Intron LTE

Europe &APAC
94 Duke Street
GlasgowG4 0UW
Scotland UK
Tel and Fax +44 (0)141 552 8855
www.steepestascent.com
info@steepestascent.com
USA
200N. Westlake Blvd, #202
Westlake Village
Los Angeles CA 91362, USA
Tel +1 805 413 4127
Introduction to LTE
Daniel Garca-Als, Iain Stirling & Bob Stewart
Steepest Ascent Ltd. www.steepestascent.com
2
3GPP Evolution
3
General Requirements
Data rates (for a 20 MHz bandwidth):
100 Mbps in DL
50 Mbps in UL
Spectral efficiency associated to data rates shown above
5 bits/sec/Hz in DL
2.5 bits/sec/Hz in UL
Latency smaller than 5 msec for small IP packets
Voice service: at least same quality as WCDMA/HSPA
4
Requirements: Mobility
Mobility:
Optimised for 0 to 15 km/h
High performance for up to 120 km/h
Should maintain a connection for up to 350 km/h (or even 500
km/h for some frequency bands)
5
Requirements: Coverage
Coverage:
Up to 5 km cell radius: meet throughput, spectral efficiency and
mobility targets
Up to 30 km cell radius: slight performance degradation is
tolerated
Up to 100 km cell radius: operation not precluded
5 km
30 km
100 km
6
Requirements: E-MBMS
Enhanced Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (E-MBMS):
Should provide MBMS better than Release 6;
Broadcast required spectral efficiency 1 bit/sec/Hz;
Should be possible to have MBMS only or a mixture of MBMS
and non-MBMS services;
Can transmit MBMS over single frequency network (MBSFN);
7
Requirements: Spectrum Flexibility
Duplexing modes:
FDD: Frequency Division Duplex
TDD: Time Division Duplex
Example bandwidths:
1.4 MHz
3 MHz
5 MHz
10 MHz
15 MHz
20 MHz
8
Frame Structure
FDD frame structure:
TDD frame structure:
slot (0.5ms)
0
subframe (1ms)
frame (10ms)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
subframe
frame
slot
0 2 3 4 5 7 8 9
DwPTS UpPTS GP
DwPTS UpPTS
GP
0 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 6
10 msec
switch-point
5 msec
switch-point
9
Resource Grid
Two dimensional data structure:
...
0
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
.
.
.
.
.
a slot
s
u
b
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
s
OFDM symbols
time
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
0
frame
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
a resource element
10
Flexible Bandwidth
LTE defined in a bandwidth independent way with:
resource blocks of 12 sub-carriers spaced 15 kHz
System bandwidth should be easily reconfigured
1
2

s
u
b
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
s
resource
block
1 slot
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
time
11
Transmission Time Interval (TTI)
TTI:
length of independently decodable transmission link
In LTE a TTI is a subframe (2 slots): 1 msec
Minimum resource that can be allocated in LTE:
1 subframe in time: 1 msec
12 subcarriers in frequency:
0 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 1 6
subframe: 1 msec
frame: 10 msec
180 kHz 12 15 kHz =
12
Multiple Access Scheme
Downlink
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) with
cyclic prefix (CP)
Uplink
Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-
FDMA) with cyclic prefix
13
Adaptive Modulation and Coding
Downlink modulation schemes
BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, 64 QAM
Uplink modulation schemes
QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
Channel coding: Turbo coder with
coding rate of 1/3
two 8-state constituent encoders
contention free internal interleaver
14
MIMO Support
Multiple input multiple output support (downlink only):
2 or 4 transmit antennas
2 or 4 receive antennas
Transmit diversity
Cyclic delay diversity (CDD)
Space frequency transmit diversity (transmit diversity coding
applied before IDFT)
Spatial multiplexing
Up to 4 layers or transmit streams
Codebook based precoding
Note: one antenna is used in non-MIMO mode.
15
LTE Release 9 enhancements
Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS)
completion of MBMS specification by adding related logical
channels and clarifying physical layer details.
Home eNodeB (femtocells)
Interference scenarios such as WiFi and DECT interference;
Positioning support
UE reception of satellite positioning signals (Galileo/GPS/
GLONASS)
UE reception of new downlink positioning reference signal
Dual-layer UE-specific (non-codebook based) beamforming
Two new reference signals are defined (antenna ports 7 and 8)
16
3GPP LTE Release 10 and beyond
Has been submitted to the ITU as a candidate for IMT-Advanced;
Release 10 features:
Carrier aggregation to give up to 100MHz bandwidth;
Downlink transmission with 8 antennas and layers;
Uplink multi-antenna transmission with up to 4 antennas;
Co-ordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) transmission and reception;
Relaying from Relay Nodes (RN) to eNB;
Latency improvements;
2.6GHz TDD support for USA
Self Optimising Networks (SON) enhancements
Europe &APAC
94 Duke Street
GlasgowG4 0UW
Scotland UK
Tel and Fax +44 (0)141 552 8855
USA
Westlake Village
Tel +1 805 413 4127
LTE Uplink
2
Uplink Channels
Transport Channels (TrCH)
Control Information
UL-SCH Uplink - Shared Channel
RACH Random Access Channel
UCI Uplink Control Information
3
Mapping to Physical Channels
Control information can be carried in PUSCH and PUCCH
UL-SCH
UCI
RACH
Uplink
PUSCH
PRACH
PUCCH
4
Uplink Control Signalling
Conveys L1 and L2 control information
HARQ acknowledgments for DL-SCH blocks
channel quality reports: CQI, RI and PMI
scheduling requests
Transmitted on
PUCCH if no resources are allocated to UL-SCH
multiplexed with UL-SCH on to PUSCH (before SC-FDMA) if
there is a valid schedule grant
5
Data & Control Information on PUSCH
For the PUSCH data and control information are multiplexed:
If only control is present, the data coding path is absent
channel
coding
rate
matching
code block
segment.
bitstream h
k
H bits
CRC
attachment
code block
concat.
input bits a
k
A bits
L 24 G
CRC24A
D ( ) , =
turbo
data and control
multiplexing
code
block
O
bits
data
Channel Quality
L 24 G
CRC24B
D ( ) , =
block
code
Rank
Indication (RI)
block
code
ACK / NACK
channel
interleaver
1 or 2 bits 1 or 2 bits
Indication (CQI)
UCI (control)
6
Control Information PUCCH
The channel coding operations are:
code
block
up to 11 bits
Indication (CQI)
ACK / NACK
1 or 2 bits
Channel Quality scheduling
0 bits
request
PUCCH
format 1
PUCCH
format 1a
or format 1b
PUCCH
format 2
code
block
up to 11 bits
Indication (CQI)
Channel Quality
PUCCH
format 2a
ACK / NACK
1 or 2 bits
20 bits 20 bits
or format 2b
7
Channels and Signals
A physical channel is defined as a set of resource elements carrying
information originating at a higher layer;
A physical signal is defined as a set of resource elements used in
support of the physical layer but not originating from a higher layer.
For the uplink, the following physical channels are defined:
PUSCH: Physical Uplink Shared Channel;
PUCCH: Physical Uplink Control Channel;
PRACH: Physical Random Access Channel.
For the uplink, the following physical signals are defined:
Sounding Reference Signal (SRS)
Demodulation Reference Signal (DMRS)
8
Uplink Reference Signals
There are two types of uplink reference signals:
Demodulation reference signal: associated with PUSCH or PUCCH
Sounding reference signal: not associated with any other transmission
They are time multiplexed with uplink data (not frequency multiplexed)
Used for channel estimation
01234560123456
slot slot
subframe
01234560123456
01234560123456
user #1
user #2
user #3
reference signal
data
f
t
PUSCH demodulation reference
signal example (normal CP)
9
Demodulation Reference Signals: DRS
There are two demodulation reference signals:
one for the PUSCH;
and one for the PUCCH.
Used for channel estimation to allow for coherent demodulation
Desired attributes: small power variations in:
time: results in high power amplifier efficiency
frequency: results in similar channel estimation quality for all
frequency components
DRS sequences used:
Cyclic extensions of Zadoff-Chu sequences (long sequences)
Special short QPSK sequences
10
Sounding Reference Signal (SRS) I
eNodeB needs channel quality information in order to assign resources
From DRS eNodeB can only get channel estimates on UE spectrum
No information available out of assigned spectrum
SRS overcome this problem
Used by base station to estimate channel quality of UEs
UE
allocated
resources
txed resource
grid
channel estimates
only available on
rxed resource
grid
this band
no channel estimates
available in other bands
DRS
11
Sounding Reference Signal (SRS) II
May cover large frequency span (not assigned to UE):
minimum of 4 resource block span
multiples of 4 resource blocks span
Can be transmitted as often as 2 msec (every 2nd subframe)
Can be transmitted as infrequently as 160 msec (every 16th frame)
Not necessarily transmitted with any physical channel (unlike DRS)
SRS modes
wideband: one transmission covers band of interest
frequency hopping: narrowband, location changes with time
subframe subframe subframe subframe subframe subframe
SRS
12
SRS Transmission
Transmitted on last symbol of subframe every 2nd subcarrier
Multiple UEs can transmit SRSs simultaneously
Interference is avoided by:
using different cyclic shifts (phase rotations): orthogonality
changing the comb transmission pattern
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
subframe
.
.
.
.
.
.
OFDM symbol
SRS subcarriers UE
1
used for SRS
SRS subcarriers
UE
2
UE
3
using different
cyclic shifts for SRS
13
Physical Uplink Control Channel
PUCCH: Physical Uplink Control Channel
conveys uplink control information;
never transmitted simultaneously with PUSCH from the UE.
PUCCH used if UE has no valid schedule grant
Transmitted with frequency hopping (provides frequency diversity)
Transmitted on band edges: leaves contiguous bandwidth for PUSCH
in the middle.
UE
uplink control
PUCCH:
14
PUCCH Bandwidth
One resource block (RB) allocated to each PUCCH
This is too large for the amount of information transmitted
Therefore more than one PUCCH can share the same RB:
Use same base reference sequence
Use different phase rotations (cyclic shifts )
Use different orthogonal cover code (formats 1, 1a & 1b)
Inter-cell interference can be a problem
Inter-cell interference is randomised by using hopping patterns in
and orthogonal codes with each symbol

15
Physical Uplink Shared Channel
PUSCH: Physical Uplink Shared Channel carries
data;
control information.
PUSCH processing chain:
UE
uplink data & control
PUSCH:
Scrambling
Modulation
mapper
mapper
Resource el.
modulation
SC-FDMA
Precoding
16
PUSCH Scrambling
Modulo 2 multiplication (XOR) with a scrambling sequence
Only applied to: coded data, channel quality coded bits, ACK coded
bits
Not applied to ACK placeholders, these are set to predetermined value
Scrambling
Modulation
mapper
mapper
Resource el.
modulation
SC-FDMA
Precoding
PUSCH
c
1 ACK bit
placeholders Q
m
4 = ( )
...0 0 1 0 1 1 1 X X X 0 1 1 0 1 0...
coded data
ch. quality coded bits
ACK coded bits
.0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 b
i ( )
b i ( )
c i ( )
b
i ( ) b
i 1 ( ) =
b
i 1 + ( ) b
i 2 + ( ) 1 = =
17
PUSCH Modulation
Maps bits into symbols
The modulation mapping defines 3 constellations as follows:
Scrambling
Modulation
mapper
mapper
Resource el.
modulation
SC-FDMA
Precoding
PUSCH
Q
I
QPSK
1
1
00
01
10
11
Q
I
1
1
16-QAM
Q
I
3 5 7
3
5
7
64-QAM
0000
0001
0010
0011
1010
1011
1000
1001
3
3
0101
0100
0111
0110
1111
1110
1101
1100
1
1
101111 101101 100101 100111 000111 000101 001101 001111
101110 101100 100100 100110 000110 000100 001100 001110
101010 101000 100000 100010 000010 000000 001000 001010
101011 101001 100001 100011 000011 000001 001001 001011
111011 111001 110001 110011 010010 010001 011001 011011
111010 111000 110000 110010 010010 010000 011000 011010
111110 111100 110100 110110 010110 010100 011100 011110
111111 111101 110101 110111 010111 010101 011101 011111
18
PUSCH Precoding
Not the same as downlink (multi-antenna) precoding
Produces SC-FDMA modulation;
Generation process:
Split the modulated symbols into sets;
Each set (of size ) forms an SC-FDMA symbol;
Perform a DFT (precoding part of SC-FDMA modulation);
DFT size: its prime must be a product of 2, 3 and/or 5
Smallest DFT size is 12
Scrambling
Modulation
mapper
mapper
Resource el.
modulation
SC-FDMA
Precoding
PUSCH
M
symb
M
symb
M
sc
PUSCH
M
sc
PUSCH
19
PUSCH Precoding: DFT Size
DFT can be implemented with FFT for efficiency;
DFT size: its prime factors are 2, 3 and/or 5
Minimum DFT size (resource block size in the frequency domain): 12
M
sc
PUSCH
N
sc
RB
2
2
3
3
5
5
N
sc
RB
N
RB
UL
=
.
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subframe
freq
time
1
2

s
u
b
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
s
DFT
N
sc
RB
12 =
20
Resource Element Mapping
The final stage in PUSCH processing is to map the symbols to the
allocated physical resource elements
Note that allocation sizes are limited to values whose prime factors are
2, 3 & 5 (imposed by precoding stage)
Map in increasing order:
first subcarriers
then the time domain (SC-FDMA)
Avoid SC-FDMA symbols with
Demodulation reference signals
Sounding reference signals
Scrambling
Modulation
mapper
mapper
Resource el.
modulation
SC-FDMA
Precoding
PUSCH
z
21
PUSCH Frequency Hopping
Allocated spectrum to a UE can change every subframe;
This is controlled by a frequency hopping function :
This provides for better frequency and interference diversity.
f
hop
. ( )
frequency
time
subframe
intervals
short-term narrowband interference
Mobile 2
Mobile 3
Mobile 1
Europe &APAC
94 Duke Street
GlasgowG4 0UW
Scotland UK
Tel and Fax +44 (0)141 552 8855
USA
Westlake Village
Tel +1 805 413 4127
LTE Downlink
2
Downlink Channels
Transport Channels (TrCH):
Control Information:
DL-SCH Downlink - Shared Channel
BCH Broadcast Channel
PCH Paging Channel
MCH Multicast Channel
CFI Control Format Indicator
HI HARQ Indicator
DCI Downlink Control Information
3
Mapping to Physical Channels
DL-SCH
CFI
BCH
PCH
MCH
HI
DCI
Downlink
PDSCH
PBCH
PMCH
PCFICH
PDCCH
PHICH
4
Downlink Channels and Signals
A physical channel: set of resource elements carrying information
originating at a higher layer;
A physical signal: set of resource elements used in support of the
physical layer but not originating from a higher layer.
Reference Signals;
Synchronisation Signals;
PDSCH: Phy DL Shared Ch
PDCCH: Phy DL Control Ch.
PMCH: Phy Multicast Ch.
PBCH: Phy Broadcast Ch.
PCFICH: Phy Ctrl Format
Indicator Ch.
PHICH: Phy Hybrid ARQ
Indicator Ch.
5
Frame structure
s
u
b
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
OFDM symbol
ref. signal
control
PSS
SSS
BCH
unused
PCFICH
ref. signal
PDCCH
PDSCH
regions
unused
unused
SSS
PSS
BCH
PCFICH
SSS
PSS
6
Downlink PCFICH
PCFICH: Downlink Physical Control Format Indicator Channel
specifies how many OFDM symbols are used for PDCCH
transmission;
Uses QPSK modulation
Transmitted in the same set of antenna ports as PBCH;
It has its own specific layer mapping, precoding and mapping to
resource elements.
UE
format of PDCCH
PCFICH:
7
Physical Downlink Control Channel I
PDCCH: Physical Downlink Control Channel
carries control information including scheduling assignments;
Uses QPSK modulation
It has its own specific layer mapping, precoding and mapping to
resource elements
UE
downlink and uplink scheduling assignments
PDCCH:
8
Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel I
PHICH: Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel
hybrid-ARQ ACK and NACK indicators UEs;
The PHICH uses its own specific:
layer mapping;
precoding;
mapping to resource elements.
UE
ACK / NACK
PHICH:
9
Physical Downlink Shared Channel
PDSCH: Physical Downlink Shared Channel
It is the main downlink channel;
Carries transport blocks to the mobiles;
PDSCH uses the following antenna ports:
{0}, {0,1}or {0,1,2,3}if UE-specific reference signals are not
transmitted;
{5}if UE-specific reference signals are transmitted.
UE
downlink data
PDSCH:
10
Downlink PBCH
PBCH: Physical Broadcast Channel
carries broadcast information (from the BCCH logical channel)
Uses a simplified and fixed transport format;
A coded block of 1920 samples for normal cyclic prefix or 1728
samples for extended cyclic prefix is produced by the channel coder
every 40ms;
This block is QPSK modulated into 960 or 864 complex symbols;
Transmit diversity layer mapping and precoding is performed.
UE
UE
UE
UE
UE
11
Downlink Reference Signals I
There are three types of downlink reference signal:
Cell-specific: its structure depends on the cell ID
MBSFN references for MBSFN transmission;
UE-specific references: used in non-codebook based
beamforming.
Provided in support of coherent demodulation;
Used by UE to perform channel estimation and to obtain channel
quality measurements.
12
Downlink Reference Signals II
References are arranged across time and frequency;
Only one reference signal is transmitted through per antenna port, this
allows for channel estimation for the different antenna ports;
When an antenna port transmits a reference signal other ports are
silent;
time
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
ANTENNA PORT 1
ANTENNA PORT 2
Antenna port 1 reference signal
Antenna port 2 reference signal
No transmission
13
Synchronisation Signals I
There are two downlink synchronisation signals:
Primary synchronisation signal;
Secondary synchronisation signal.
This structure reduces cell search procedure complexity;
Used to obtain:
UE
CELL
Primary/secondary synch signals
Cell identity
frame timing
14
Synchronisation Signals II
Always transmitted in the same place regardless of bandwidth used.
first 72 carriers (around DC carrier);
OFDM symbols 5 and 6 of first slot in subframes 0 & 5.
10 msec radio frame
#0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9
subframe
01234560123456
slot slot
7
2

s
u
b
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
s
OFDM symbol
01234560123456
slot slot
7
2

s
u
b
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
s
OFDM symbol
b
a
n
d
w
i
d
t
h
f
t
secondary synch signal
primary synch signal
15
Channel Coding Procedures
There are a number of procedures which are used for multiple
transport channel or control information types:
CRC calculation;
Code block segmentation;
Channel coding (tail biting convolutional and turbo);
Rate matching;
16
Tr. Channel & Ctrl. Information Processing
Depending on the channel, a different set of processing steps occurs:
channel
coding
rate
matching
code block
segment.
bitstream e
k
E
b
i
t
s

bitstream f
k
G
b
i
t
s

CRC
attachment
code block
concat.
channel
coding
rate
matching
CRC
attachment
input bits a
k
A
b
i
t
s

input bits a
k
A
b
i
t
s

BCH DL-SCH, PCH and MCH
G
C
R
C
1
6
D
(
)
c
o
n
v
.
G
C
R
C
2
4
A
D
(
)
t
u
r
b
o

G
C
R
C
2
4
B
D
(
)
channel
coding
bitstream b
k
B
b
i
t
s

CFI or HI
CFI or HI
H
I
:

r
a
t
e

1
/
3

r
e
p
e
t
i
t
i
o
n

c
o
d
e
C
F
I
:

r
a
t
e

1
/
1
6

b
l
o
c
k

c
o
d
e
bitstream e
k
E
b
i
t
s

channel
coding
rate
matching
CRC
attachment
input bits a
k
A
b
i
t
s

DCI
G
C
R
C
1
6
D
(
)
c
o
n
v
.

17
Downlink Physical Channel Processing
The general structure of downlink physical channels processing is:
This structure applies to the PDSCH;
other channels have slightly different processing chains.
Scrambling
Modulation
mapper
mapper
Resource el.
layers antenna ports
mapper
Layer
Precoding
modulation
OFDM
Scrambling
Modulation
mapper
mapper
Resource el.
modulation
OFDM
code words
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18
Scrambling
Produces a block of scrambled bits from the code word bits :
Modulo 2 multiplication (XOR) of the code word bits with a scrambling
sequence :
Scrambling
Modulation
mapper
mapper
Resource el.
mapper
Layer
Precoding
modulation
OFDM
Scrambling
Modulation
mapper
mapper
Resource el.
modulation
OFDM
code words
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.
b
q ( )
b
q ( )
b
q ( )
i ( ) b
q ( )
i ( ) c
q ( )
i ( ) + ( ) mod 2; = i 0M
bit
q ( )
1 =
c
q ( )
block of bits b
q ( )
block of bits b
q ( )
c
q ( )
scrambling sequence
code word bits scrambled bits
19
Modulation
Downlink supported modulation formats:
Physical Channel Modulation Schemes
PDSCH QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
PMCH QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
PDCCH QPSK
PBCH QPSK
PCFICH QPSK
PHICH BPSK
Scrambling
Modulation
mapper
mapper
Resource el.
mapper
Layer
Precoding
modulation
OFDM
Scrambling
Modulation
mapper
mapper
Resource el.
modulation
OFDM
code words
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20
Downlink Modulation Mapper
The modulation mapping defines 4 constellations as follows:
Amplitude levels are normalised.
Q
I
QPSK
1
1
00
01
10
11
Q
I
1
1
16-QAM
Q
I
3 5 7
3
5
7
64-QAM
0000
0001
0010
0011
1010
1011
1000
1001
3
3
0101
0100
0111
0110
1111
1110
1101
1100
1
1
101111 101101 100101 100111 000111 000101 001101 001111
101110 101100 100100 100110 000110 000100 001100 001110
101010 101000 100000 100010 000010 000000 001000 001010
101011 101001 100001 100011 000011 000001 001001 001011
111011 111001 110001 110011 010010 010001 011001 011011
111010 111000 110000 110010 010010 010000 011000 011010
111110 111100 110100 110110 010110 010100 011100 011110
111111 111101 110101 110111 010111 010101 011101 011111
Q
I
QPSK
1
1
00
01
10
11
Q
I
BPSK
1
1
0
1
21
Multi-antenna Processing in LTE
Includes
layer mapping: splits data sequence into a number of layers
precoding
Under precoding the LTE standard can use
cyclic delay diversity (CDD)
spatial multiplexing (precoding)
transmit diversity
Scrambling
Modulation
mapper
mapper
Resource el.
mapper
Layer
Precoding
modulation
OFDM
Scrambling
Modulation
mapper
mapper
Resource el.
modulation
OFDM
code words
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22
Transmission Schemes I
non codebook based beamforming (single antenna, Port 5):
Single antenna port, Port 0: Transmit Diversity:
UE
UE
S
F
B
C
2 or 4 antennas supported
b
e
a
m
f
o
r
m
arbitrary beamforming vector
1 layer
UE
23
Transmission Schemes II
Open-loop spatial multiplexing (Large Delay CDD):
Closed-loop spatial multiplexing:
p
r
e
c
o
d
i
n
g
codebook
2, 3 or 4 layers
UE
UE
p
r
e
c
o
d
i
n
g
codebook
2, 3 or 4 layers
codebook selection suggestion (PMI)
24
Transmission Schemes III
Multi-user MIMO:
codebook based beamforming (Closed-loop spatial multiplexing using
a single transmission layer):
b
e
a
m
f
o
r
m
b
e
a
m
f
o
r
m
codebook
2, 3 or 4
layers
codebook
(shared resources)
UE
UE
b
e
a
m
f
o
r
m
codebook
1 layer
UE
25
Physical Antennas and Antenna Ports
LTE standard refers to antenna ports
Antenna ports and physical antennas are different
Antenna port: defined by the presence of an antenna port specific
reference signal
There are up to 6 antenna port specific reference signals
Number of physical antennas is
Antenna ports map to physical antennas.
1 2 4 , , { }
26
Precoding for Spatial Multiplexing
Used with the layer mapping for spatial multiplexing
Supports or antennas: &
Different coding used for:
precoding without CDD or closed loop spatial multiplexing
precoding with large delay CDD or open loop spatial mux.
Codebook based precoding:
7 element codebook for the 2 antenna port case
16 element codebook for the 4 antenna port case
For spatial multiplexing the number of layers is also known as the
transmission rank
P 2 = P 4 = p 0 1 , { } p 0 1 2 3 , , , { }

27
Spatial Mux: Precoding without CDD
Also known as closed loop precoding
Based on downlink channel estimates
UE reports recommendations: RI (rank indication) and PMI
(precoder matrix indication)
eNodeB may or may not follow these recommendations when
selecting
layer 1
layer 2
layer
IDFT CP
precoding
IDFT CP
IDFT CP
W i ( )
P
ant 1
ant 2
ant P
x
0 ( )
i ( )
x
1 ( )
i ( )
x
1 ( )
i ( )
W i ( )
28
Spatial Mux: Large Delay CDD Precoding
Also known as open loop precoding
matrices and are applied first, then precoding
codebook matrices used are predetermined
channel quality measurements are not required
layer 2
layer
IDFT CP
precoding CDD
IDFT CP
IDFT CP
W i ( )
P
ant 1
ant 2
ant P
1 0 0
0 e
j2k
0

0 0 e
j2k 1 ( )
U

D i ( )

layer 1
U D W i ( )
29
Beamforming
Supported by LTE: precoding applied to a single layer
Codebook based beamforming:
Use precoding matrix from codebook
UE is informed of precoding matrix used
Non-codebook based beamforming:
Arbitrary beamforming applied
UE is not notified of precoding matrix used
UE needs to estimate channel including effect of beamforming
UE specific reference signals used (antenna port 5)
Beamforming (UE specific) is applied to this reference signal
1 =
30
Transmit Diversity Precoding
For 2 antennas, precoding the Alamouti scheme is used as:
Note that any two columns of the coding matrix are orthogonal;
This is space-frequency transmit diversity (coding in frequency
domain)
A similar sparse mapping applies to the case of 4 antennas.
y
0 ( )
2i ( )
y
1 ( )
2i ( )
y
0 ( )
2i 1 + ( )
y
1 ( )
2i 1 + ( )
1
2
-------
1 0 j 0
0 1 0 j
0 1 0 j
1 0 j 0
Re x
0 ( )
i ( ) { }
Re x
1 ( )
i ( ) { }
Im x
0 ( )
i ( ) { }
Im x
1 ( )
i ( ) { }
=
31
Resource Element Mapping
The final stage in the physical layer processing before OFDM
modulation is resource element mapping
Symbols are mapped to assigned resource elements
Resource elements used by reference signals are avoided
Scrambling
Modulation
mapper
mapper
Resource el.
mapper
Layer
Precoding
modulation
OFDM
Scrambling
Modulation
mapper
mapper
Resource el.
modulation
OFDM
code words
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
32
OFDM Symbol Construction
DC subcarrier is not modulated
Subcarriers of resource blocks are arranged on both sides of the DC
subcarrier
For larger values of resource blocks in DL ( ) more resource blocks
lie to the left and right of the spectrum illustrated above.
OFDM symbols are transmitted in turn.
f
resource
block
DC subcarrier
... ...
N
RB
DL
33
OFDM Modulation
Implemented using an IFFT with 15kHz carrier spacing
Cyclic prefix also added at this stage
Each antenna port has its own OFDM modulation
Scrambling
Modulation
mapper
mapper
Resource el.
mapper
Layer
Precoding
modulation
OFDM
Scrambling
Modulation
mapper
mapper
Resource el.
modulation
OFDM
code words
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

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