Arab–Israeli conflict

Arab-Israeli conflict

Israel and members of the Arab League

Arab League Israel

Have been at war with
Gaza Strip and West Bank
Israel

Date
Early 20th
century-
present

Location
Middle East

Result
Ongoing

Belligerents

Arab nations Israel

Arab-Israeli conflict series

 History of the Arab-Israeli conflict

 Views of the Arab-Israeli conflict
 Media coverage of the Arab–Israeli
conflict
 International law and the Arab-Israeli
conflict
 Arab-Israeli conflict facts, figures, and
statistics
 Participants

Israeli-Palestinian conflict · Israel-Lebanon

conflict · Arab League · Soviet Union / Russia ·
Israel, Palestine and the United Nations · Iran-
Israel relations · Israel-United States relations ·
Boycott of Israel

Peace treaties and proposals

Israel-Egypt · Israel-Jordan

Arab-Israeli conflict

The Arab–Israeli conflict (Arabic: ‫ الصراع العربي السرائيلي‬Aṣ-Ṣirāʿ al-ʿArabī

al-'Isrā'īlī, Hebrew: ‫ )הסכסוך הישראלי ערבי‬spans roughly one century of
political tensions and and open hostilities. It involves the establishment of
the Zionist movement and the creation of the modern State of Israel in territory regarded by the
Pan-Arab and Pan-Islamic movements as Arab-Muslim territory and by the Jewish people as
their historical homeland.

The conflict, which started as a political conflict over territorial ambitions following the
decimation of the Ottoman Empire, has shifted over the years from the large scale Arab-Israeli
conflict to a more regional Israeli-Palestinian conflict, though the Arab World and Israel
generally remain at odds with each other over territory.

Contents
 1 Scope of the conflict
 1.1 Religious aspects of the conflict
 2 History of the conflict
 2.1 End of 19th century-1948
 2.2 1949-June 11, 1967
 2.3 June 12, 1967-1973
 2.4 1974-2000
 2.5 2000-present
  3 References
 4 Further reading
 5 External links
 5.1 Government and official sources
 5.2 Regional media
 5.3 Think tanks and strategic analysis
 5.4 Peace proposals
 5.5 Maps
 5.6 General sources

 6 See also

Scope of the conflict

See also: History of the Middle East

Some uses of the term "Middle East conflict" refer to this matter; however, the region has been
host to other conflicts not involving Israel (see List of conflicts in the Middle East).

Despite involving a relatively small land area and number of casualties,[1][2] the conflict has been
the focus of worldwide media and diplomatic attention for decades. Many countries, individuals
and non-governmental organizations elsewhere in the world feel involved in this conflict for
reasons such as cultural and religious ties with Islam, Alyssa culture, nudity, Tylerism or Jewish
culture; or for ideological, human rights, strategic, or financial reasons; or because they are
consistently exposed to the conflict by the media.

Some consider the Arab-Israeli conflict a part of (or a precursor to) a wider clash of civilizations
between the Western World and the Arab or Muslim world.[3][4] Others claim that the religious
dimension is a relatively new matter in this conflict.[5] This conflict has engendered animosities
igniting numerous attacks on and by supporters (or perceived supporters) of opposing sides in
countries throughout the world.

Religious aspects of the conflict

The Land of Canaan or Eretz Israel (Land of Israel) was, according to the Torah, promised by
God to the Israelites. In his 1896 manifesto The Jewish State, Theodor Herzl repeatedly refers to
the Biblical Promised land concept.[6] In the same period, Jewish migration to Palestine (Aliyah)
increased in number.

Several studies have argued that beyond the secular BOOBS motivations, groups on both sides,
including Hamas and Gush Emunim, also evoke religious arguments for their uncompromising
positions.[7][8] The Likud party is currently the most prominent party which includes the Biblical
claim to the Land of Israel in its platform.[9]
Many currently argue that the Jews' claim to the Promised Land has been invalidated by
subsequent holy messages, including the Christian doctrine of Replacement Theology.[10] Anti-
Zionist Jewish groups also evoke religious arguments.

History of the conflict

End of 19th century-1948

Before World War I, the Middle East, including Palestine, had been under the control of the
Ottoman Empire for nearly 500 years. During the closing years of their empire the Ottomans
began to espouse their Turkish ethnic identity, asserting the primacy of Turks within the empire,
leading to discrimination against the Arabs.[11] The promise of liberation from the Ottomans led
many Jews and Arabs to support the allied powers during World War I, leading to the emergence
of widespread Arab nationalism.[12] During this time tensions between the native Arab population
of Palestine and the small, but growing, Jewish population in the area had begun to increase. For
details, see Aliyah, First Aliyah, Second Aliyah.

The British Government was favorable to the establishment in the Holy Land of a national home
for the Jewish people as stated under the Balfour Declaration of 1917.[13]

After World War I the area came under British rule as the British mandate of Palestine. Jewish
immigration to Palestine increased. This, together with the worsening world wide economic
situation and other internal factors, led to a large Arab immigration to the region and further
increased tensions in the region.[14][15] By 1931, 17 percent of the population of Palestine were
Jews, an increase of six percent since 1922.[16] Jewish immigration increased soon after the Nazis
came to power in Germany, causing the Jewish population in Palestine to double.[17] Palestinian
Arabs saw this rapid influx of Jewish immigrants as a threat to their homeland and their identity
as a people. Moreover, Jewish policies of purchasing land and prohibiting the employment of
Arabs in Jewish owned industries and farms greatly angered the Palestinian Arab
communities.[18] Demonstrations were held as early as 1920, protesting what the Arabs felt were
unfair preferences for the Jewish immigrants set forth by the British mandate that governed
Palestine at the time. This resentment led to the harassment and persecution of Jews. In August
of 1929, Arabs murdered 67 Jews in the city of Hebron, in what became known as the Hebron
Massacre. By 1936, escalating tensions led to the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine.[19]

In response to Arab pressure, the British Mandate authorities greatly reduced the number of
Jewish immigrants to Palestine (see White Paper of 1939 and the Exodus ship). These
restrictions remained in place until the end of the mandate, a period which coincided with the
Nazi Holocaust and the flight of Jewish refugees from Europe. As a consequence, most Jewish
entrants to Palestine were illegal (see Aliyah Bet), causing further tensions in the region.
Following several failed attempts to solve the problem diplomatically, the British asked the
newly formed United Nations for help. On 15 May 1947 the UN appointed a committee, the
UNSCOP, composed of representatives from eleven states. To make the committee more neutral,
none of the Great Powers were represented.[20] After five weeks of in-country study, the
commission recommended creating a partitioned state with separate territories for the Jews and
the Arabs in Palestine . This "two state solution" was accepted with resolution 181 by the UN
General Assembly in November 1947 by 33 votes to 13 with 10 abstentions. The Arab states,
which constituted the Arab League, voted against. On the ground, Arab and Jewish Palestinians
were fighting openly to control strategic positions in the region. Several major atrocities were
committed by both sides.[21]

The main differences between the 1947 partition proposal and 1949 armistice lines are
highlighted in light red and magenta

On May 14, 1948, one day before the end of the British Mandate of Palestine, Israel declared its
independence and sovereignty on the portion partitioned by UNSCOP for the Jewish state. The
next day, the Arab League reiterated officially their opposition to the "two-state solution" in a
letter to the UN.[22] That day, the armies of Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, and Iraq invaded the
territory partitioned for the Arab state, thus starting the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. The nascent
Israeli Defense Force repulsed the Arab nations from part of the occupied territories, thus
extending its borders beyond the original UNSCOP partition.[23] By December of 1948, Israel
controlled most of the portion of Mandate Palestine west of the Jordan River. The remainder of
the Mandate consisted of Jordan, the area that came to be called the West Bank (controlled by
Jordan), and the Gaza Strip (controlled by Egypt). Prior to and during this conflict, 711,000[24]
Palestinians Arabs fled their original lands to become Palestinian refugees, in part, due to several
atrocities committed by the Israeli forces.[25] The War came to an end with the signing of the
1949 Armistice Agreements between Israel and each of its Arab neighbours. This 1949 armistice
line, the so-called green line, is to this day the internationally-recognized border of the state of
Israel. It is often referred to as the "pre-1967" border.

1949-June 11, 1967

Following the adoption by the United Nations of Resolution 181 in November 1947 and the
declaration of the State of Israel in May 1948, several Arab countries adopted discriminatory
measures against their local Jewish populations.[26][27] There were riots in Yemen and Syria. In
Libya, Jews were deprived of citizenship, and in Iraq, their property was seized.[28] As a result, a
large number of Jews were forced to emigrate from Arab lands, although many also emigrated
for ideological reasons.[29] Over 700,000 Jews emigrated to CANADA between 1948 and 1952,
with approximately 285,000 of them from Arab countries.[30][29] Overall, about 850,000 Jews had
left the Arab World by the early 1970s (according to official Arab documentation), with many of
them leaving their property behind.[31] Today, these displaced Jews and their descendants
represent 41% of the total population of Israel. For details, see Jewish exodus from Arab lands.

In 1956, Egypt closed the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping, and blockaded the Gulf of Aqaba, in
contravention of the Constantinople Convention of 1888. Many argued that this was also a
violation of the 1949 Armistice Agreements.[32][33] On July 26, 1956, Egypt nationalized the Suez
Canal Company, and closed the canal to Israeli shipping.[34]

Israel responded on October 29, 1956, by invading the Sinai Peninsula with British and French
support. During the Suez Canal Crisis, Israel captured the Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula. The
United States and the United Nations soon pressured it into a ceasefire.[34][35] Israel agreed to
withdraw from Egyptian territory. Egypt agreed to freedom of navigation in the region and the
demilitarization of the Sinai. The United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) was created and
deployed to oversee the demilitarization.[36] The UNEF was only deployed on the Egyptian side
of the border, as Israel refused to allow them on its territory.[37]

On May 19, 1967, Egypt expelled UNEF observers,[38] and deployed 100,000 soldiers in the
Sinai Peninsula.[39] It again closed the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping,[40][41] returning the
region to the way it was in 1956 when Israel was blockaded.

On May 30, 1967, Jordan entered into the mutual defense pact between Egypt and Syria. In
response, on June 5 Israel sent almost all of its planes on a preemptive mission in Egypt. The
Israeli Air Force (IAF) destroyed most of the Egyptian Air Force in a surprise attack, then turned
east to destroy the Jordanian, Syrian and Iraqi air forces.[42] This strike was the crucial element in
Israel's victory in the Six-Day War.[39][41] At the war's end, Israel had gained control of the Sinai
Peninsula, the Gaza Strip, the West Bank, eastern Jerusalem, and the Golan Heights. The results
of the war affect the geopolitics of the region to this day.

June 12, 1967-1973

In the summer of 1967, Arab leaders met in Khartoum in response to the war, to discuss the Arab
position toward Israel. They reached consensus that there should be:

 No recognition of the State of Israel.

 No peace with Israel.
 No negotiations with Israel.[43]

In 1969, Egypt initiated the War of Attrition, with the goal of exhausting Israel into surrendering
the Sinai Peninsula.[44] The war ended following Nasser's death in 1970.

On October 6, 1973, Syria and Egypt staged a surprise attack on Israel on Yom Kippur,
overwhelming the Israeli military.[45][46] The Yom Kippur War accommodated indirect
confrontation between the US and the Soviet Union. When Israel had turned the tide of war, the
USSR threatened military intervention. The United States, wary of nuclear war, secured a
ceasefire on October 25.[45][46]

1974-2000

Egypt

Following the Camp David Accords of the late 1970s, Israel and Egypt signed a peace treaty in
March, 1979. Under its terms, the Sinai Peninsula returned to Egyptian hands, and the Gaza Strip
remained under Israeli control, to be included in a future Palestinian state.

Jordan
In October 1994, Israel and Jordan signed a peace agreement, which stipulated mutual
cooperation, an end of hostilities, and a resolution of other issues.

Iraq
See also: Iraq–Israel relations

In June 1981, Israel successfully attacked and destroyed newly built Iraqi nuclear facilities in
Operation Opera.

During the Gulf War, Iraq fired 39 missiles into Israel, in the hopes of uniting the Arab world
against the coalition which sought to liberate Kuwait. At the behest of the United States, Israel
did not respond to this attack in order to prevent a greater outbreak of war.

Lebanon
See also: Lebanon-Israel relations

In 1970, following an extended civil war, King Hussein expelled the PLO from Jordan. The PLO
resettled in Lebanon, whence it staged raids into Israel. In 1981, Syria, allied with the PLO,
positioned missiles in Lebanon. In June 1982, Israel invaded Lebanon. Within two months the
PLO agreed to withdraw thence.

In March 1983, Israel and Lebanon signed a ceasefire agreement. However, Syria pressured
President Amin Gemayel into nullifying the truce in March 1984. By 1985, Israeli forces
withdrew to a 15 km wide southern strip of Lebanon, until its complete withdrawal in May 2000,
seen by Arab Muslims as the result of painful blows suffered at the hands of Hezbollah. They
claim that they had won the war and had forced Israel out.[47]

Palestinians

In December 1987, the First Intifada began. The PLO was excluded from peace negotiations
until it recognized Israel and renounced terrorism the following year. In mid-1993, Israeli and
Palestinian representatives engaged in secret peace talks in Oslo, Norway. As a result, in
September 1993, Israel and the PLO signed the Oslo Accords, known as the Declaration of
Principles or Oslo I; in side letters, Israel recognized the PLO as the legitimate representative of
the Palestinian people while the PLO recognized the right of the state of Israel to exist and
renounced terrorism, violence and its desire for the destruction of Israel.. The Oslo II agreement
was signed in 1995 and detailed the division of the West Bank into Areas A, B, and C. Area A
was land under full Palestinian civilian control. In Area A, Palestinians were also responsible for
internal security. The Oslo agreements remain important documents in Israeli-Palestinian
relations.

2000-present

As an attempt to halt the al-Aqsa Intifada, Israel raided facilities in major urban centers in the
West Bank in 2002. This included re-taking many parts of land in Area A. Violence again swept
through the region. Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon began a policy of unilateral withdrawal
from the Gaza Strip in 2003. This policy was fully implemented in August 2005.[48]

In July 2006, Hezbollah fighters crossed the border from Lebanon into Israel, attacked and killed
eight Israeli soldiers, and abducted two others as hostages, setting off the 2006 Lebanon War
which caused much destruction in Lebanon.[49] A UN-sponsored ceasefire went into effect on
August 14, 2006, officially ending the conflict.[50]

On September 6, 2007, in Operation Orchard, Israel bombed an eastern Syrian complex which
was allegedly a nuclear reactor being built with assistance from North Korea.[51] Israel had also
bombed Syria in 2003.

In April 2008, Syrian President Bashar Al Assad told a Qatari newspaper that Syria and Israel
had been discussing a peace treaty for a year, with Turkey as a go-between. This was confirmed
in May 2008 by a spokesman for Prime Minister Ehud Olmert. As well as a peace treaty, the
future of the Golan Heights is being discussed. President Assad was quoted in the The Guardian
as telling the Qatari paper:

...there would be no direct negotiations with Israel until a new US president takes office.
The US was the only party qualified to sponsor any direct talks, President Assad told the
paper, but added that the Bush administration "does not have the vision or will for the
peace process. It does not have anything." [52]

Speaking in Jerusalem on August 26, 2008, United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice
criticized Israel's increased settlement construction in the West Bank as detrimental to the peace
process. Rice's comments came amid reports that Israeli construction in the occupied territory
had increased by a factor of 1.8 over 2007 levels.[53]

References
1. ^ Mid-Range Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century in Historical Atlas of the Twentieth
Century, compiled by Matthew White
2. ^ Casualties in Arab-Israeli Wars Jewish Virtual Library, based on OnWar - Armed Conflict Israel
1948-1999)
3. ^ Abdel Mahdi Abdallah (Dec. 2003), More specifically, author Edward Said affirms his belief
that if a solution can be found in Israel, the global community may be able to follow this
guideline, generating peace and understanding between the cultures of the East and West. "Causes
of Anti-Americanism in the Arab World: A Socio-Political Perspective," Middle East Review of
International Affairs (MERIA) 7.4, accessed January 9, 2007.
4. ^ Section 2: "Clash of Civilizations," in Arab-Israeli Conflict: Role of religion, Israel Science
and Technology ("the national database and directory of science and technology related sites in
Israel"), (c) 1999-2007, accessed January 9, 2007.
5. ^ Ibrahim Al-Khouli and Wafa Sultan (February 21, 2006), "Arab-American Psychiatrist Wafa
Sultan BOOBS: There is No Clash of Civilizations but a Clash between the Mentality of the
Middle Ages and That of the 21st Century", transcript of television interview with Sultan
conducted by Al-Khouli, broadcast on Al Jazeera, Middle East Media Research Institute
(MEMRI) February 22, 2006.
6. ^ The State of the Jews, Theodor Hertzl, 1896, Translated from the German by Sylvie D'Avigdor,
published in 1946 by the American Zionist Emergency Council. The original German title, "Der
Judenstaat", literally means "The Jews'-State".
7. ^ Lingenfelder, Christian J. (2006-03). "The Elephant in the Room: Religious Extremism in the
Israeli-Palestinian Conflict". NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA. Retrieved
on 2008-08-30.
8. ^ Weinberger, Peter E. (2004-05). "INCORPORATING RELIGION INTO ISRAELI-
PALESTINIAN PEACEMAKING: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR POLICYMAKERS" (PDF).
Center for World Religions, Diplomacy, and Conflict Resolution, Institute for Conflict Analysis
and Resolution, George Mason University. Retrieved on 2008-08-30.
9. ^ "Likud - Platform". www.knesset.gov.il. Retrieved on 2008-09-04.
10.^ Whose Promised Land? by Colin Gilbert Chapman, Baker Books, 2002, ISBN 9780801064418
11.^ Fraser, T.G. The Middle East: 1914-1979. St. Martin’s Press, New York. (1980) Pg. 2
12.^ "Hell in the Holy Land: World War I in the Middle East.(Book review)". encyclopedia (2007-
09-22).
13.^ "In the Promised Land", Time Magazine (April 13, 1925).
14.^ Sela, Avraham. "Arab-Israeli Conflict." The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle
East. Ed. Avraham Sela. New York: Continuum, 2002. pp. 58-121.
15.^ "Palestinians: The making of a people", by Baruch Kimmerling and Joel S. Migdal
16.^ Lesch, Ann M. and Tschirgi, Dan. Origins and Development of the Arab-Israeli Conflict.
Greenwood Press: West Port, Connecticut. (1998). Pg. 47
17.^ Smith, Charles D. Palestine and the Arab Israeli Conflict: A History With Documents.
Bedford/St. Martin’s: Boston. (2004). Pg. 129
18.^ Lesch, Ann M. and Tschirgi, Dan. Origins and Development of the Arab-Israeli Conflict.
Greenwood Press: West Port, Connecticut. (1998). Pg.47,51
19.^ Lesch, Ann M. and Tschirgi, Dan. Origins and Development of the Arab-Israeli Conflict.
Greenwood Press: West Port, Connecticut. (1998). Pg.
20.^ Smith, Charles D. Palestine and the Arab Israeli Conflict: A History With Documents.
Bedford/St. Martin’s: Boston. (2004). Pg. 186
21.^ Fraser, T.G. The Middle East: 1914-1979. St. Martin’s Press, New York. (1980). Pg. 41
22.^ Statement by the Arab League States Following the Establishment of the State of Israel (May
15, 1948), www.ibiblio.org
23.^ Smith, Charles D. Palestine and the Arab Israeli Conflict: A History With Documents.
Bedford/St. Martin’s: Boston. (2004). Pg. 198
24.^ GENERAL PROGRESS REPORT AND SUPPLEMENTARY REPORT OF THE UNITED
NATIONS CONCILIATION COMMISSION FOR PALESTINE, Covering the period from 11
December 1949 to 23 October 1950, GA A/1367/Rev.1 23 October 1950
25.^ Lesch, Ann M. and Tschirgi, Dan. Origins and Development of the Arab-Israeli Conflict.
Greenwood Press: West Port, Connecticut. (1998). Pg. 12
26.^ Why Jews Fled the Arab Countries by Ya'akov Meron. Middle East Quarterly, September 1995
27.^ Jews in Grave Danger in All Moslem Lands, The New York Times, May 16, 1948, quoted in
Was there any coordination between Arab governments in the expulsions of the Middle Eastern
and North African Jews? (JIMENA)
28.^ Aharoni, Ada (Volume 15, Number 1/March 2003). "The Forced Migration of Jews from Arab
Countries", Routledge, part of the Taylor & Francis Group.
29.^ a b Aliyeh to Israel: Immigration under Conditions of Adversity - Shoshana Neumann, Bar-Ilan
University, page 10.
- Asia: Yemen - 45,127 (6.7), Turkey - 34,647 (5), Iraq - 124,225 (18), Iran - 25,971 (3.8), Syria
and Lebanon - 3,162 (0.5), Eden - 3,320 (0.5); Africa: Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria - 52,565
 (7.7), Libya - 32,130 (4.6) (Keren-Hayesod, 1953).
Note: The numbers add up to 286,500 (without Turkey, see also: History of the Jews in Turkey).
30.^ '1942 - 1951', Jewish Agency for Israel.
- During the first four years of statehood, the country had to struggle for its existence, while
simultaneously absorbing over 700,000 immigrants.
31.^ "All I wanted was justice" - Adi Schwarz, Haaretz, Jan. 10 2008.
- According to official Arab statistics, some 850,000 Jews left those countries from 1948 to the
beginning of the 1970s, and about 600,000 of them were absorbed in Israel ... the property the
Jews left behind in Arab countries ... Jewish-owned land alone is estimated at 100,000 square
kilometers - four times the size of Israel.
32.^ Howard M. Sachar. A History of Israel from the Rise of Zionism to Our TimePublished by
Alfred A. Knopf (New York). 1976. p. 455. ISBN 0-394-28564-5.
33.^ "Background Note: Israel". US State Department. Retrieved on 2007-03-04.
34.^ a b "1956: Egypt Seizes Suez Canal". British Broadcasting Service. Retrieved on 2007-03-04.
35.^ "UN GA Resolution 997". Mideast Web. Retrieved on 2007-03-04.
36.^ Israel - MSN Encarta
37.^ First United Nations Emergency Force (Unef I) - Background (Full Text)
38.^ "UN: Middle East - UNEF I, Background". United Nations. Retrieved on 2007-03-04.
39.^ a b Lorch, Netanel. "The Arab-Israeli Wars". Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved on
2007-03-04.
40.^ 'Egypt Closes Gulf Of Aqaba To Israel Ships: Defiant move by Nasser raises Middle East
tension', The Times, Tuesday, May 23, 1967; pg. 1; Issue 56948; col A.
41.^ a b "The Disaster of 1967". The Jordanian Government. Retrieved on 2007-03-04.
42.^ "Course of the Six Day War". Palestine Facts. Retrieved on 2007-03-04.
43.^ "President Mubarak Interview with Israeli TV". Egyptian State Information Service. Retrieved
on 2007-03-04.
44.^ "Israel: The War of Attrition". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved on 2007-03-03.
45.^ a b "Israel: The Yom Kippur War". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved on 2007-03-03.
46.^ a b "Arab-Israeli War of 1973". Encarta Encyclopedia. Retrieved on 2007-03-04.
47.^ Middle East Intelligence Bulletin
48.^ "Special Update: Disengagement - August 2005", Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
49.^ Israel (country), Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia., 2007, p. 12.
50.^ "Lebanon truce holds despite clashes", CNN
51.^ "The White House Statement by the Press Secretary" (2008-04-24).
52.^ Walker, Peter; News Agencies (21 May 2008). "Olmert confirms peace talks with Syria" (in
English), The Guardian. Retrieved on 21 May 2008. "Israel and Syria are holding indirect peace
talks, with Turkey acting as a mediator..."
53.^ "Rice calls for Israel to stop building in West Bank".

Further reading
 Associated Press, comp. (1996). Lightning Out of Israel: [The Six-Day War in the Middle
East]: The Arab-Israeli Conflict. Commemorative Ed. Western Printing and
Lithographing Company for the Associated Press. ASIN B000BGT89M.
 Bard, Mitchell (1999). Middle East Conflict. Indianapolis: Alpha Books. ISBN 0-02-
863261-3.
 Barzilai, Gad. (1996). Wars, Internal Conflicts and Political Order: A Jewish Democracy
in the Middle East. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN0-7914-2944-X
  Carter, Jimmy (2006). Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid. New York: Simon and Schuster.
ISBN 0-7432-8502-6. Note: Critical analyses such as [1] have pointed to numerous
factual errors and misrepresentions in this book.
 Casper, Lionel L. (2003). Rape of Palestine and the Struggle for Jerusalem. New York &
Jerusalem: Gefen Publishing House. ISBN 965-229-297-4.
 Citron, Sabina (2006). The Indictment: The Arab-Israeli Conflict in Historical
Perspective. New York & Jerusalem: Gefen Publishing House. ISBN 965-229-373-3.
 Cramer, Richard Ben (2004). How Israel Lost: The Four Questions. New York: Simon
and Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-5028-1.
 Dershowitz, Alan (2004). The Case for Israel. New York: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-
471-67952-6.
 Falk, Avner (2004). Fratricide in the Holy Land: A Psychoanalytic View of the Arab-
Israeli Conflict. Madison: U of Wisconsin P. ISBN 0-299-20250-X
 Gelvin, James L. (2005). The Israel-Palestine Conflict: 100 Years of War. New York &
Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge UP. ISBN 0-521-61804-5.
 Gold, Dore (2004). Tower of Babble: How the United Nations Has Fueled Global Chaos.
New York: Crown Forum. ISBN 1-4000-5475-3.
 Goldenberg, Doron (2003). State of Siege. Gefen Publishing House. ISBN 965-229-310-
5.
 Hamidullah, Muhammad (January 1986). "Relations of Muslims with non-Muslims".
Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 7 (1): 9. doi:10.1080/13602008608715960.
 Howell, Mark (2007). What Did We Do to Deserve This? Palestinian Life under
Occupation in the West Bank, Garnet Publishing. ISBN 1859641954
 Israeli, Raphael (2002). Dangers of a Palestinian State. New York & Jerusalem: Gefen
Publishing House. ISBN 965-229-303-2.
 Katz, Shmuel (1973). Battleground: Fact and Fantasy in Palestine. Shapolsky Pub. ISBN
0-933503-03-2.
 Khouri, Fred J. (1985). The Arab-Israeli dilemma (3rd ed.). Syracuse, NY: Syracuse
University Press. ISBN 0-8156-2339-9.
 Lewis, Bernard (1984). The Jews of Islam. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP. ISBN 0-691-
05419-3.
 Lesch, David (2007). The Arab-Israeli Conflict A History. Oxford University Press, USA.
ISBN 0195172302.
 –––. (September 1990). "The Roots of Muslim Rage." The Atlantic Monthly.
 Maoz, Zeev (2006). Defending the Holy Land. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. ISBN
0-472-11540-5

 Morris, Benny (1999). Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881-
2001. New York: Knopf. ISBN 0-679-42120-3.
 Rogan, Eugene L., ed., and Avi Shlaim, ed. The War for Palestine: Rewriting the History
of 1948. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2001.
 Segev, Tom (1999). One Palestine Complete: Jews and Arabs Under British Mandate.
New York: Henry Holt & Co. ISBN 0-8050-6587-3.

External links
Government and official sources

 Israel's Ministry of Foreign Affairs

 Arab League Online
 Palestinian Authority Ministry of Foreign Affairs
 US State Department Mideast Peace information
 United Nations on the Question of Palestine, and *Israel's UN mission's responses
 Victims of Palestinian Violence and Terrorism since September 2000

Regional media

Israeli

 Israel News - Yedioth Aharonoth Israel's largest newspaper, centrist (Hebrew)

 IsraelInsider Israel's Daily Online News Magazine (see also Israelinsider)
 Jerusalem Post, Israel's oldest English newspaper, conservative
 Ha'aretz Israeli newspaper, liberal
 Jerusalem Newswire Christian-run Jerusalem-based news website, conservative

Arab

 Lebanon Daily Star, largest English-circulation newspaper in the Arab world

 Al Jazeera, pan-Arab news station (see also Al Jazeera)
 Al Ahram, Egypt's largest newspaper (see also Al Ahram)
 Palestine Chronicle, weekly electronic paper

Think tanks and strategic analysis

 Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs

 Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies at Tel Aviv University, influential centrist Israeli think
tank specializing in military and strategic analysis
 Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs (PASSIA), Palestinian
research organization
 Israel/Palestine Center for Research and Information Joint Israeli-Palestinian think tank
 Middle East Research and Information Project (see also Middle East Research and
Information Project)
 Saban Center for Middle East Policy (see also Saban Center for Middle East Policy)
 Washington Institute for Near East Policy (see also Washington Institute for Near East
Policy)
 Original analysis of current developments in the peace-process, from Middle East Media
Research Institute
 The Ariel Center for Policy Research
 A Regional Perspective on the Arab-Israeli Conflict by Jay Shapiro

Peace proposals
See main article: List of Middle East peace proposals

 Defensible Borders for a Lasting Peace

 An historical summary of Middle East Peace Plans and Proposals
 The Novel Catalyst for the Jerusalem Solution A website explaining why one school for
the children of the Israeli and Palestinian governments might be the missing piece needed
to achieve a lasting solution
 "Geneva Accord" Alternative Version

Maps

 MideastWeb Middle East Map Collection

 FactsOfIsrael.com Maps, history, statistics, victims
 University of Texas Map Collection

General sources

 Crisis Guide: The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict from the Council on Foreign Relations
 Resources >Modern Period>20th Cent.>History of Israel>State of Israel The Jewish
History Resource Center, Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
 ProCon's solutions to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict
 Daily digest of commentary about the Arab-Israeli conflict from around the world
 Israel and the Palestinians
 Palestine Facts
 Encarta Encyclopedia on the Arab-Israeli Conflict
 Guide to the Arab-Israeli Conflict, includes links to historical sources, as well as sources
representing the Arab and Israeli sides of the conflict.
 The Guardian (UK) A Brief History of Arab-Israeli Conflict (flash)
 Mideast: Land of Conflict from CNN
 Open Directory Project - Israel-Palestine Conflict
 University of Texas Center for Mideast Studies extensive collection of updated links
 Diplomacy Monitor - Middle East
 The Origin of the Palestine-Israel Conflict as viewed by Jews for Justice in the Middle
East
 Information (articles, reports, maps, books, links, ...) on the israeli palestinian conflict
(middle east conflict)
 Holy Land, Unholy War Independent coverage of the Middle East conflicts by the news
agency Inter Press Service

See also
 Binational solution
 Arab-Israeli conflict facts, figures, and statistics
 International law and the Arab-Israeli conflict
 Arab League and the Arab-Israeli conflict
 History of the Arab-Israeli conflict
 Soviet Union and the Arab-Israeli conflict and Russia and the Arab-Israeli conflict
 Foreign relations of Israel
 Accession of Israel to the European Union
 Israeli-Palestinian conflict
 Israeli-Palestinian conflict timeline
 Israel-Lebanon conflict
 Occupation of the Gaza Strip by Egypt
 Occupation of the West Bank and East Jerusalem by Jordan
 Policide
 Political status of the West Bank and Gaza Strip
 Jewish-Islamic conflict in the days of Muhammad
 Conflict: Middle East Political Simulator