism wishes to define the Jewish
people as a nationalistic entity. The Jewish people are charged by Divine
oath not to force themselves back to the Holy Land against the wishes of
those residing there.’ (“Sami Hadawi, “Bitter Harvest.”)
“A Jewish Home in Palestine built up on bayonets and oppression [is]
not worth having, even though it succeed, whereas the very attempt to
build it up peacefully, cooperatively, with understanding, education, and
good will, [is] worth a great deal even though the attempt should fail.”
(Rabbi Judah L. Magnes, first president of the Hebrew University in
9 10
Jerusalem, quoted in “Like All The Nations?”, ed. Brinner & Rischin.)
“It is no longer my country”
“For me, this business called the state of Israel is finished...I can’t bear
to see it anymore, the injustice that is done to the Arabs...All kinds of
scum coming from America and as soon as they get off the plane taking
over lands in the territories and claiming it for their own...I can’t do
anything to change it. I can only go away and let the whole lot go to hell
without me.” (Israeli actress (and household name) Rivka Mitchell,
quoted in Israeli peace movement periodical, “The Other Israel”, August
1998.)
Zionism and the Holocaust
The U.N. decisions to partition Palestine and then to grant admission to
the state of Israel were made, on one level, as an emotional response to
the horrors of the Holocaust. Under more normal circumstances, the
compelling claims to sovereignty of the Arab majority would have
prevailed. This reaction of guilt on the part of the Western allies was
understandable, but that doesn’t mean the Palestinians should have to
pay for crimes committed by others — a classic example of two wrongs
not making a right. The Holocaust is often used as the final argument in
favor of Zionism, but is this connection justified? There are several
aspects to consider in answering that question honestly. First, we will
examine the historical record of what the Zionist movement actually did
to help save European Jewry from the Nazis.
Wasn’t the main goal of Zionism to save Jews from the Holocaust?
“In 1938 a thirty-one nation conference was held in Evian, France, on
resettlement of the victims of Nazism. The World Zionist Organization
refused to participate, fearing that resettlement of Jews in other states
would reduce the number available for Palestine.” (John Quigley,
“Palestine and Israel: A Challenge to Justice.”)
In any case, Palestine was not Britain’s to give away; it was
already occupied.
“We came to this country which was already populated by Arabs, and
we are establishing a Hebrew, that is a Jewish, state here...Jewish villages
were built in the place of Arab villages...There is not a single community
in the country that did not have a former Arab population.” (Israeli leader,
Moshe Dayan, quoted in Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi’s “Original Sins.”)
General Considerations
“Why should the Arabs make peace? If I was an Arab leader, I would
never make terms with Israel. That is natural: we have taken their country.
Sure, God promised it to us, but what does that matter to them? There
has been anti-Semitism, the Nazis, Hitler, Auschwitz, but was that their
fault? They only see one thing: we came here and stole their country.
Why should they accept that?” (David Ben-Gurion, quoted in “The Jewish
Paradox” by Nathan Goldman, former president of the World Jewish
Congress.)
“Before [the Palestinians] very eyes we are possessing the land and the
villages where they, and their ancestors, have lived...We are the generation
of colonizers, and without the steel helmet and the gun barrel we cannot
plant a tree and build a home.” (Israeli leader Moshe Dayan, quoted in
Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi, “Original Sins: Reflections on the History of
Zionism and Israel”)
Some arguments used to justify Zionism
“There is clearly no need to justify the Zionist dream, the desire for
relief from Jewish suffering...The trouble with Zionism starts when it
lands, so to speak, in Palestine. What has to be justified is the injustice
to the Palestinians caused by Zionism, the dispossession and victimization
of a whole people. The aim of Zionism is the restoration of a Jewish
sovereignty to its status 2,000 years ago. Palestinians have claimed
descent from the ancient inhabitants of Palestine 3,000 years ago! The
Palestinians, who have felt the enormous power of this vengeance, were
not the historical oppressors of the Jews. They did not put Jews into
ghettos and force them to wear yellow stars. They did not plan holocausts.
But they had one fault. They were weak and defenseless in the face of
real military might, so they were the ideal victims for an abstract revenge.
A ‘benign’ occupation?
“Israelis like to believe, and tell the world, that they are running an
‘enlightened’ or ‘benign’ occupation, qualitatively different from other
military occupations the world has seen. The truth was radically different.
11
Like all occupations, Israel’s was founded on brute force, repression
and fear, collaboration and treachery, beatings and torture chambers, and
daily intimidation, humiliation and manipulation.” (Israeli historian,
Benny Morris, “Righteous Victims.”)
The Occupied Territories
Israel established a military administration to govern the Palestinian
residents of the occupied West Bank and Gaza. Under this arrangement,
Palestinians were denied many basic political rights and civil liberties,
including freedom of expression, freedom of the press and freedom of
political association.
Israeli policies and practices in the West Bank and Gaza have included
extensive use of collective punishments such as curfews, house
demolitions and closure of roads, schools and community institutions.
Hundreds of Palestinian political activists have been deported to Jordan
or Lebanon, thousands of acres of Palestinian land have been confiscated,
and thousands of trees have been uprooted. Since 1967, over 300,000
Palestinians have been imprisoned without trial, and over half a million
have been tried in the Israeli military court system.
Jewish settlement on a hill top in the West Bank.
Israel has built hundreds of settlements and permitted hundreds of
thousands of its own Jewish citizens to move to the West Bank and Gaza,
despite that this constitutes a breach of international law. Israel has
justified the violation of the Fourth Geneva Convention and other
international laws governing military occupation of foreign territory.
Jerusalem
The UN partition plan advocated that Jerusalem become an international
zone, independent of both the proposed Jewish and Palestinian Arab
states. In the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Israel took control of the western
part of Jerusalem, while Jordan took the eastern part, including the old
walled city containing important Jewish, Muslim and Christian religious
sites. The 1949 armistice line cut the city in two. In June 1967, Israel
12
captured East Jerusalem from Jordan and almost immediately annexed
it. Israel regards Jerusalem as its “eternal capital.” Arabs consider East
Jerusalem part of the occupied West Bank and want it to be the capital of
a Palestinian state.
The Intifada
In December 1987, the Palestinian population in the West Bank and
Gaza started a mass uprising against the Israeli occupation. Under the
leadership of Minister of Defense Yitzhak Rabin, Israel tried to smash
the intifada with “force, power and blows.” Army commanders instructed
troops to break the bones of demonstrators. From 1987 to 1991 Israeli
forces killed over 1,000 Palestinians, including over 200 under the age
of sixteen.
US Vetoes Cast Against UN Security Council Resolutions on
Palestine
Since 1948 the UN Security Council has adopted 58 resolutions on the
issue of Palestine but the implementation of the Security Council
resolutions have proved to be very difficult, as Israel, one of the main
parties of the conflict, customarily ignores the resolutions, and continues
breaching international regulations and laws, such as the 1949 Forth
Geneva Convention, the UN charter, and UN Security Council
resolutions. For instance, resolution 242 of 1967 and 338 of 1973 are
two key resolutions that Israel has refused to comply with.
The resolution furthermore calls for Israeli withdrawal from the territories
occupied in the 1967 war, and emphasizes the need for “a just settlement
of the refugee problem”. A number of resolutions with similar wording
have since then followed, and have likewise been ignored by the Israeli
authorities.
Israel’s blatant ignorance of the Security Council resolutions is likely
much due to the unconditional support the country has been given by the
US. As a permanent member of the Security Council, the US has the
privilege of the veto power. By means of its veto power, the US has
managed to protect Israel from numerous resolutions condemning Israeli
actions, policies, and its refusal to comply with UN resolutions and
international law. 21 of the vetoed drafts are directly concerned with the
13
issue of Palestine or attacks on Palestinian targets, and include sharp
criticism against Israeli human rights violations, calls for the cessation
of collective punishment, home demolitions and deportations, and
denouncement of Israeli establishments of illegal settlements (for more
information, see below). The US use of the veto has furthermore
prevented the establishment of an UN observer force, on-site monitoring
of the situation, and enforcement of earlier resolutions. In addition to
the drafts that have been vetoed, the threat of the US veto has shield
Israel from criticism by forcing the members of the Security Council to
settle with a statement instead of a resolution.
Palestinians
About 3 million Palestinians now live within this area, which is divided
between the state of Israel, and the West Bank and Gaza; these latter
areas were captured and occupied by Israel in 1967. Today, over 700,000
Palestinians are citizens of Israel, living inside the country’s 1949
armistice borders. About 1.2 million live in the West Bank (including
200,000 in East Jerusalem) and about one million in the Gaza Strip. The
remainder of the Palestinian people, perhaps another 3 million, lives in
diaspora, outside the country they claim as their national homeland.
The largest Palestinian diaspora community, approximately 1.3 million,
is in Jordan. Many of them still live in the refugee camps that were
established in 1949, although others live in cities and towns. Lebanon
and Syria also have large Palestinian populations, many of whom still
live in refugee camps. Jordan is the only Arab state to grant citizenship
to the Palestinians who live there. Palestinians in Arab states generally
do not enjoy the same rights as the citizens of those states.
The Palestinian Arab Citizens of Israel
Palestinian Arabs who remained in the area that became the state of
Israel were granted Israeli citizenship and the right to vote. But in many
respects they were and remain second-class citizens, since Israel defines
itself as the state of the Jewish people and Palestinians are non-Jews.
Most of them were subject to a military government that restricted their
movement and other rights (to speech, association and so on). Arabs
were not permitted to become full members of the Israeli trade union
14
federation, the Histadrut, until 1965. About 40 percent of their lands
were confiscated by the state and used for development projects that
benefited Jews primarily or exclusively. All of Israel’s governments have
discriminated against the Arab population by allocating far fewer
resources for education, health care, public works, municipal government
and economic development to the Arab sector.
Mahatma Gandhi on the Palestine conflict – 1938
“Palestine belongs to the Arabs in the same sense that England belongs READERS’ OPINIONS ON THIS SUBJECT ARE WELCOMED
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