LONG JUMP I.

Meaning The long jump is a track and field event in which athletes combine speed, strength, and agility in an attempt to leap from the take-off point as far as possible. It requires the athletes to sprint down a runaway and jump off a raised platform into a stretch of sand. The distance travelled is measured from the edge of the takeoff board to the nearest break in the pit surface. If the jumper falls backward, the distance must be measured from where she fell. There are four main components of the long jump: the approach run, takeoff, flight and landing. The Approach Run Aim: to gather optimal speed for the takeoff to give the jump sufficient force 16 to 20 full strides are considered desirable. A runup that is too long will result in the jumper reaching maximum speed before takeoff. Often this will result in loss of velocity in the last two strides. Conversely, a runup that is too short will not allow the jumper to reach maximum velocity. The last two strides are extremely significant because they determine the velocity with which the competitor will enter the jump; the greater the velocity, the better the jump. Speed is the most important factor of the approach. The Takeoff Aim: to create a vertical impulse while maintaining balance and control Jumpers must be conscious to place the foot flat on the ground, because jumping off either the heels or the toes negatively affects the jump. Usually, the heel hits the takeoff board, the leg straightens and the body rocks forward as the toe and the ankle aid the drive of the takeoff leg. The jumper focuses the eyes directly ahead and the jump should be high. The Flight Aim: to check, balance and ensure proper direction in the long jump Nothing can be done to change the flight path once the foot has left the board because the body is airborne. The flight can influence an athlete's landing, which can have an impact on distance measured. If an athlete lands feet first but falls back because they are not correctly balanced, a lower distance will be measured. The Landing Aim: to reach the maximum measurable distance It is the scoring area for the long jump. To obtain the best landing condition, the arms should be extended down and rearward with the hips fully flexed and the legs extended forward. The trunk should be leaning forward over the thighs. Extending the arms down and back will help to prevent the butt from marking the sand.

II. History All events that occurred at the Olympic Games were initially supposed to act as a form of training for warfare. The long jump emerged probably because it mirrored the crossing of obstacles such as streams. After investigating the surviving depictions of the ancient event it is believed that unlike the modern day event, athletes were only allowed a short running start. The athletes carried a weight in each hand, which were called halteres (between 1 and 4.5 kg). These weights were swung forward as the athlete jumped in order to increase momentum. It is commonly believed that the jumper would throw the weights behind him in mid-air to increase his forward momentum; however, halteres were held throughout the duration of the jump. Swinging them down and back at the end of the jump would change the athlete's center of gravity and allow the athlete to stretch his legs outward, increasing his distance. The jumpers would land in what was called a skamma ("dug-up" area) (Miller, 66). The idea that this was a pit full of sand is wrong. Sand in the jumping pit is a modern invention (Miller, 66). The long jump was considered one of the most difficult of the events held at the Games since a great deal of skill was required. Music was often played during the jump and at times would accompany the jump so as to provide a rhythm. The long jump has been part of modern Olympic competition since the inception of the Games in 1896. In 1914, Dr. Harry Eaton Stewart recommended the "running broad jump" as a standardized track and field event for women. However, it was not until 1928 that the women's long jump was added to the Olympic athletics program. III. Terminologies Mark -- the distance travelled by the jumper Runway -- a space which enables athletes to sprint to the takeoff line, gathering speed and strength to be converted into a jump Take-off board -- the point at which an athlete is required to jump, marked by a board on the runway in the long jump Take-off line -- a plasticine line at the end of the takeoff board IV. Materials and Equipments The sole and heel of the shoe can have indentations, ridges and grooves as long as they are of similar material to the sole. The sole of a long jumpers shoe can have a maximum thickness of 13 millimeters. Marker boards, in a contrasting color, are placed along side the sand pit. These indicator boards give spectators, coaches, and athletes a quick visual gauge of the jump distance. Measuring tapes and measuring wheels are also used as distance indicator. A wind gauge is used to measure the wind speed for 5 seconds. It is placed 20 meters from the takeoff board, is 1.22 meters high and no further than 2 meters from the runway.

V. Facilities The runway is at least 40 meters. The takeoff board shall be rectangular, made of wood or other suitable rigid material, 8 inches wide and at least 4 feet long. It shall be painted white. The landing area (sand pit) should be filled with soft damp sand and sawdust, the top of the surface of which shall be level with the takeoff board. It should have a minimum width of 2.75 meters and a maximum width of 3 meters.

VI. Skills Great sprint endurance to execute a fast, accurate, and controlled approach run in the runway The ability to explode off the ground in order to develop quick movements involving the legs and trunk The ability to control the position and posture of their body while in motion, both on the ground and in the air Effective flexibility to prevent the occurence of injury Over the last 4 to 6 strides, the jumper should be running at nearly full speed with an upright body position and high knee lift. The athlete should be running tall and relaxed and have their eyes focused on the rear of the pit.

VII. Rules Warm-Up At the beginning of the long jump, athletes are allowed practice trials. Once the competition begins, athletes are not allowed to use the runway or takeoff area for practice. Markers Athletes are allowed two markers that can be placed alongside the runway. Not on it. Adhesive tape is allowed, but chalk is not. Competition Order There is a qualifying round when there are too many athletes to fit into one final round. The athletes are then divided into two or more groups. The top 12 athletes in the qualifying round move onto the final round. Delays When an athlete causes an unreasonable delay during an attempt the official can record the trial as a foul. I.A.A.F long jump rules dictate that an athlete has a one minute window to complete an attempt, unless they are taking consecutive jumps. In that case they have two minutes.

Ties In the case of a tie, the second best performance will resolve the situation. If necessary, the third best, etc. If the tie is still not resolved, the athletes will have a new jump to determine the winner. Final Results The best jump for each athlete will be recorded. Including any jumps taken to resolve a tie. Jumps in the qualifying round do not count as final jumps in the competition. The Jump Is A Foul If The Athlete: Steps over the takeoff line during takeoff, or if any part of their body crosses the line. That includes running up and not jumping. Takes off outside either end of the board. Touches the ground between the landing pit and the takeoff line. Does a somersault while running or jumping. Touches the outside of the landing area behind where the athletes mark is made in the sand. Steps in the sand behind their landing mark while leaving the landing area. Miscellaneous Long Jump Rules To record a legal attempt the athlete must leave the landing area by making their first foot contact further than their break in the sand. All jumps are measured from the nearest mark made in the sand from the takeoff board. Measurements The distance jumped is recorded to the nearest 1/1ooth of a meter. e.g. 8.21 meters. VIII. Techniques and Strategies Record Breakers: Men: Mike Powell (USA) - 8.95 m, 30/08/1991 Women: Galina Chistyakova (URS) - 7.52 m, 11/06/1988 "when theyre sprinting or jumping, the more time you spend on the ground, the slower theyre going to go. The more time they spend on the ground in the jump, the lower theyre going to go. The more force they put into the ground, to get off the ground, the faster and higher and longer theyre going to go.." (Mike Powell) The legs can use a cycling action in the air using at least two relaxed smooth kicks before the feet come together for landing as in the hitchkick style. The HITCHKICK style is the most complex technique of long jumping. The cycling motion of the arms and legs keep the body upright and balanced throughout the jump. Upon take-off, the legs continue cycling forward as in sprinting. The arms cycle overhead in balance with the legs. The arms are extended while moving backward, and then are shortened as they

move in front of the body. On landing, the take-off leg comes forward first, followed by the drive leg that has cycled 1 1/2 times after take-off. As with other styles, the head and chest are dropped forward and the arms swept back as the feet touch the sand. Again the athlete needs to reach for the sand and get their bottom dirty to have a successful landing. If the athlete is not jumping more than 21 feet, the hitchkick is not recommended. another method is to swing the lead leg upward and both knees come toward the body as if sitting in a chair as in the float style. For the landing, the arms swing behind the body and the heels come in contact with the pit as the body falls forward.

Track And Field (Athletics) I. Meaning Track and field is a sport comprising various competitive athletic contests based around the activities of running, jumping and throwing. Track and field events are generally individual sports with athletes challenging each other but often times several participants join to form a team representing a school or province. The name is derived from the venue of the competitions: a stadium which features an oval running track and within the central enclosed area takes place the field events. Track Events -- dashes, the middle and long distance runs, the relays and the hurdles Field Events -- high jump, the broad or long jump, the shot put, the discus and the javelin throw II. History The first known record of an actual track and field competition was in 300 B.C. in Ireland, a part of the British Isles. The Egyptian and Hebrew myths include stories of contests held in running and jumping. Greek games as early as 1110 B.B. included throwing the discus as a test of greatest physical strength. Drawings found in caves of early people, carvings on stone, pictures on vases, and statues are some of the artifacts that give us clues about the early physical activities. In the early Olympic games, women are not allowed, even as spectators. Psidorus, a mother, wanted to see her son and so she hid herself the day of the competition so she could watch, but she was caught. She was sentenced to death but the gaity of the situation saved her. People were so happy and caught up in the spirit of the day that she was granted clemency and after that women are allowed to watch athletic games that took place in Greece. Today, with the revival of the modern Olympics in 1896 by French Baron de Coubertein, women continue to attend both as spectators and as athletes. Track and field continues to be the highlight of each Olympiad. In each sporting festival, the performance of women in track and field is followed with great interest. Each year produces better records than the previous years' performances. Records made by early track and field women athletes have long been eclipsed by later performers. The first track and field competition for girls and women in the Philippines was held in Pampanga in 1926. The early Filipinas had to overcome the prejudice of the old folks against strenuous sports for women. Part of this was because of the blouse, short pants and the running pants that did not look very feminine.Today people's attitude towards sports and the uniform had undergone changes. Women athletes are often the toast of the town; they are given accolades, flowers and serenades. Athletics have become synonymous with social events and are much awaited in towns, provinces and districts. Not only do women athletes run, jump or throw, but they also attend the dances and parties that are part of many aathletic contests.

Oustanding women athletes in the Philippines have included Mona Sulaiman who was once known as the fastest woman in Asia. Other women who have established outastanding time and records include the runner, Innocencia Solis, Lolita Lagrosas, a jumper, Josephine de la Via, a discus thrower and Esperanza Israel, a hurdler. III. Terminologies DNF -- did not finish DNS -- did not start DQ -- disqualified Field -- the area inside the track used for jumping and throwing events Foul -- a move in an event which classifies the attempt as a fail Heat -- an early race in which the top athletes go through to the semi-finals Landing area -- the area an athlete lands in after making a jump; sandpit (long jump), mattress (high jump) Sudden death -- an extra round when there is a tie between more than one athlete Track -- the oval course used mainly for running events IV. Materials and Equipments In-ground equipment -- equipments installed in or on the ground; ex. cage (discus throw), toe board (shot put) Timing and measuring equipment -- simple stopwatches, stopwatches with printers, track timers, fully automatic timimg system, measuring tape, measuring wheel First aid equipment -- used when an athlete suffers an injury; ex. cold packs, heat packs, athletic tape underwraps Costume: snug fitting shorts, blouse, shoes with spikes