ICS 93.

020

R O M AN I AN S TAN D AR D
ROAD AND RAILWAY BRIDGES CONCRETE, REINFORCED CONCRETE AND PRESTRESSED CONCRETE SUPRASTRUCTURES - DESIGN RULES Poduri de cale ferat i sosea - Suprastructuri din beton, beton armat si beton precomprimat - Prescripii de proiectare Ponts de chemin de fer et routiers - Ponts de chemin de fer et routiers - Suprastructures en beton, beton arm preconcentraint - Prescriptions pour letablissement des projects CONTENTS
GENERAL ACTIONS MATERIALS Concrete Reinforcements Calculation characteristics of concrete and reinforcements to the fatigue limit state CALCULATION TO ULTIMATE OVERTURNING STABILITY CONDITION CALCULATION ON PLAIN CONCRETE ELEMENTS Verifications required Verification to ultimate strength condition Verifications specific to ultimate normal use conditions Verification for local concentrated forces PROVISIONS REGARDING THE CALCULATION AND COMPOSITION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE ELEMENTS 6.1 Verifications required 6.2 Verification to the strength limit state 6.3 Verification to the strength limit state, for bent sections 6.4 Verification to the fatigue limit state 6.5 Verification to the cracking limit state 6.6 Verification to the deformation limit state 6.7 Prescriptions regarding the composition of the concrete steel elements 7 PROVISIONS REGARDING THE CALCULATION AND COMPOSITION OF THE ELEMENTS OF PRE-COMPRESSED CONCRETE 7.1 Necessary verifications 7.2 Determination of the unit stresses in concrete and pre-stressed reinforcement under the actions of the loadings with exploitation values 7.3 Verification the limit state of strength in normal sections 7.4 Verification to limit state of resistance in cracked inclined sections 7.5 Verification to the fatigue limit state 7.6 Verification to the cracking limit state 7.7 Verification to the deformation limit state 7.8 Calculation of the transmission areas 7.9 Instructions regarding the production of pre-stressed concrete elements ANNEX A Concrete deformations in time produced by slow flow and contraction ANNEX B Effective length for the elements of simple concrete and reinforced concrete ANNEX C The calculation of reinforced concrete bearings for local compressions (supporting bearings, berth bearings of pre-stressed reinforcement, pendulums etc.) ANNEX D The active width of the plate for beams or cased beams ANNEX E Calculation at stage II, of the unit stresses in concrete and reinforcement for the reinforced concrete elements ANNEX F Prestressed concrete specific terminology ANNEX G Computations of stress losses in pretensioned reinforcement ANNEX H Main characteristics of precompression methods with pretensioned reinforcement ANNEX I Anchorage and transmission length for preextended reinforcements 1 2 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 4 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 6

STAS 10111/2-87
Classification index G 61 Replacing: STAS 10111/2-77 Previous editions: 1968 Validation date: 1987-12-01

2 2 3 3 4 6 7 8 9 9 10 11 11 11 12 23 31 33 35 37 49 49 49 51 63 65 65 73 73 74 78 82 84 99 102 110 112 116 121

ASOCIAIA DE STANDARDIZARE DIN ROMNIA (ASRO),

Adresa potal: str. Mendeleev 21-25, 70168, Bucureti 1, Direcia General: Tel.: +40 1 211.32.96; Fax: +40 1 210.08.33, Direcia Standardizare: Tel. : +40 1 310.43.08; +40 1 310.43.09, Fax: +40 1 315.58.70, Direcia Publicaii: Serv. Vnzri/Abonamente: Tel: +40 1 212.77.25, +40 1 212.79.20, +40 1 212.77.23, +40 1 312.94.88 ; Fax : +40 1 210.25.14, +40 1 212.76.20

ASRO

Entire or partial multiplication or use of this standard in any kind of publications and by any means (electronically, mechanically, photocopy, micromedia etc.) is strictly forbidden without a prior written consent of ASRO

STAS 10111/2-87

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1
1.1 Scope

GENERAL

This standard deals with design rules for concrete, reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete structures of regular and narrow railway, road and mixed bridges; the provisions pertaining to calculation of concrete and reinforced concrete elements apply for infrastructures of bridges and for other art works on communication routes. The provisions of this standard also apply for bridges for convoys of subways and trams, which are perceived as railway bridges. This standard deals with heavy aggregate (regular) concrete suprastructures and does not apply for light aggregate concrete suprastructures.

1.2 1.3

The basic provisions for the calculation and composition of concrete, reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete elements are in compliance with STAS 10102-75. The calculations work with the following limit conditions: - ultimate limit states - strength - fatigue - stability of position (overturning, sliding) - ultimate conditions of normal use: - cracking - strain
NOTE Road bridges and footbridges are to be calculated for fatigue only when in use for convoys on rails or if they serve roads used by heavy convoys (equivalent of at least 80 % of the convoy used for calculation), with at least 2 x 106 cycles repeatability.

1.4 For concrete, reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete suprastructures of a special construction, the provisions of this standard may be adapted to the specific conditions with a technical economic justification and with the approval of all relevant parts. 1.5 As for bridges placed in earthquake areas, they are to be calculated and composed in compliance with the provisions laid down in specific technical regulations as well.

ACTIONS

Action use values are established according to STAS 1489-78 and STAS 1545-80. Actions are classified and categorised according to STAS 10101/OB-87.

3
3.1 Concrete

MATERIALS

3.1.1 Classes of concrete are defined based on the concretes characteristic strength Rck, which is the compression strength at 28 days, established according to STAS 1275-81 on 141 mm-side cubes, under the value of which are seen 5% of the results at most. 3.1.2 Minimal classes of concrete for strength elements of suprastructures are specified in table 1. Table 1
No. 1 2 3 4 Strength elements Massive plain and reinforced concrete elements Tubular footbridges Plain and reinforced concrete suprastructures Prestressed concrete suprastructures - monolithic - precast products - monolithic - precast products Minimal class Bc 10 Bc 15 Bc 20 Bc 15 Bc 20 Bc 30

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STAS 10111/2-87

3.1.3 For cases in which a specific strength Rbo is established through design to achieve at an age earlier than 28 days (depending on the actual date of the construction loading, the prestressing date, the execution technology, the properties of the cement used, etc.), the execution drafts should indicate the strength per cube (Rbo) required at the respective age and the concrete classes; the transfer strength of the concrete should not be lower than the values given in table 2. Table 2
Concrete class Rbo min, N/mm Bc 25 25 Bc 30 28 Bc 35 32 Bc 40 35 Bc 50 48 Bc 60 58

3.1.4 The mortar strength when injecting the culverts of post-stretched reinforcements should be measured on 70.7 mm-side cubes kept in wet air, and it should be minimally 30 N/mm2 at 28 days. The minimal strength after 7 days should be 20 N/mm2. 3.1.5 As for elements in aggressive environments, these should be made of concrete with special cements and aggregates, resistant to the action of aggressive agents, according to STAS 3349/1; 2-83, or measures should be taken to protect the concrete (protection layers, surface treatments, etc.). 3.1.6 Characteristic strengths and basic values of calculation strengths of concrete are given in table 3. Calculation strengths should be established by multiplying the basic values in table 3 with coefficients of the working conditions, taken as follows: - for plain concrete elements mbc = mbt = 0.9; - for concrete elements compressed eccentrically mbc = mbt according to table 4; - for transfer calculation of single casting precast precompressed concrete products made in factories mbc = 1.1; - for bridges with difficult execution conditions or located in aggressive environments mbc = 0.9; - for constructions for which long term load represents at least 90 % of the total load mbc = 0.85; if long term load does not exceed 50 % of the total load, mbc = 1.00. For other variations, the coefficient of working conditions should be established by linear interpolation between values 1.00 and 0.85. If calculation convoys intervene with a frequency higher than 50 % in the traffic structure, mbc = 0.85. In case the conditions mentioned above overlap, the coefficients of working conditions are obtained by multiplying the values of the respective coefficients. Table 3
Strength type Symbol Concrete class Bc 3.5 3.0 Bc 5 4.5 Bc 7.5 6.4 0.76 Bc 10 8.5 0.92 Bc 15 12.5 1.19 Bc 20 16.6 1.43 Bc 25 20.5 1.65
2

Bc 30 24.3 1.86

Bc 35 28.0 2.03

Bc 40 31.6 2.20

Bc 50 38.5 2.51

Bc 60 45.0 2.78

Characteristic strengths, N/mm2 Compression Stretching Rck Rtk

Calculation strengths, basic values, N/mm Compression Stretching Rc* Rt* 2.2 3.2 4.7 0.50 6.5 0.60 9.5 0.80 12.5 0.95

15.0 1.10

18.0 1.25

20.5 1.35

22.5 1.45

26.5 1.65

31.6 1.85

Table 4
Casting procedure Smallest size of the cross section < 300 mm 300 mm mbc = mbt 0.85 1.00 0.75 0.85

Elements cast horizontally Elements cast vertically (pillars, membranes, walls) or inclined with formings on all sides

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3.1.7

The coefficient of elasticity of concrete under compression strain in short term loads is given in table 5. Table 5
Concrete class Eb N/mm2 Bc 7.5 14000 Bc 10 21000 Bc 15 24000 Bc 20 27000 Bc 25 30000 Bc 30 32500 Bc 35 34500 Bc 40 36000 Bc 50 38000 Bc 60 40000

The coefficient of elasticity of concrete under stretching strain is considered to be equal with the coefficient under compression. Transversal strain coefficient is considered = 0.2. The transversal coefficient of elasticity is considered Gb = 0,4 Eb. 3.1.8 The linear dilatation coefficient for concrete, reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete elements is considered to be t = 1.0 x 10-5. 3.1.9 The total final specific strain of concrete in use, bt, at the end of the slow flow and contraction is expressed through the relation: (1) where: be bd initial specific strain under various strains of concrete, calculated with the value of the elasticity coefficient Eb corresponding to the class of concrete; specific lasting strain of concrete, calculated according to annex A

3.1.10 In order to calculate sections of reinforced concrete elements considering correlation between unit stress and specific strains, take the unit stress strain curve shown in fig. 1.

Eccentric compression, axis outside the section

Fig. 1
Translation NOTE - all the values written with a coma (e.g.: 3,1 ...) in this figure are to be read with a dot (e.g.: 3.1...)

3.2

Reinforcement

3.2.1 Characteristic strengths (Rak) and calculation strengths (Ra) (basic values) of reinforcements for different types and diameters of steel for non-prestressed reinforcements are given in table 6. Table 6
No 1 2 3 4 PC 60 PC 52 OB 37 STNB Type of steel d = 6...40 mm d 14 mm d = 16...28 mm d = 32...40 mm d 12 mm d > 12 mm d 4 mm d = 4.5...7.1 mm d > 7.1 mm Normalised strength Rak N/mm2 430 360 340 330 255 235 490 440 390 Calculation strength Ra N/mm2 350 300 290 210 370 325

Flexure, compression and elongation, neutral axis inside the section

Centre compression

-53.2.2 The coefficient of elasticity of bar reinforcements is considered: Ea = 210,000 N/mm2, for PC 60, PC 52 and OB 37 Ea = 200,000 N/mm2, for STNB The pre-tensioned reinforcement of prestressed concrete elements should be composed of: - smooth wires SBP, STAS 6482/2-80 or impressed wires SBPA, STAS 6482/3-80: isolated or grouped in fascicles (in parallel) gauze wires with two or three wires (litz wire) - wire strands TBP, STAS 6482/4-80, isolated.

STAS 10111/2-87

3.2.3

3.2.4 Characteristic strengths (Rpk) and calculation strengths (Rp) (basic values) of prestressed reinforcements are given in table 7. Table 7
No. Type of reinforcement Diameter of reinforcement mm Characteristic strength Rpk N/mm2 Calculation strength Rp N/mm2

*) For wire strands the diameter is considered to equal 3 diameters of the peripheral wires. Translation NOTE - all the values written with a coma (e.g.: 3,1 ...) in this figure are to be read with a dot (e.g.: 3.1...)

3.2.5

The coefficient of elasticity of pre-stressed reinforcements (Ep) is considered: Ep = 200000 N/mm2, for SBP, SBPA and for straight fascicles over 50 m length; Ea = 180000 N/mm2, for wire strands, litz wires and fascicles. For hot-rolled steels (PC60, PC52, OB37), the characteristic curve (-) may be used, as in fig. 2.

3.2.6

Fig. 2

STAS 10111/2-87

-6(2) (3)

3.2.7

For SBP, SBPA, TBP steels, the characteristic curve (p-p) may be used, as in fig. 3: for for

Fig. 3
Translation NOTE - all the values written with a coma (e.g.: 3,1 ...) in this figure are to be read with a dot (e.g.: 3.1...)

The specific calculation limit strain of pre-tensioned reinforcement is considered subclause 7.3.3.2). 3.3

l = 0 + 0.01 (according to

Calculation characteristics of concrete and reinforcements to the fatigue limit state

3.3.1 Elements under repeated stresses inducing fatigue should be calculated by taking into consideration the asymmetry coefficient established with the relation: (4) where min, respectively max is the minimal, respectively maximal unit stress, established based on the exploitation values of the loads; use with (+) or (-), according to the conventional sign of the stress.

0 Calculation fatigue strengths R c for concrete in reinforced and prestressed concrete elements should be established using the relation:
3.3.2 (5) where:

m0 = 0.6 +0.5 1.0 b according to subclause 3.3.1 * basic value of the concrete calculation strength, given in table 3 R c kn coefficient depending on the number of cycles: for current constructions kn = 1; if the number of cycles during exploitation exceeds 2 x 106, kn is calculated with the relation:
(6) where n is the number of cycles in millions, but maximum n = 10. 3.3.3

0 Calculation fatigue strengths R c for reinforcements in reinforced concrete elements should be established using the relation:
where: Ra m0 a basic value of the calculation strength given in table 6 strength reduction coefficient as a result of repeated stress, given in table 8 coefficient that includes the effect of welding, given in table 9.

ms a

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STAS 10111/2-87

Table 8
Type of steel PC 60 PC 52 OB 37 Translation NOTE - all the values written with a coma (e.g.: 3,1 ...) in this table are to be read with a dot (e.g.: 3.1...) - 1.0 - 0.5 - 0.2 Asymmetry coefficient () 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.7 0.8 0.9

m0 a

Table 9
Type of welding Reinforcements with pressure butt welding with fine rubbing of protuberances, shell welding, in CO2 environment Reinforcements with pressure butt welding Shell electroslag welding with longitudinal welds Reinforcements welded with displaced or equal junction plates and junction welds Spot-welded reinforcements Reinforcements with overlap welding Reinforcements with welding with pairs of equal junction plates with no junction welds *) In sections with < 0 there are no welded junctions envisaged. Translation NOTE - all the values written with a coma (e.g.: 3,1 ...) in this table are to be read with a dot (e.g.: 3.1...) Type of steel 0.0 0.2 0.4 Asymmetry coefficient*) 0.5

ms a

3.3.4

0 Calculation fatigue strengths for pre-tensioned reinforcements R p should be established by multiplying the calculation strengths (Rp) given in table 7 with the reduction coefficients m 0 given in table 10. p Table 10
Type of reinforcement Smooth wires, isolated or in fascicles Gauze wires or strand wires 9 Strand wires 12 0.75 Asymmetry coefficient ()*) 0.80 0.90 1.00

m0 p

*) For pre-tensioned reinforcements, cannot be < 0.75.

Translation NOTE - all the values written with a coma (e.g.: 3,1 ...) in this table are to be read with a dot (e.g.: 3.1...)

4
4.1

CALCULATION TO OVERTURNING STABILITY LIMIT STATE

The calculation to overturning stability limit state is done by taking the limit values of the actions in the most disadvantageous grouping and the typical convoys, with no dynamic coefficient.

STAS 10111/2-87

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4.2

The overturning stability (fig. 4) is verified using the relation:

(7)

Fig. 4 where Mrc Msl conventional overturning moment, equalling the sum of the moments of all forces, in relation to point G, located at the midpoint between the two bearings; limit stability moment, equalling the moment of the vertical component of the resultant R, in relation with b point G; it is considered that the resultant acts at a distance x 0 = , that is, in the support point A, against 2 which the overturning stability is verified; components of the forces, having a direction normal, to the line of the bearings (i = 1; 2... n); components of the forces, having a direction parallel with the line of the bearings (i = 1; 2 n); lever arms of the components of the Ni respectively Hi forces, in relation to point G (i = 1;2...n); distance from point G to the point in which the resultant R crosses the line of the bearings; distance from point G to the support point A against which the overturning stability is verified; coefficient of the working conditions, being: 0.95 when verifying the bridge stability in longitudinal line; 0.85 when verifying the bridge stability in transversal line. In relation (7), the moments of the forces should be introduced with their signs, depending on their sense of

Ni Hi ci, hi eo xo mS

action.

5
5.1
5.1.1

CALCULATION ON PLAIN CONCRETE ELEMENTS

Verifications required

Calculation on plain concrete elements should include: - verification to strength limit state under the action of loads considered in limit values, in the most disadvantageous grouping, taking into consideration the dynamic coefficient, according to subclause 5.2; - specific verifications to limit states of normal use, according to subclause 5.3.
NOTES: 1 Plain concrete elements of suprastructures should not be verified in fatigue limit state. 2 Elements for which verification in position stability limit state should be calculated: for overturning, according to clause 4 in this standard and according to STAS 10111/1-77; for sliding, according to STAS 101111/1-77.

5.1.2

Elements should be executed from plain concrete only if they comply with the terms specified under subclause 5.3.

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STAS 10111/2-87

5.2

Verification to strength limit state

5.2.1 Elements of plain concrete under centric compression should be calculated as elements under eccentric compression; the calculation bending moment, called additional moment, should be established from the relation: where: N ea M = N ea (8)

longitudinal force from calculation loads considered as per subclause 5.1.1; additional eccentricity, equalling the highest of the following values: 20 mm or h/30, where h is the height of the cross section. The additional eccentricity may be present in any direction.

5.2.2 Elements under eccentric compression, with eccentricity on a main direction, should be verified under strength limit state using the relation: where M* M* Mcap calculation bending moment, established using the relation: M* = M + N ea relation: Mcap (10) (9)

capable bending moment (load carrying capacity) in the section considered, established using the Mcap = N eb (11)

M eb

bending moment produced by calculation loads distance between the centroid of the cross section and the centroid of the compressed area (Abc).

N and ea according to subclause 5.2.1;

The surface of the compressed area (Abc) is established using the relation: (12) For rectangular sections, the capable bending moment in the section considered is established using the relation: (13) where h is the height of the cross section, and x is determined using the relation: (14) where b is the width of the cross section. 5.2.3 Elements under eccentric compression with eccentricity on any direction should be verified under strength limit state using the relation: (15) where M*x and M*y bending calculation moments produced by the calculation loads, determined using the following relations: (16) M*x and M*y N (17) bending moments on the two main directions (x and y), established with calculation loads, longitudinal force from calculation loads;

STAS 10111/2-87

- 10 the highest of the following values: the side parallel with the bending plan Mx divided by 30 and 20 mm; the highest of the following values: the side parallel with the bending plan My divided by 30 and 20 mm; capable moments of the section on the two main directions (x and y), established with the relations: (18) (19)

eax eay Mcapx and Mcapy

ebx and eby

distances between the centroid of the cross section and the centroid of the compressed area (Abc) measured on the direction x, respectively y

The surface of the compressed area (Abc) is established using relation (12): For rectangular sections, Mcapx and Mcapy are established using the relations: (20) (21) where x is determined using relation (14), and y, using the relation: (22) The exponent in relation (15) is established using the relation: = 1.5 (1 - 0.85 n) for irregular sections (23)

for rectangular sections In these relations, Ab is the surface of the cross section.

5.3

Verifications specific to normal exploitation limit states

5.3.1 For elements with rectangular sections under eccentric compression on one single direction, eccentricity should comply with the following relation: eo cxo (24) where: eo eccentricity of the resultant established with exploitation loads c coefficient, taking the following values: 0.5 for actions in group I; 0.6 for actions in group II; 0.67 for actions in group III; xo distance from the centroid of the section to the side most compressed. If the value obtained for the eccentricity (eo) is higher than the values resulting from relation (24), but not for more than 10 %, a reinforcement having a surface of 0.05 % of the surface of the concrete section should be used on the stretched area. For values exceeding for more than 10 %, the reinforcement required should be established following the procedures for reinforced concrete elements. 5.3.2 For elements with rectangular sections under eccentric compression on two directions (x and y) and for elements of any shape (triangle, trapezium, parallelogram, polygon, circle), the active section (Abc) should comply with the following requirement: Abc ca Ab (25)

- 11 where ca 0.75 0.60 0.50 Ab coefficient, taking the following values: for actions in group I; for actions in group II; for actions in group III; total surface of the section.

STAS 10111/2-87

5.4

Verification for local concentrated forces

5.4.1 The effective unit stress (Al) induced by the local force under the support plates (the plates of the support apparatus, counterweights, braces of prestressed elements, etc.) should be established using the relation: (26) where:

PE Al

force normal to the support plate, from loads taking exploitation values. For prestressed concrete elements, PE is the control force increased by 10 %; the surface of the support plate; if the force PE acts off-centre on the support plate, it should be established according to annex C, subclause C 1.

5.4.2

If: Al 0.7 Rc (27)

the concrete under the support plate may take over the stretch stress induced by local unit stress actions, without any special reinforcement measures being required. In the relation above, Rc is the calculation strength of the concrete (plain or reinforced) used in the element on which the plate stays, taking values as per subclause 3.1.6. The concrete under the support plates should be at least class Bc 25, used on a height equal to minimum the width of the support plate and at least 400 mm. The edge of the support plate should be withdrawn from the edge of the concrete element for a distance at least equal to the width of the support plate al; if the distance is approximately al, the concrete under the support plate will be reinforced with a net of structural steel 8 with approximately 150 mm meshes with adequate concrete coverage. Welded nets of smooth drawn wires (STNB) with 6 mm diameter and 100 mm meshes may be used. Minimal distances specified in STAS 10111/1-77 shall be observed for support apparatus in addition to the minimal distance al. 5.4.3 If the distance from the edge of the concrete element to the edge of the support plate is smaller than the width of the support plate, or when: Rcl Al > 0.7 Rc (28)

the concrete mass under the support plates (of the support apparatus, counterweights, braces of pre-tensioned reinforcements, etc.), referred to as bearing should be reinforced with structural steel bars resulting from the calculations, as per annex C. In relation (28), Rcl is the calculation local compression strength and should be determined as per annex C.

6
6.1
6.1.1

PROVISIONS REGARDING THE CALCULATION AND COMPOSITION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE ELEMENTS

Verifications required
Calculation on reinforced concrete elements should include: - verification to the strength limit condition; - verification to the fatigue limit condition*); - verification to the cracking limit condition; - verification to the strain limit condition;
NOTE: *) Road bridges and footbridges should be checked for fatigue only if they match the provisions under subclause 1.3.

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6.1.1.1 If resulting as necessary, the verification for the position stability limit state (overturning, sliding) should be verified as well. 6.1.1.2 The elements of footbridges embedded in the backfill for which the stress is calculated without the dynamic coefficient should not be verified under fatigue limit state. 6.1.2 The verification to strength limit state for elements under compression and eccentric compression stress should be made taking into consideration the flexibility influence coefficient as well, according to subclause 6.2.5. For special cases (elements having a special shape of the cross section, elements under complex stress, massive elements), verification to the strength limit state may be conducted by setting the requirement that the unit stress in the concrete and reinforcements, induced by the limit loads, determined in stage II of the works, not exceed the calculation strengths.

6.2

Verification to the strength limit state, in normal sections

6.2.1 The calculation of stress (section stress) is done by taking into consideration the limit values of the loads with a dynamic coefficient in the most disadvantageous grouping. 6.2.2 The distribution of unit stresses in the calculation to the strength limit state in normal sections should be established considering the following hypotheses: - normal plane sections stay plane after the distortion of the element (hypothesis of plane sections); - the elongation strength of the concrete should be neglected; - the - curves of the concrete and reinforcements are the ones presented in fig.1 and fig.2; - the specific compression limit strain of the concrete blim, should be considered 3.5 if the neutral axis is inside the section (see fig. 1) and 2 in the conventional case of centre compression; between the two limits, the values of bllm should be calculated from the relation: (29) where: - the specific elongation, a llm of the reinforcement should be considered 10 .
NOTE For non-linear analyses on groups of loads including seismic action, values of blim and a lim different from the ones mentioned may be adopted based on special prescriptions.

6.2.3 Calculation in normal sections of reinforced concrete elements under bending, off-centre compression and offcentre tensile stress with high eccentricity should be done considering that (fig. 5): - unit stresses in the concrete in the compressed area have a constant value Rc - stress ' in reinforcement A ' should be considered in the calculation as having the value (-Ra), if x > 2a; a a otherwise a simplified calculation may be done, in which the resultant of all compressions at the level of the centroid of the A ' reinforcements is considered; a - stress a in the reinforcement Aa, concentrated at the stretched or less compressed edge, should be used in the calculations as having the values: if (31)

if

(32)

if

(33)

Translation NOTE - all the values written with a coma (e.g.: 3,1 ...) in this relations are to be read with a dot (e.g.: 3.1...)