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Operators Dictionary
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 A............................................................................................................................................................... 18
1.1 ABSOLUTE PRESSURE...................................................................................................................... 18
1.2 ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE .............................................................................................................. 18
1.3 ABSORPTION PROCESS.................................................................................................................... 18
1.4 ACCELERATOR................................................................................................................................... 18
1.5 ACCUMULATOR.................................................................................................................................. 18
1.6 ACETYLENE C2H2 .............................................................................................................................. 18
1.7 ACID ..................................................................................................................................................... 18
1.8 ADDITIVE ............................................................................................................................................. 18
1.9 ADIP ..................................................................................................................................................... 18
1.10 ADIP TREATING .................................................................................................................................. 18
1.11 ADSORPTION PROCESS.................................................................................................................... 18
1.12 AEROBIC ............................................................................................................................................. 19
1.13 AEROMETER ....................................................................................................................................... 19
1.14 AGGREGATE....................................................................................................................................... 19
1.15 AIR-BLOWN ASPHALT ....................................................................................................................... 19
1.16 AIR HEAT EXCHANGER ..................................................................................................................... 19
1.17 AIR SWEETENING............................................................................................................................... 19
1.18 ALCOHOLS.......................................................................................................................................... 19
1.19 ALGAE ................................................................................................................................................. 19
1.20 ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS ........................................................................................................... 19
1.21 ALKALI................................................................................................................................................. 19
1.22 ALKALI TEST....................................................................................................................................... 19
1.23 ALKALINE............................................................................................................................................ 19
1.24 ALKALINITY......................................................................................................................................... 19
1.25 ALKYLATION....................................................................................................................................... 19
1.26 ALLOY.................................................................................................................................................. 20
1.27 AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE ................................................................................................ 20
1.28 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS............................................................................ 20
1.29 AMINE .................................................................................................................................................. 20
1.30 AMMONIA NH3 .................................................................................................................................... 20
1.31 ANAEROBIC ........................................................................................................................................ 20
1.32 ANALYSIS............................................................................................................................................ 20
1.33 ANHYDROUS....................................................................................................................................... 20
1.34 ANILINE POINT.................................................................................................................................... 20
1.35 ANNEALING......................................................................................................................................... 20
1.36 ANTIFOAM AGENT.............................................................................................................................. 20
1.37 ANTI-KNOCK ....................................................................................................................................... 20
1.38 ANTI-KNOCK AGENT.......................................................................................................................... 20
1.39 ANTIOXIDANT ..................................................................................................................................... 20
1.40 ANTI-STATIC ADDITIVE ...................................................................................................................... 21
1.41 API GRAVITY ....................................................................................................................................... 21
1.42 AROMATIC BLEND ............................................................................................................................. 21
1.43 AROMATICS ........................................................................................................................................ 21
1.44 ASH ...................................................................................................................................................... 21
1.45 ASH CONTENT .................................................................................................................................... 21
1.46 ASPHALT ............................................................................................................................................. 21
1.47 ASPHALTENES ................................................................................................................................... 21
1.48 ASPHALTIC BASE CRUDE OILS........................................................................................................ 21
1.49 ASPHALTIC BITUMEN ........................................................................................................................ 21
1.50 ASPIRATOR......................................................................................................................................... 21
1.51 ASSOCIATED NATURAL GAS............................................................................................................ 22
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1.52 ASTM DISTILLATION .......................................................................................................................... 22
1.53 ASTM GUM TEST ................................................................................................................................ 22
1.54 ASTM MELTING POINT ....................................................................................................................... 22
1.55 ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE ............................................................................................................... 22
1.56 ATOM ................................................................................................................................................... 22
1.57 ATOMISE\............................................................................................................................................. 22
1.58 ATTEMPERATOR\ ............................................................................................................................... 22
1.59 ATTRITION\.......................................................................................................................................... 22
1.60 AUTO IGNITION POINT ....................................................................................................................... 22
1.61 AVERAGE BOILING POINT................................................................................................................. 22
1.62 AVGAS ................................................................................................................................................. 22
1.63 AVIATION GASOLINE ......................................................................................................................... 22
1.64 AVTAG ................................................................................................................................................. 23
1.65 AVTUR ................................................................................................................................................. 23
1.66 AZEOTROPE........................................................................................................................................ 23
1.67 AZEOTROPIC DISTILLATION ............................................................................................................. 23
2 B............................................................................................................................................................... 24
2.1 BACK PRESSURE ............................................................................................................................... 24
2.2 BAFFLE................................................................................................................................................ 24
2.3 BALANCED DRAUGHT ....................................................................................................................... 24
2.4 BAR OVER ........................................................................................................................................... 24
2.5 BAROMETER....................................................................................................................................... 24
2.6 BAROMETRIC CONDENSER .............................................................................................................. 24
2.7 BAROMETRIC LEG ............................................................................................................................. 24
2.8 BARREL ............................................................................................................................................... 24
2.9 BASIC SEDIMENT AND WATER......................................................................................................... 24
2.10 BATCH ................................................................................................................................................. 24
2.11 BATCH PROCESS ............................................................................................................................... 24
2.12 BATTERY ............................................................................................................................................. 24
2.13 BATTERY LIMITS ................................................................................................................................ 24
2.14 BEARING ............................................................................................................................................. 24
2.15 BENZENE C6H6 .................................................................................................................................... 25
2.16 BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD)......................................................................................... 25
2.17 BIODEGRADATION ............................................................................................................................. 25
2.18 BIOTREATER....................................................................................................................................... 25
2.19 BITUMEN.............................................................................................................................................. 25
2.20 BLACK PRODUCTS ............................................................................................................................ 25
2.21 BLANK - See Spade ............................................................................................................................ 25
2.22 BLEEDING ........................................................................................................................................... 25
2.23 BLEND ................................................................................................................................................. 25
2.24 BLENDED FUEL OIL ........................................................................................................................... 25
2.25 BLENDING ........................................................................................................................................... 25
2.26 BLENDING STOCK.............................................................................................................................. 25
2.27 BLENDING VALUE (ANTI-KNOCK) .................................................................................................... 25
2.28 BLOCK VALVE .................................................................................................................................... 25
2.29 BLOCKED OPERATION ...................................................................................................................... 25
2.30 BLOWBACK......................................................................................................................................... 26
2.31 BLOW-BY............................................................................................................................................. 26
2.32 BLOWDOWN........................................................................................................................................ 26
2.33 BLOWER .............................................................................................................................................. 26
2.34 BLOWN BITUMEN ............................................................................................................................... 26
2.35 BLUE SMOKE ...................................................................................................................................... 26
2.36 BOILING POINT (AT A GIVEN PRESSURE) ....................................................................................... 26
2.37 BOILING RANGE ................................................................................................................................. 26
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2.38 BOMB................................................................................................................................................... 26
2.39 BOND ................................................................................................................................................... 26
2.40 BOOSTER STATION............................................................................................................................ 26
2.41 BOTTLED GAS .................................................................................................................................... 26
2.42 BOTTOMS ............................................................................................................................................ 26
2.43 BOX-IN ................................................................................................................................................. 26
2.44 BOX-UP ................................................................................................................................................ 27
2.45 BRAKE HORSEPOWER ...................................................................................................................... 27
2.46 BREAKER POINT ................................................................................................................................ 27
2.47 BREATHING......................................................................................................................................... 27
2.48 BRINE................................................................................................................................................... 27
2.49 BRITISH THERMAL UNIT (BTU) ......................................................................................................... 27
2.50 BRITOLITE ........................................................................................................................................... 27
2.51 BUFFER ............................................................................................................................................... 27
2.52 BUG COUNT ........................................................................................................................................ 27
2.53 BULK CRUSHING STRENGTH ........................................................................................................... 27
2.54 BULK DENSITY ................................................................................................................................... 27
2.55 BUND WALL ........................................................................................................................................ 27
2.56 BUNKER FUEL .................................................................................................................................... 27
2.57 BURNING OIL ...................................................................................................................................... 27
2.58 BUTANE C4H10 ..................................................................................................................................... 28
2.59 BUTANE DE-ASPHALTING................................................................................................................. 28
2.60 BYPRODUCT ....................................................................................................................................... 28
3 C............................................................................................................................................................... 29
3.1 C1,C2,C3,C4,C5....................................................................................................................................... 29
3.2 CALIBRATION ..................................................................................................................................... 29
3.3 CALMING SECTION TRAYS ............................................................................................................... 29
3.4 CALORIE.............................................................................................................................................. 29
3.5 CALORIFIC VALUE ............................................................................................................................. 29
3.6 CANDLEPOWER.................................................................................................................................. 29
3.7 CAPILLARITY ...................................................................................................................................... 29
3.8 CARBON .............................................................................................................................................. 29
3.9 CARBON (FIXED CARBON)................................................................................................................ 29
3.10 CARBON DEPOSIT.............................................................................................................................. 29
3.11 CARBON DIOXIDE............................................................................................................................... 29
3.12 CARBON MONOXIDE.......................................................................................................................... 29
3.13 CARBURETTOR .................................................................................................................................. 30
3.14 CARRYOVER ....................................................................................................................................... 30
3.15 CASCADE TRAY.................................................................................................................................. 30
3.16 CATALYSIS.......................................................................................................................................... 30
3.17 CATALYST........................................................................................................................................... 30
3.18 CATALYST POISON ............................................................................................................................ 30
3.19 CATALYTIC PROCESS ....................................................................................................................... 30
3.20 CATALYTIC REFORMING ................................................................................................................... 30
3.21 CATHODIC PROTECTION................................................................................................................... 30
3.22 CAUSTIC SODA................................................................................................................................... 30
3.23 CENTRIGRADE (CELSIUS) SCALE .................................................................................................... 30
3.24 CENTIPOISE, CENTISTOKES ............................................................................................................. 30
3.25 CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR.......................................................................................................... 31
3.26 CENTRIFUGAL PUMP ......................................................................................................................... 31
3.27 CENTRIFUGE....................................................................................................................................... 31
3.28 CERAMIC BALLS ................................................................................................................................ 31
3.29 CETANE NUMBER............................................................................................................................... 31
3.30 CFR ENGINE........................................................................................................................................ 31
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3.31 CHANNELING ...................................................................................................................................... 31
3.32 CHARACTERISATION......................................................................................................................... 31
3.33 CHAR VALUE ...................................................................................................................................... 31
3.34 CHECK VALVE (NON RETURN VALVE) ............................................................................................ 31
3.35 CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (COD) ............................................................................................... 31
3.36 CHLORINATION................................................................................................................................... 31
3.37 CHROMOMETER - See Colorimeter................................................................................................... 31
3.38 CLADDING ........................................................................................................................................... 31
3.39 CLAUS PROCESS ............................................................................................................................... 31
3.40 CLEAR GASOLINE .............................................................................................................................. 32
3.41 CLOUD POINT ..................................................................................................................................... 32
3.42 COAGULATION ................................................................................................................................... 32
3.43 COALESCER ....................................................................................................................................... 32
3.44 COASTAL TANKER Ltd- (CTL)........................................................................................................... 32
3.45 COEFFICIENT OF EXPANSION .......................................................................................................... 32
3.46 COFFERDAMS..................................................................................................................................... 32
3.47 COKE ................................................................................................................................................... 32
3.48 COKE DRUM........................................................................................................................................ 32
3.49 COLD FILTER PLUGGING POINT....................................................................................................... 32
3.50 COLORIMETER ................................................................................................................................... 32
3.51 COMBINED FEED RATIO (CFR) ......................................................................................................... 32
3.52 COMBUSTION ..................................................................................................................................... 32
3.53 COMBUSTION CHAMBER .................................................................................................................. 32
3.54 COMPATABILITY................................................................................................................................. 32
3.55 COMPOUND......................................................................................................................................... 32
3.56 COMPRESSION ................................................................................................................................... 33
3.57 COMPRESSION IGNITION .................................................................................................................. 33
3.58 COMPRESSION RATIO ....................................................................................................................... 33
3.59 COMPRESSOR .................................................................................................................................... 33
3.60 CONDENSATE ..................................................................................................................................... 33
3.61 CONDENSATION (PHYSICAL)............................................................................................................ 33
3.62 CONDENSER ....................................................................................................................................... 33
3.63 CONDENSER BOX .............................................................................................................................. 33
3.64 CONDUCTIVITY ................................................................................................................................... 33
3.65 CONGEAL ............................................................................................................................................ 33
3.66 CONTINUOUS CATALYST REGENERATOR ..................................................................................... 33
3.67 CONTINUOUS DISTILLATION ............................................................................................................ 33
3.68 CONTROL LOOP ................................................................................................................................. 33
3.69 CONTROLLER ..................................................................................................................................... 33
3.70 CONVECTION ...................................................................................................................................... 33
3.71 CONVECTION SECTION ..................................................................................................................... 34
3.72 CONVENTIONAL PRODUCTS ............................................................................................................ 34
3.73 CONVERSION PROCESSES............................................................................................................... 34
3.74 COOLER............................................................................................................................................... 34
3.75 COOLING TOWER ............................................................................................................................... 34
3.76 COPPER STRIP CORROSION ............................................................................................................ 34
3.77 CORRECTED ENERGY & LOSS (CEL)............................................................................................... 34
3.78 CORROSION........................................................................................................................................ 34
3.79 COUNTERCURRENT FLOW ............................................................................................................... 34
3.80 CRACKING........................................................................................................................................... 34
3.81 CREDITORS......................................................................................................................................... 34
3.82 CREEP ................................................................................................................................................. 34
3.83 CRITERIA REFERENCED INSTRUCTION .......................................................................................... 34
3.84 CRITICAL PRESSURE......................................................................................................................... 34
3.85 CRITICAL TEMPERATURE ................................................................................................................. 34
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3.86 CRITICAL VELOCITY .......................................................................................................................... 35
3.87 CRUDE NAPHTHA............................................................................................................................... 35
3.88 CRUDE OIL TYPES.............................................................................................................................. 35
3.89 CRUDE WAX........................................................................................................................................ 35
3.90 CRYSTALISATION............................................................................................................................... 35
3.91 CUSTODY TRANSFER TANKS ........................................................................................................... 35
3.92 CURRENT RATE.................................................................................................................................. 35
3.93 CUT ...................................................................................................................................................... 35
3.94 CUT POINT........................................................................................................................................... 35
3.95 CYCLISATION...................................................................................................................................... 35
3.96 CYCLONE SEPARATOR ..................................................................................................................... 35
4 D............................................................................................................................................................... 36
4.1 DAMPER .............................................................................................................................................. 36
4.2 DEACTIVATION ................................................................................................................................... 36
4.3 DEADWEIGHT ..................................................................................................................................... 36
4.4 DEARATOR.......................................................................................................................................... 36
4.5 DEBTORS ............................................................................................................................................ 36
4.6 DECOMPOSITION................................................................................................................................ 36
4.7 DEFERRED TAXATION ....................................................................................................................... 36
4.8 DEHYDRATION.................................................................................................................................... 36
4.9 DEHYDROCYCLISATION .................................................................................................................... 36
4.10 DEHYDROGENATION ......................................................................................................................... 36
4.11 DEIONIZED WATER ............................................................................................................................ 36
4.12 DEISOLATION ..................................................................................................................................... 36
4.13 DEMISTER ........................................................................................................................................... 36
4.14 DEMULSIFIER...................................................................................................................................... 36
4.15 DEMURRAGE ...................................................................................................................................... 36
4.16 DENITRIFICATION............................................................................................................................... 37
4.17 DENSE BED LOADING........................................................................................................................ 37
4.18 DEOXYGENATION............................................................................................................................... 37
4.19 DESALTING ......................................................................................................................................... 37
4.20 DESULPHURISATION - See Hydrodesulphurisation ........................................................................ 37
4.21 DESUPERHEATER .............................................................................................................................. 37
4.22 DETERGENCY ..................................................................................................................................... 37
4.23 DETERGENT OIL ................................................................................................................................. 37
4.24 DETONATION ...................................................................................................................................... 37
4.25 DEW POINT (at a given pressure) ...................................................................................................... 37
4.26 DEWAXING .......................................................................................................................................... 37
4.27 DIESEL ENGINE .................................................................................................................................. 37
4.28 DIESEL FUEL....................................................................................................................................... 37
4.29 DIESEL INDEX ..................................................................................................................................... 37
4.30 DIFLUOROETHANE............................................................................................................................. 38
4.31 DILUENT .............................................................................................................................................. 38
4.32 DIPPING ............................................................................................................................................... 38
4.33 DISTILLATE ......................................................................................................................................... 38
4.34 DISTILLATION (fractional) .................................................................................................................. 38
4.35 DISTILLATION CURVE ........................................................................................................................ 38
4.36 DISTILLATION LOSS........................................................................................................................... 38
4.37 DISTRIBUTOR (LIQUID/GAS) ............................................................................................................. 38
4.38 DISULPHIDE ........................................................................................................................................ 38
4.39 DIVIDEND COVER ............................................................................................................................... 38
4.40 DIVIDEND YIELD ................................................................................................................................. 38
4.41 DOCTOR SOLUTION ........................................................................................................................... 38
4.42 DOCTOR TREATMENT ....................................................................................................................... 38
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4.43 DOLPHIN.............................................................................................................................................. 39
4.44 DOWNCOMER ..................................................................................................................................... 39
4.45 DOWNSTREAM.................................................................................................................................... 39
4.46 DRAW OFF........................................................................................................................................... 39
4.47 DRY GAS.............................................................................................................................................. 39
4.48 DUAL PURPOSE KEROSENE............................................................................................................. 39
5 E............................................................................................................................................................... 40
5.1 EARNINGS PER SHARE (CENTS) ...................................................................................................... 40
5.2 ECONOMISER ..................................................................................................................................... 40
5.3 EJECTOR ............................................................................................................................................. 40
5.4 ELASTOMER ....................................................................................................................................... 40
5.5 ELECTRICAL ISOLATION CERTIFICATE........................................................................................... 40
5.6 ELECTROLYSIS................................................................................................................................... 40
5.7 EMULSIFIER ........................................................................................................................................ 40
5.8 EMULSION ........................................................................................................................................... 40
5.9 END POINT .......................................................................................................................................... 40
5.10 ENDOTHERMIC ................................................................................................................................... 40
5.11 ENGINE OIL ......................................................................................................................................... 40
5.12 ENGLER DISTILLATION...................................................................................................................... 40
5.13 ENTRAINMENT .................................................................................................................................... 40
5.14 EROSION ............................................................................................................................................. 40
5.15 ETHANE C2H6 ...................................................................................................................................... 41
5.16 ETHENE ............................................................................................................................................... 41
5.17 EVACUATION ...................................................................................................................................... 41
5.18 EVAPORATION.................................................................................................................................... 41
5.19 EVAPORATOR..................................................................................................................................... 41
5.20 EX SITU REGEN .................................................................................................................................. 41
5.21 EXOTHERMIC ...................................................................................................................................... 41
5.22 EXPANSION JOINT ............................................................................................................................. 41
5.23 EXTRACT ............................................................................................................................................. 41
5.24 EXTRACTION....................................................................................................................................... 41
5.25 EXTRACTION DEPTH.......................................................................................................................... 41
5.26 EXTRACTOR........................................................................................................................................ 41
5.27 EXTRAORDINARY ITEMS ................................................................................................................... 41
5.28 EXTREME PRESSURE LUBRICANTS ................................................................................................ 41
6 F ............................................................................................................................................................... 42
6.1 FAECAL COLIFORM (F. COLI.) .......................................................................................................... 42
6.2 FATIGUE .............................................................................................................................................. 42
6.3 FEED PREPARATION UNIT ................................................................................................................ 42
6.4 FEEDSTOCK........................................................................................................................................ 42
6.5 FILTER ................................................................................................................................................. 42
6.6 FILTRATE............................................................................................................................................. 42
6.7 FIN FAN................................................................................................................................................ 42
6.8 FIRE WALL .......................................................................................................................................... 42
6.9 FIXED-BED OPERATION..................................................................................................................... 42
6.10 FLAME ARRESTOR............................................................................................................................. 42
6.11 FLAMMABLE ....................................................................................................................................... 42
6.12 FLASH.................................................................................................................................................. 42
6.13 FLASH DISTILLATION ........................................................................................................................ 42
6.14 FLASH POINT ...................................................................................................................................... 42
6.15 FLEXIBLE VOLATILITY INDEX ........................................................................................................... 43
6.16 FLOATING HEAD................................................................................................................................. 43
6.17 FLOATING ROOF ................................................................................................................................ 43
6.18 FLOC .................................................................................................................................................... 43
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6.19 FLOCCULATION.................................................................................................................................. 43
6.20 FLOODING ........................................................................................................................................... 43
6.21 FLUE GAS............................................................................................................................................ 43
6.22 FLUID ................................................................................................................................................... 43
6.23 FLUID BED OPERATION..................................................................................................................... 43
6.24 FOAM ................................................................................................................................................... 43
6.25 FOAMING ............................................................................................................................................. 43
6.26 FORCED DRAUGHT ............................................................................................................................ 43
6.27 FRACTION ........................................................................................................................................... 43
6.28 FRACTIONAL CONDENSATION ......................................................................................................... 44
6.29 FRACTIONATING COLUMN................................................................................................................ 44
6.30 FRACTIONATING TRAYS ................................................................................................................... 44
6.31 FRACTIONATION ................................................................................................................................ 44
6.32 FREE ON BOARD (FOB) ..................................................................................................................... 44
6.33 FREE WATER ...................................................................................................................................... 44
6.34 FREEZE POINT .................................................................................................................................... 44
6.35 FREEZING POINT ................................................................................................................................ 44
6.36 FRESH GAS ......................................................................................................................................... 44
6.37 FRICTION ............................................................................................................................................. 44
6.38 FUEL AIR RATIO ................................................................................................................................. 44
6.39 FUEL CELL .......................................................................................................................................... 44
6.40 FUEL GAS............................................................................................................................................ 45
6.41 FUEL OIL.............................................................................................................................................. 45
6.42 FUNCTIONAL LOGIC SCHEME .......................................................................................................... 45
6.43 FUNCTIONAL LOGIC SYSTEM........................................................................................................... 45
6.44 FURNACE ............................................................................................................................................ 45
6.45 FURNACE PASS.................................................................................................................................. 45
7 G .............................................................................................................................................................. 46
7.1 GAP ...................................................................................................................................................... 46
7.2 GAS HOLDER ...................................................................................................................................... 46
7.3 GAS OIL ............................................................................................................................................... 46
7.4 GAS/OIL RATIO ................................................................................................................................... 46
7.5 GASOLINE ........................................................................................................................................... 46
7.6 GAS TURBINE ..................................................................................................................................... 46
7.7 GATHERING STATION........................................................................................................................ 46
7.8 GEAR OIL............................................................................................................................................. 46
7.9 GLAND ................................................................................................................................................. 46
7.10 GOVERNOR ......................................................................................................................................... 46
7.11 GRAVITOMETER ................................................................................................................................. 46
7.12 GRID TRAYS........................................................................................................................................ 46
7.13 GUM ..................................................................................................................................................... 46
8 H............................................................................................................................................................... 47
8.1 HAMER LINE BLIND............................................................................................................................ 47
8.2 HEADER............................................................................................................................................... 47
8.3 HEAT CAPACITY ................................................................................................................................. 47
8.4 HEAT EXCHANGER ............................................................................................................................ 47
8.5 HEAT OF COMBUSTION ..................................................................................................................... 47
8.6 HEATER ............................................................................................................................................... 47
8.7 HI-FI TRAYS......................................................................................................................................... 47
8.8 HIGH VACUUM UNIT ........................................................................................................................... 47
8.9 HORSEPOWER.................................................................................................................................... 47
8.10 HORTON SPHERE............................................................................................................................... 47
8.11 HOT OIL ............................................................................................................................................... 47
8.12 HOT SPOT............................................................................................................................................ 47
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8.13 HUMIDITY............................................................................................................................................. 47
8.14 HYDRATE............................................................................................................................................. 48
8.15 HYDRATION......................................................................................................................................... 48
8.16 HYDRAULIC FLUIDS ........................................................................................................................... 48
8.17 HYDROCARBON ................................................................................................................................. 48
8.18 HYDROCHLORIC ACID ....................................................................................................................... 48
8.19 HYDROCRACKING.............................................................................................................................. 48
8.20 HYDRODEALKYLATION ..................................................................................................................... 48
8.21 HYDRODESULPHURIZATION............................................................................................................. 48
8.22 HYDROGEN ......................................................................................................................................... 48
8.23 HYDROGEN BLISTERING................................................................................................................... 48
8.24 HYDROGEN SULPHIDE ...................................................................................................................... 48
8.25 HYDROGENATION .............................................................................................................................. 48
8.26 HYDROLYSIS....................................................................................................................................... 48
8.27 HYDROMETER .................................................................................................................................... 49
8.28 HYDROSTATIC HEAD ......................................................................................................................... 49
1.29 HYDROSTATIC TEST .......................................................................................................................... 49
8.30 HYDROTREATING............................................................................................................................... 49
9 I ................................................................................................................................................................ 50
9.1 IGNITION POINT .................................................................................................................................. 50
9.2 IGNITION QUALITY ............................................................................................................................. 50
9.3 IMMISCIBLE......................................................................................................................................... 50
9.4 INCOMPATIBLE................................................................................................................................... 50
9.5 INDIGENOUS FEEDSTOCK ................................................................................................................ 50
9.6 INDUCED DRAUGHT........................................................................................................................... 50
9.7 INERT ENTRY ...................................................................................................................................... 50
9.8 INERT GAS .......................................................................................................................................... 50
9.9 INERT FILLER...................................................................................................................................... 50
9.10 INFLAMMABLE.................................................................................................................................... 50
9.11 INHIBITOR............................................................................................................................................ 50
9.12 INITIAL BOILING POINT...................................................................................................................... 50
9.13 INJECTOR............................................................................................................................................ 50
9.14 IN-LINE BLENDING ............................................................................................................................. 50
9.15 INORGANIC ......................................................................................................................................... 51
9.16 INSITU REGEN .................................................................................................................................... 51
9.17 INSTITUTE OF PETROLEUM .............................................................................................................. 51
9.18 INTERCEPTOR .................................................................................................................................... 51
9.19 INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINE.................................................................................................... 51
9.20 ION EXCHANGE RESINS .................................................................................................................... 51
9.21 ISOLATE .............................................................................................................................................. 51
9.22 ISOMER................................................................................................................................................ 51
9.23 ISOMERISATION ................................................................................................................................. 51
9.24 ISO-OCTANE C8H18 (2,2,4-TRIMETHYLPENTANE).......................................................................... 51
9.25 ISOTOPE .............................................................................................................................................. 51
10 J ............................................................................................................................................................... 52
10.1 JET A1.................................................................................................................................................. 52
10.2 JET ENGINE (see also Gas Turbine).................................................................................................. 52
10.3 JET FUEL ............................................................................................................................................. 52
10.4 JETTY HOSE........................................................................................................................................ 52
11 K............................................................................................................................................................... 53
11.1 KELVIN................................................................................................................................................. 53
11.2 KEROSENE.......................................................................................................................................... 53
11.3 KETTLE REBOILER............................................................................................................................. 53
11.4 KNOCK................................................................................................................................................. 53
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11.5 KNOCKOUT (DRUM OR VESSEL) ...................................................................................................... 53
12 L ............................................................................................................................................................... 54
12.1 LAGGING ............................................................................................................................................. 54
12.2 LASER ALIGNMENT............................................................................................................................ 54
12.3 LATENT HEAT ..................................................................................................................................... 54
12.4 LEAD .................................................................................................................................................... 54
12.5 LEAD ACETATE TEST ........................................................................................................................ 54
12.6 LEAD SUSCEPTIBILITY ...................................................................................................................... 54
12.7 LEADED GASOLINE............................................................................................................................ 54
12.8 LEAN ADIP........................................................................................................................................... 54
12.9 LICHEN................................................................................................................................................. 54
12.10 LIGHT DISTILLATE .......................................................................................................................... 54
12.11 LIGHT ENDS..................................................................................................................................... 54
12.12 LIGHT TOPS ..................................................................................................................................... 54
12.13 LINEAR PROGRAMME (LP) ............................................................................................................ 54
12.14 LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG).................................................................................................. 54
12.15 LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG)............................................................................................. 55
12.16 LIQUID PHASE ................................................................................................................................. 55
12.17 LIQUID SEAL.................................................................................................................................... 55
12.18 LITRE ................................................................................................................................................ 55
12.19 LIVE STEAM..................................................................................................................................... 55
12.20 LOAD-ON-TOP SYSTEM.................................................................................................................. 55
12.21 LOADING RACK............................................................................................................................... 55
12.22 LOGIC ............................................................................................................................................... 55
12.23 LONG RESIDUE ............................................................................................................................... 55
12.24 LOST TIME ACCIDENT (LTI) ........................................................................................................... 55
12.25 LOW VISCOSITY INDEX .................................................................................................................. 55
12.26 LOWER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT.............................................................................................................. 55
12.27 LUBOIL ............................................................................................................................................. 55
12.28 LUBRICANT ..................................................................................................................................... 55
12.29 LUBRICATING OIL........................................................................................................................... 56
12.30 LUBRICATION.................................................................................................................................. 56
13 M .............................................................................................................................................................. 57
13.1 M CAP DECK ....................................................................................................................................... 57
13.2 MANIFOLD ........................................................................................................................................... 57
13.3 MANOMETER ...................................................................................................................................... 57
13.4 MASS SPECTROMETER ..................................................................................................................... 57
13.5 MELTING POINT .................................................................................................................................. 57
13.6 MERCAPTANS..................................................................................................................................... 57
13.7 METHANATOR .................................................................................................................................... 57
13.8 METHANE CH4 .................................................................................................................................... 57
13.9 METHANE SERIES .............................................................................................................................. 57
13.10 METHANOL ...................................................................................................................................... 57
13.11 METHYL CHLOROFORM................................................................................................................. 57
13.12 METHYL TERTIARY BUTYL ETHER (MTBE).................................................................................. 57
13.13 METRIC SYSTEM ............................................................................................................................. 58
13.14 MICROCRYSTALLINE WAXES........................................................................................................ 58
13.15 MIDDLE DISTILLATE ....................................................................................................................... 58
13.16 MINERAL OIL ................................................................................................................................... 58
13.17 MINIMUM STOP................................................................................................................................ 58
13.18 MISCIBLE ......................................................................................................................................... 58
13.19 MIXED BASE CRUDE ...................................................................................................................... 58
13.20 MIXER ............................................................................................................................................... 58
13.21 MIXING VALVE................................................................................................................................. 58
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13.22 MIXTURE .......................................................................................................................................... 58
13.23 MOLE PERCENT .............................................................................................................................. 58
13.24 MOLECULAR WEIGHT .................................................................................................................... 58
13.25 MOLECULE ...................................................................................................................................... 58
13.26 MOTOR GASOLINE ......................................................................................................................... 58
13.27 MOTOR OCTANE NUMBER (MON)................................................................................................. 59
13.28 MOTORISED VALVE ........................................................................................................................ 59
13.29 MULTIGRADE OIL............................................................................................................................ 59
13.30 MULTISTAGE PUMP ........................................................................................................................ 59
14 N............................................................................................................................................................... 60
14.1 NAPHTHA ............................................................................................................................................ 60
14.2 NAPHTHENE........................................................................................................................................ 60
14.3 NAPHTHENIC ACID............................................................................................................................. 60
14.4 NAPHTHENIC CRUDE ......................................................................................................................... 60
14.5 NATURAL DRAUGHT .......................................................................................................................... 60
14.6 NATURAL GAS .................................................................................................................................... 60
14.7 NATURAL GASOLINE ......................................................................................................................... 60
14.8 NET ASSET BACKING/SHARE ........................................................................................................... 60
14.9 NET PROFIT AFTER TAX.................................................................................................................... 60
14.10 NET PROFIT BEFORE TAX ............................................................................................................. 60
14.11 NEUTRAL ......................................................................................................................................... 60
14.12 NEUTRON......................................................................................................................................... 60
14.13 NITROGEN ....................................................................................................................................... 61
14.14 NITROGEN BASE............................................................................................................................. 61
14.15 NON-ASSOCIATED NATURAL GAS ............................................................................................... 61
14.16 NON CUSTODY TRANSFER TANKS .............................................................................................. 61
14.17 NORMALISE ..................................................................................................................................... 61
15 O .............................................................................................................................................................. 62
15.1 OCTANE............................................................................................................................................... 62
15.2 OIL RING .............................................................................................................................................. 62
15.3 OIL SHALE........................................................................................................................................... 62
15.4 OLEFINS .............................................................................................................................................. 62
15.5 ONCE-THROUGH ................................................................................................................................ 62
15.6 ON STREAM ........................................................................................................................................ 62
15.7 ORGANIC ............................................................................................................................................. 62
15.8 ORIFICE METER .................................................................................................................................. 62
15.9 ORIFICE PLATE................................................................................................................................... 62
15.10 OSMOSIS.......................................................................................................................................... 62
15.11 OUTPUT............................................................................................................................................ 62
15.12 OVERHEADS.................................................................................................................................... 62
15.13 OVERLAP ......................................................................................................................................... 63
15.14 OXIDATION ...................................................................................................................................... 63
15.15 OXIDIZING FLAME........................................................................................................................... 63
16 P............................................................................................................................................................... 64
16.1 PACKED TOWER................................................................................................................................. 64
16.2 PACKING ............................................................................................................................................. 64
16.3 PALL RINGS ........................................................................................................................................ 64
16.4 PARAFFIN-BASE CRUDE ................................................................................................................... 64
16.5 PARAFFINS ......................................................................................................................................... 64
16.6 PARAFFIN WAX................................................................................................................................... 64
16.7 PARTIAL CONDENSER....................................................................................................................... 64
16.8 PARTIAL PRESSURE.......................................................................................................................... 64
1.9 PENETRATION .................................................................................................................................... 64
16.10 PERMIT TO WORK........................................................................................................................... 64
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16.11 PETROIL MIXTURE (2 STROKE MIX) ............................................................................................. 64
16.12 PETROL............................................................................................................................................ 64
16.13 PETROLEUM .................................................................................................................................... 65
16.14 PETROLEUM NAPHTHA.................................................................................................................. 65
16.15 PETROLEUM SPIRITS ..................................................................................................................... 65
16.16 PETROLEUM WAX........................................................................................................................... 65
16.17 PHENOL ........................................................................................................................................... 65
16.18 PHOSPHATE .................................................................................................................................... 65
16.19 pH VALUE ........................................................................................................................................ 65
16.20 PIG .................................................................................................................................................... 65
16.21 PILOT PLANT ................................................................................................................................... 65
16.22 PIPELINE .......................................................................................................................................... 65
16.23 PISTON ............................................................................................................................................. 65
16.24 PISTON RING ................................................................................................................................... 65
16.25 PITTING ............................................................................................................................................ 65
16.26 PLASTICIZERS................................................................................................................................. 65
16.27 PLATFORMING ................................................................................................................................ 66
16.28 POLYELECTROLYTE ...................................................................................................................... 66
16.29 POLYMER......................................................................................................................................... 66
16.30 POUR POINT .................................................................................................................................... 66
16.31 POWER RECOVERY TURBINE ....................................................................................................... 66
16.32 PREDILUTON (RATIO)..................................................................................................................... 66
16.33 PREHEAT ......................................................................................................................................... 66
16.34 PREHEATER .................................................................................................................................... 66
16.35 PRESSURE....................................................................................................................................... 66
16.36 PRESSURE DROP ........................................................................................................................... 66
16.37 PRESULPHIDE ................................................................................................................................. 66
16.38 PRIMARY.......................................................................................................................................... 66
16.39 PRIMARY AIR................................................................................................................................... 66
16.40 PRIMARY PROCESS ....................................................................................................................... 66
16.41 PRIME MOVER ................................................................................................................................. 67
16.42 PROCESS INTEGRATION ............................................................................................................... 67
16.43 PROMOTER...................................................................................................................................... 67
16.44 PROPANE C3H8............................................................................................................................... 67
16.45 PROPYLENE C3H6 .......................................................................................................................... 67
16.46 PROSS.............................................................................................................................................. 67
16.47 PUKING ............................................................................................................................................ 67
16.48 PURGING.......................................................................................................................................... 67
16.49 PYROPHORIC .................................................................................................................................. 67
17 Q .............................................................................................................................................................. 68
17.1 QUENCH .............................................................................................................................................. 68
17.2 QUENCH GAS...................................................................................................................................... 68
17.3 QUENCHING OILS............................................................................................................................... 68
18 R............................................................................................................................................................... 69
18.1 RADIANT ENERGY.............................................................................................................................. 69
18.2 RADIANT SECTION ............................................................................................................................. 69
18.3 RADIATION .......................................................................................................................................... 69
18.4 RADICAL.............................................................................................................................................. 69
18.5 RAFFINATE.......................................................................................................................................... 69
18.6 RASCHIG RING.................................................................................................................................... 69
18.7 REACTION ........................................................................................................................................... 69
18.8 REACTION TIME.................................................................................................................................. 69
18.9 REACTOR ............................................................................................................................................ 69
18.10 REBOILER........................................................................................................................................ 69
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18.11 RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR.................................................................................................. 69
18.12 RECIPROCATING PUMP ................................................................................................................. 69
18.13 RECLAIMER ..................................................................................................................................... 69
18.14 RECONTACTING.............................................................................................................................. 69
18.15 RECYCLE GAS................................................................................................................................. 70
18.16 RECYCLE OIL .................................................................................................................................. 70
18.17 RECYCLE RATIO ............................................................................................................................. 70
18.18 RECYCLING ..................................................................................................................................... 70
18.19 REDUCED CRUDE ........................................................................................................................... 70
18.20 REDUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 70
18.21 REFINERS MARGIN - GROSS ......................................................................................................... 70
18.22 REFINERS MARGIN - NET............................................................................................................... 70
18.23 REFINERY ........................................................................................................................................ 70
18.24 REFINERY FUEL AND LOSS........................................................................................................... 70
18.25 REFINING ......................................................................................................................................... 70
18.26 REFLUX ............................................................................................................................................ 70
18.27 REFLUX CONDENSER .................................................................................................................... 70
18.28 REFLUX RATIO ................................................................................................................................ 70
18.29 REFORMING .................................................................................................................................... 71
18.30 REFRACTORY.................................................................................................................................. 71
18.31 REFRACTORY BRICK ..................................................................................................................... 71
18.32 REGENERATION.............................................................................................................................. 71
18.33 REGENERATOR............................................................................................................................... 71
18.34 REID VAPOUR PRESSURE (RVP) .................................................................................................. 71
18.35 RELIEF VALVE................................................................................................................................. 71
18.36 RERUNNING..................................................................................................................................... 71
18.37 RESEARCH OCTANE NUMBER (RON)........................................................................................... 71
18.38 RESIDENCE TIME ............................................................................................................................ 71
18.39 RESIDUAL FUEL OIL ....................................................................................................................... 71
18.40 RESIDUE .......................................................................................................................................... 71
18.41 RESIN ............................................................................................................................................... 72
18.42 RETAINED EARNINGS .................................................................................................................... 72
18.43 RETURN BEND ................................................................................................................................ 72
18.44 RICH ADIP ........................................................................................................................................ 72
18.45 RING COMPOUNDS......................................................................................................................... 72
18.46 RISER ............................................................................................................................................... 72
18.47 ROCKET FUEL ................................................................................................................................. 72
18.48 ROTAMETER.................................................................................................................................... 72
18.49 ROTARY PUMP ................................................................................................................................ 72
18.50 RUNDOWN TANK ............................................................................................................................ 72
19 S............................................................................................................................................................... 73
19.1 SAE CLASSIFICATION........................................................................................................................ 73
19.2 SAFEGUARDING ................................................................................................................................. 73
19.3 SALT .................................................................................................................................................... 73
19.4 SAMPLE ............................................................................................................................................... 73
19.5 SATURATED HYDROCARBON .......................................................................................................... 73
19.6 SATURATION TEMPERATURE .......................................................................................................... 73
19.7 SCAVENGERS ..................................................................................................................................... 73
19.8 SCHEDULING ...................................................................................................................................... 73
19.9 SCHOEPENTOETER ........................................................................................................................... 73
19.10 SEAL................................................................................................................................................. 73
19.11 SECONDARY AIR ............................................................................................................................ 73
19.12 SECONDARY PROCESS ................................................................................................................. 73
19.13 SEIZE ................................................................................................................................................ 74
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19.14 SENSIBLE HEAT.............................................................................................................................. 74
19.15 SEPARATOR .................................................................................................................................... 74
19.16 SEPARATION INDEX ....................................................................................................................... 74
19.17 SEPARATION PROCESSES............................................................................................................ 74
19.18 SETTLER .......................................................................................................................................... 74
19.19 SETTLING POINT............................................................................................................................. 74
19.20 SETTLING TANK.............................................................................................................................. 74
19.21 SHAREHOLDERS INVESTMENT..................................................................................................... 74
19.22 SHIFT REACTION ............................................................................................................................ 74
19.23 SHORT RESIDUE ............................................................................................................................. 74
19.24 SIDE STRIPPER ............................................................................................................................... 74
19.25 SIDESTREAM ................................................................................................................................... 74
19.26 SIEVE TRAYS................................................................................................................................... 74
19.27 SIGHT GLASS .................................................................................................................................. 75
19.28 SILVER STRIP .................................................................................................................................. 75
19.29 SLACK WAX..................................................................................................................................... 75
19.30 SLIDE VALVE ................................................................................................................................... 75
19.31 SLOPS .............................................................................................................................................. 75
19.32 SLUDGE ........................................................................................................................................... 75
19.33 SMOKE POINT ................................................................................................................................. 75
19.34 SOLAR ENERGY.............................................................................................................................. 75
19.35 SOLUBLE OIL .................................................................................................................................. 75
19.36 SOLUTION........................................................................................................................................ 75
19.37 SOLVENT ......................................................................................................................................... 75
19.38 SOLVENT EXTRACTION ................................................................................................................. 75
19.39 SOLVENT/FEED RATIO ................................................................................................................... 75
19.40 SOOTBLOWER ................................................................................................................................ 75
19.41 SOUR CRUDE .................................................................................................................................. 76
19.42 SOUR GAS ....................................................................................................................................... 76
19.43 SOUR GASOLINE ............................................................................................................................ 76
19.44 SOUR WATER .................................................................................................................................. 76
19.45 SPACE VELOCITY ........................................................................................................................... 76
19.46 SPADE .............................................................................................................................................. 76
19.47 SPALLING ........................................................................................................................................ 76
19.48 SPARGE ........................................................................................................................................... 76
19.49 SPARK ADVANCE ........................................................................................................................... 76
19.50 SPECIFIC GRAVITY ......................................................................................................................... 76
19.51 SPECIFIC HEAT ............................................................................................................................... 76
19.52 SPECTACLE..................................................................................................................................... 76
19.53 SPHERE - SEE HORTON SPHERE ................................................................................................. 76
19.54 SPLITTER ......................................................................................................................................... 76
19.55 SPOT ................................................................................................................................................ 76
19.56 STABILISATION ............................................................................................................................... 77
19.57 STABILISED GASOLINE.................................................................................................................. 77
19.58 STABILITY........................................................................................................................................ 77
19.59 STABILISER ..................................................................................................................................... 77
19.60 STADIS ............................................................................................................................................. 77
19.61 STANDARD PRESSURE.................................................................................................................. 77
19.62 STANDARD REFINERY FUEL (SRF)............................................................................................... 77
19.63 STAND-BY........................................................................................................................................ 77
19.64 STAND PIPE ..................................................................................................................................... 77
19.65 STATIC ELECTRICITY ..................................................................................................................... 77
19.66 STEAM/AIR DECOKING................................................................................................................... 77
19.67 STEAM DISTILLATION .................................................................................................................... 77
19.68 STEAM REFORMING ....................................................................................................................... 77
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19.69 STEEL............................................................................................................................................... 77
19.70 STONEWALL.................................................................................................................................... 78
19.71 STRAIGHT-RUN ............................................................................................................................... 78
19.72 STRAINER ........................................................................................................................................ 78
19.73 STRAPPING ..................................................................................................................................... 78
19.74 STREAM DAY................................................................................................................................... 78
19.75 STRIPPING ....................................................................................................................................... 78
19.76 STUFFING BOX................................................................................................................................ 78
19.77 SULFINOL PROCESS ...................................................................................................................... 78
19.78 SULFOLANE .................................................................................................................................... 78
19.79 SULPHATE ....................................................................................................................................... 78
19.80 SULPHIDE ........................................................................................................................................ 78
19.81 SULPHUR ......................................................................................................................................... 78
19.82 SULPHUR CEMENT ......................................................................................................................... 78
19.83 SULPHUR DIOXIDE ......................................................................................................................... 78
19.84 SULPHURIC ACID............................................................................................................................ 79
19.85 SUPERHEATER ............................................................................................................................... 79
19.86 SURFACE AREA .............................................................................................................................. 79
19.87 SURFACE TENSION ........................................................................................................................ 79
19.88 SURFACRANTS ............................................................................................................................... 79
19.89 SURGE.............................................................................................................................................. 79
19.90 SURGE DRUM .................................................................................................................................. 79
19.91 SURGE PARAMETER ...................................................................................................................... 79
19.92 SUSPENSION ................................................................................................................................... 79
19.93 SWEET GAS ..................................................................................................................................... 79
19.94 SWEETENING .................................................................................................................................. 79
19.95 SYNFUEL.......................................................................................................................................... 79
19.96 SYNTHESIS ...................................................................................................................................... 79
20 T ............................................................................................................................................................... 80
20.1 TANK CAR ........................................................................................................................................... 80
20.2 TANK FARM......................................................................................................................................... 80
20.3 TANK VOLUME.................................................................................................................................... 80
20.4 TANKAGE ............................................................................................................................................ 80
20.5 TANKER ............................................................................................................................................... 80
20.6 TEMPERATURE................................................................................................................................... 80
20.7 TEMPERATURE GRADIENT ............................................................................................................... 80
20.8 TEROMAN............................................................................................................................................ 80
20.9 TETRAETHYLLEAD (TEL)................................................................................................................... 80
20.10 TETRAMETHYL LEAD (TML) .......................................................................................................... 80
20.11 THERM.............................................................................................................................................. 80
20.12 THERMAL CRACKING..................................................................................................................... 80
20.13 THERMOCOUPLE. ........................................................................................................................... 80
20.14 THERMOSTAT.................................................................................................................................. 80
20.15 TOLUENE C6H5CH3 ........................................................................................................................ 81
20.16 TONNAGE (MARINE) ....................................................................................................................... 81
20.17 TOPANOL......................................................................................................................................... 81
20.18 TOPS ................................................................................................................................................ 81
20.19 TORQUE ........................................................................................................................................... 81
20.20 TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON (TOC) ................................................................................................. 81
20.21 TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS (TSS)............................................................................................... 81
20.22 TOWER ............................................................................................................................................. 81
20.23 TRANSFER LINE.............................................................................................................................. 81
20.24 TRANSFORMER OIL........................................................................................................................ 81
20.25 TRAP ................................................................................................................................................ 81
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20.26 TRAYS .............................................................................................................................................. 81
20.27 TREATING PROCESSES ................................................................................................................. 81
20.28 TRIP SYSTEM................................................................................................................................... 82
20.29 TRYCOCKS ...................................................................................................................................... 82
20.30 TURBINE .......................................................................................................................................... 82
20.31 TURBINE OIL ................................................................................................................................... 82
20.32 TURBOJET ENGINE ........................................................................................................................ 82
20.33 TURNAROUND................................................................................................................................. 82
20.34 TURN DOWN .................................................................................................................................... 82
21 U............................................................................................................................................................... 83
21.1 ULLAGE ............................................................................................................................................... 83
21.2 UNSATURATED................................................................................................................................... 83
21.3 UPPER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT .................................................................................................................. 83
21.4 UPSTREAM.......................................................................................................................................... 83
22 V............................................................................................................................................................... 84
22.1 V50 ....................................................................................................................................................... 84
22.2 VACUUM .............................................................................................................................................. 84
22.3 VACUUM DISTILLATION..................................................................................................................... 84
22.4 VALENCE............................................................................................................................................. 84
22.5 VALVE .................................................................................................................................................. 84
22.6 VALVE TRAYS ..................................................................................................................................... 84
22.7 VAPOUR............................................................................................................................................... 84
22.8 VAPOUR DENSITY .............................................................................................................................. 84
22.9 VAPOUR LINE ..................................................................................................................................... 84
22.10 VAPOUR LOCK ................................................................................................................................ 84
22.11 VAPOUR PHASE.............................................................................................................................. 84
22.12 VAPOUR PRESSURE (AT GIVEN TEMPERATURE) ...................................................................... 84
22.13 VAPORISATION ............................................................................................................................... 84
22.14 VENTURI METER ............................................................................................................................. 85
22.15 VENTURI TUBE ................................................................................................................................ 85
22.16 VISCOSIMETER ............................................................................................................................... 85
22.17 VISCOSITY ....................................................................................................................................... 85
22.18 VISCOSITY INDEX ........................................................................................................................... 85
22.19 VOLATILE......................................................................................................................................... 85
23 W.............................................................................................................................................................. 86
23.1 WASH OILS.......................................................................................................................................... 86
23.2 WASH WATER..................................................................................................................................... 86
23.3 WASTE HEAT BOILER........................................................................................................................ 86
23.4 WATER BOTTOM ................................................................................................................................ 86
23.5 WATER SOFTENING ........................................................................................................................... 86
23.6 WAXY DISTILLATE.............................................................................................................................. 86
23.7 WEAR................................................................................................................................................... 86
23.8 WEATHERING ..................................................................................................................................... 86
23.9 WEIGHTED AVERAGE BED TEMPERATURE (WABT)...................................................................... 86
23.10 WEIR................................................................................................................................................. 86
23.11 WET GAS.......................................................................................................................................... 86
23.12 WHESSOE ........................................................................................................................................ 86
23.13 WHITE OIL........................................................................................................................................ 86
23.14 WHITE PRODUCTS.......................................................................................................................... 86
23.15 WHITE SPIRITS ................................................................................................................................ 86
23.16 WIDE RANGE DISTILLATE.............................................................................................................. 87
23.17 WORK SAFE AUDIT......................................................................................................................... 87
24 X............................................................................................................................................................... 88
24.1 XRAY.................................................................................................................................................... 88
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24.2 XYLENE C6H4 (CH) 2 ............................................................................................................................ 88
25 Y............................................................................................................................................................... 89
25.1 YARD PIPE (YP)................................................................................................................................... 89
25.2 YIELD ................................................................................................................................................... 89
26 REGULARLY USED ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................. 90
27 REFINERY THROUGHPUT 1989 AND 1998 ........................................................................................... 95
28 REFINERY STATISTICS.......................................................................................................................... 97
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1 A
1.4 ACCELERATOR
1. A substance that hastens a reaction, usually by acting as a catalyst, as in the vulcanization of
rubber.
2. Any of several automobile attachments for increasing the speed at will, especially a foot-
operated throttle.
1.5 ACCUMULATOR
A vessel for the temporary storage of a gas or liquid; usually used for collecting sufficient material for a
continuous charge to some refining process.
1.7 ACID
A member of an important and fundamental category of chemical substances characterised by having an
available reactive hydrogen and requiring an alkali to neutralise them. Acid solutions usually have a sour,
biting and tart taste, like vinegar.
1.8 ADDITIVE
A substance added to a product in order to improve its properties.
1.9 ADIP
Shell trade name for aqueous DIPA solution.
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1.12 AEROBIC
Existing in the presence of oxygen.
1.13 AEROMETER
An instrument for ascertaining the weight or density of air or other gases.
1.14 AGGREGATE
As applied to non-bituminous materials, the inert material, such as sand, gravel, or broken stone, with
which cementing material is mixed to form a mortar or concrete.
1.18 ALCOHOLS
A class of organic compounds containing oxygen (as a hydroxyl), of which ethyl alcohol (the alcohol of
potable spirits and wines) is the best known. They can react with acids to form esters. They are largely
used as solvents.
1.19 ALGAE
Plants of the group comprising practically all seaweed’s and allied freshwater or nonaquatic forms, such as
pond scum’s, stoneworts, etc.
1.21 ALKALI
In chemistry, any substance having marked basic properties. In its restricted and common sense, the term
is applied only to hydroxides of ammonium, lithium, potassium, and sodium. They are soluble in water,
they have the power of neutralising acids and forming salts with them and of turning red litmus blue. In a
more general sense, the term is also applied to the hydroxides of the so-called alkaline earth metals -
barium, calcium, and strontium.
1.23 ALKALINE
Having the properties of an alkali; opposite to acidic.
1.24 ALKALINITY
The amount of free alkali in any substance.
1.25 ALKYLATION
A reaction in which a straight-chain or branched-chain hydrocarbons group, which is called an alkyl group
or radical, is united with either an aromatic molecule or a branched-chain hydrocarbon. Used for detergent
or petroleum manufacture. Usually catalysed by Hydrofluoric or Sulphuric acid.
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1.26 ALLOY
A substance composed of two or more metals, or of a metal and a nonmetal, intimately united, usually by
being fused together and dissolved in each other when molten.
1.29 AMINE
Hydrocarbon with attached Ammonia group having absorbent properties, making it useful in treatment processes
(ADIP, SULFINOL).
1.31 ANAEROBIC
Existing in an oxygen free condition.
1.32 ANALYSIS
The process of determining the composition of a substance by chemical or physical methods.
1.33 ANHYDROUS
Free of water.
1.35 ANNEALING
Heating and slowly cooling to increase the ductility or remove internal stresses, as of metal or glass.
1.37 ANTI-KNOCK
An adjective signifying resistance to detonation (pinking) in spark-ignited internal combustion engines. Anti-knock
value is measured in terms of octane number of gasoline engines and of cetane number for diesel fuels.
1.39 ANTIOXIDANT
A chemical added to gasoline, lubricating oil, etc. to inhibit oxidation.
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1.40 ANTI-STATIC ADDITIVE
An additive for reducing static properties, notably in Kerosene.
141.5
Degree API = Sp. Gr. 15°C/15°C - 131.5
1.43 AROMATICS
A group of hydrocarbons characterised by their having at least one ring structure of six carbon atoms, each of the
latter having one valency outside the ring. If these valencies are occupied by hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon radicals,
or inorganic groups one speaks of condensed aromatics. These hydrocarbons are called aromatics because many of
their derivatives have an aromatic odour. They are of relatively high specific gravity and possess good solvent
properties. Certain aromatics have valuable anti-knock characteristics. Typical aromatics are: benzene, toluene,
xylene, phenol (all mono-aromatics) and naphthalene (a di-aromatic). Aromatics can cause smoke and freeze point
problems in Kerosene.
1.44 ASH
The solid residue left when combustible material is thoroughly burned.
1.46 ASPHALT
This term may have several meanings:
1. It refers to a mixture of bitumen and mineral aggregate, as prepared for the construction of roads or for other
purposes.
2. In the United States it refers to the product which is known as bitumen elsewhere. Black to dark-brown solid
or semisolid cementitious material which gradually liquefies when heated and in which the predominating
constituents are bitumens. These occur in the solid or semisolid form in nature: are obtainable by refining
petroleum; or are combinations with one another or with petroleum or derivatives thereof.
3. At NZRC - very heavy fuel oil produced as bottom product from BDU (short residue with DAO removed).
1.47 ASPHALTENES
Polyaromatic constituents of asphaltic bitumen characterised by being insoluble in aromatic-free low-boiling
petroleum spirit, but soluble in carbon disulphide.
1.50 ASPIRATOR
An apparatus which serves to create a partial vacuum through pumping a jet of water, steam, or some other fluid or
gas past an orifice opening out of the chamber in which the vacuum is to be produced.
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1.51 ASSOCIATED NATURAL GAS
Natural gas associated with oil accumulations by being dissolved in the oil under the reservoir temperatures and
pressures (solution gas) and often also be forming a gas cap of free gas above the oil (gas cap gas).
2. Any gum test carried out in accordance with an ASTM gum test procedure.
3. As a standard, the pressure at which the mercury barometer stands at 760mm, or 30in. (equivalent to approx.
14.7 psi).
1.56 ATOM
The smallest complete particle of an element which can be obtained, yet retain all physical and chemical properties
of the element. According to present theory, the atom consists of a nucleus of neutrons and positively charged
protons, surrounded by negatively charged particles called electrons.
1.57 ATOMISE\
To divide a liquid into extremely minute droplets, either by impact with a jet of steam or compressed air, or by
passing through some mechanical device.
1.58 ATTEMPERATOR\
See Desuperheater.
1.59 ATTRITION\
The act of wearing out by rubbing or grinding, or the state of being so worn or ground. Granular catalysts or
absorbents may suffer such attrition as a result of movement.
1.62 AVGAS
High octane aviation gasoline for piston type engine. Not made by NZRC.
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1.64 AVTAG
Wide range aviation turbine fuel, gasoline type, about identical to the JP 4 type fuel. Not made by NZRC.
1.65 AVTUR
Kerosene type aviation turbine fuel, (Jet A1).
1.66 AZEOTROPE
Two (or more) components are said to form an azeotrope if there is a mixture of those components which has no
boiling range but whose boiling point and dew point are the same.
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2 B
2. In an engine, the pressure which acts adversely against the piston, causing loss of power.
2.2 BAFFLE
A partial restriction, generally a plate, located so as to change direction, guide the flow, or promote mixing within the
equipment in which it is installed.
2.5 BAROMETER
An instrument employed to determine atmospheric pressure.
2.8 BARREL
A standard measure of crude oil quantities; equivalent to 35 imperial gallons, 42 US gallons or 159 litres.
2.10 BATCH
Any quantity of material handled or considered as a unit in processing.
2.12 BATTERY
A series of individual items of refinery equipment operated as a unit.
2.14 BEARING
A support for holding a shaft in its correct position. Examples: journal bearings to confine radial motion, thrust
bearings to control axial movement, and "rolling element" bearings which are used in both services.
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2.15 BENZENE C6H6
The parent compound of the aromatic hydrocarbon series. It is used in the manufacture of a large number of
chemicals including phenol, styrene, detergent alkylate and insecticides and is a major component of platformate.
2.17 BIODEGRADATION
Degradation of solid materials by bacterial consumption.
2.18 BIOTREATER
Process for biological degradation of effluent water.
2.19 BITUMEN
A non-crystalline solid or semi-solid cementitious material derived from petroleum, consisting essential of
compounds composed predominantly of hydrogen and carbon with some oxygen and sulphur, it gradually softens
when heated. Bitumen’s are black or brown in colour. They may occur naturally or may be made as end products
from the distillation of, or as extracts from, selected petroleum oils.
2.22 BLEEDING
Divert or release a small portion of the material contained in a line or vessel, usually by opening a valve slightly.
2.23 BLEND
Any mixture prepared for a special purpose, e.g. the products of a refinery are blended to suit market requirements.
2.25 BLENDING
Mixing of the various components in the preparation of a product of required properties.
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2.30 BLOWBACK
A system in which a liquid or a gas is continuously bled through the lead lines of an instrument meter into the main
line. This prevents the main line fluid from coming in contact with the meter body, thus eliminating vaporisation,
corrosion or plugging.
2.31 BLOW-BY
In internal-combustion engines, the escape of combustion gases or unburned fuel from the combustion chamber past
the pistons and rings into the crankcase during the power stroke or the compression stroke.
2.32 BLOWDOWN
The act of flushing or clearing a piece of pressurised equipment by blowing to a drain (or similar). Term is often used
by Boilermen, continuos blowdown indicating blowdown from the Steam Drum or Scum level, and Intermittent
Blowdown from the bottom header of a boiler.
2.33 BLOWER
Usually an enclosed fan used in a forced/induced/balanced draught furnace to provide the combustion air.
2.38 BOMB
A small pressure vessel, such as used for taking samples of HP gases and LPG.
2.39 BOND
1. Chemically, a unit link between atoms. In graphic chemical formulas, it is often represented by a short line or
dash.
2. Electrically, a common grounding system e.g. Bonding wires used between fuel tanker and petrol station
ground tanks or airport delivery systems and aircraft.
2.42 BOTTOMS
The bottom product from a distillation of petroleum; also the liquid layer left in a tank or similar container after
draining to the level of the pump suction.
2.43 BOX-IN
To isolate a piece of equipment, usually by block valves.
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2.44 BOX-UP
The act of closing up a piece of refinery equipment following construction, maintenance, inspection etc.
2.47 BREATHING
When a storage tank containing volatile products is heated by solar radiation, some of the liquid contents evaporate.
The excess vapour thus formed is blown out to the atmosphere. On cooling, the less volatile components of the
vapour contents condense and a slight vacuum is created, causing air from outside to be sucked into the tank. This
double action is referred to as "breathing" of the tank. The movement of gas (oil vapours or air) in and out of the
vent lines of storage tanks as a result of alternate heating and cooling.
2.48 BRINE
Water which is nearly saturated with salts.
2.50 BRITOLITE
A drying solvent used by BP. Manufactured from hydrocracked Naphtha and Tops.
2.51 BUFFER
1. A vessel for temporary storage of liquid (buffer drum).
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2.58 BUTANE C4H10
Commercial butane is a mixture of two gaseous paraffins, normal butane and isobutane. When blended into gasoline
in small quantities it improves volatility and octane number. Butane can be stored under pressure as a liquid at
atmospheric temperatures ("bottled gas") and it is widely used for cooking and domestic heating. Used at NZRC in
the reformer and BDU.
2.60 BYPRODUCT
A secondary or additional product not of primary importance. (e.g. Sulphur).
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3 C
3.1 C1,C2,C3,C4,C5
A common way of representing fractions containing a preponderance of hydrocarbons of 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 carbon atoms,
respectively, without reference to hydrocarbon type.
3.2 CALIBRATION
The determination of fixed reference points on the scale of any instrument by comparison with a known standard and
the subsequent subdivision or graduation of the scale to enable measurements in definite units to be made with it.
Also the process of measuring or calculating the volumetric contents or capacity of a receptable.
3.4 CALORIE
The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water through 1 C (from 14.5 to 15.5 C). In
calculations the k calorie, equal to 1,000 calories is often used. 1,000 kilocalories = 3,968 Btu.
3.6 CANDLEPOWER
The illuminating power of a standard candle employed as a unit for determining the illuminating quality of kerosene
and other illuminants. One international candle or one American candle equals 1.11 Hefner candles.
3.7 CAPILLARITY
That physical action by which the surface of a liquid, where it is in contact with a nonhorizontal solid surface (as in
vertical capillary tube), is elevated above or depressed below the level of the liquid. Its magnitude is determined by
the interfacial tensions involved.
3.8 CARBON
A nonmetallic element existing in diamonds, graphite, and numerous amorphous forms; combined as carbon dioxide,
carbonates, and in all living things. Carbon is unique in forming an almost infinite number of compounds (it is
present in all organic compounds).
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3.13 CARBURETTOR
A device for metering the correct mixture of air and gasoline to an internal-combustion engine.
3.14 CARRYOVER
Relatively nonvolatile contaminating material which is carried over by the overhead effluent from a fractionating
column, absorber, or reaction vessel. It may be carried as liquid droplets or finely divided solids suspended in a gas,
a vapour, or a discrete liquid.
3.16 CATALYSIS
The alteration of the rate of a chemical reaction by the presence of a "foreign" substance (catalyst) that remains
unchanged at the end of the reaction.
3.17 CATALYST
In technology this word means a substance added to a system of reactants which will accelerate the desired reactions,
while emerging virtually unaltered from the process. The catalyst allows the reaction to take place at a temperature
at which the uncatalyzed reaction would proceed too slowly for practical purposes. Used extensively in secondary
processes.
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3.25 CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR
A machine in which pressure is built up by means of rotating fans or blades.
3.27 CENTRIFUGE
A whirling instrument for separating liquids and solids or liquids of different specific gravity by use of centrifugal
force.
3.31 CHANNELING
Non uniform flow of process fluid through (e.g.) a reactor bed.
3.32 CHARACTERISATION
Identifying a feed or product by its properties e.g. distillation,
carbon: hydrogen ration, density etc.
3.36 CHLORINATION
A chemical reaction in which chlorine reacts with hydrocarbon and one or more of the hydrogen atoms are replaced
by atoms of chlorine, or chlorine reacts with an unsaturated hydrocarbon and two chlorine atoms (one molecule) are
added to the double bond.
3.38 CLADDING
A homogeneous bonded or resistance-welded metallic liner applied to a base metal such as carbon steel. Used in
lines, vessels, and heat exchanger equipment to reduce corrosion and increase service life. Also called clad lining.
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3.40 CLEAR GASOLINE
A gasoline which is free from anti-knock additives such as tetraethyl-lead. In making comparative engine tests
between leaded and unleaded fuels, the clear, unleaded gasoline is sometimes referred to as straight gasoline base,
base fuel, or as gasoline "neat".
3.42 COAGULATION
The precipitation from solution or suspension of fine particles which tend to unite in clots or curds.
3.43 COALESCER
A vessel packed with steelwool, glasswool, polypropylene wool or felt used to remove fine droplets of treating
liquids or water from a petroleum product.
3.46 COFFERDAMS
The empty spaces fore and aft in a tanker, which traverse the whole breadth of the vessel and isolate the cargo tanks
from the rest of the ship (fire protection).
3.47 COKE
Hard carbon deposit, usually formed by the unintentional thermal cracking of heavy residues.
3.50 COLORIMETER
An instrument for determining the colour of oil product by measuring the percentage transmission of monochromatic
light through the liquid.
3.52 COMBUSTION
The process of burning; rapid oxidation caused by the union of the oxygen of the air with a material.
3.54 COMPATABILITY
Ability of additives or products to mix together without separation or reaction.
3.55 COMPOUND
A substance formed by the combination of two or more ingredients in definite proportions by weight, and possessing
physical and chemical properties entirely different from those of the ingredients. e.g. table salt, paint.
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3.56 COMPRESSION
In general, the act of increasing the pressure on gas or vapour. It is usually attended by a reduction in volume.
3.59 COMPRESSOR
A device which draws in air or other gases, compresses it and discharges it at a high pressure.
3.60 CONDENSATE
Liquid hydrocarbons which are sometimes produced together with natural gas. In general: the liquid that is formed
when a vapour cools.
3.62 CONDENSER
A special type of heat exchanger for the removal of heat from e.g. the top of a fractionating column.
3.64 CONDUCTIVITY
A materials ability to conduct an electrical charge. Important in water treatment (as an indication of impurities) and
some hydrocarbons (static risk).
3.65 CONGEAL
To change from a liquid to a semi-solid or solid state.
3.69 CONTROLLER
The actual control instrument is the controller. However, the word is often used in reference to the control valve that
acts on the process.
3.70 CONVECTION
The flow of heat through liquid or gas by actual mixing of the fluids (physical turbulence).
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3.71 CONVECTION SECTION
That portion of the furnace in which tubes receive heat by convection from the flue gases (contrast with radiant
section).
3.74 COOLER
A heat exchanger whose primary purpose is to reduce the temperature of one of the passing fluids.
3.78 CORROSION
The gradual eating away of metallic surfaces as the result of chemical action such as oxidation. It is caused by
corrosive agents such as acids.
3.80 CRACKING
Process whereby the large molecules of the heavier oils are converted into smaller molecules of the gasoline type.
When this is brought about by heat alone, the process is known as thermal cracking. If a catalyst is also used the
process is referred to as catalytic cracking (in speech generally abbreviated to cat. cracking) or Hydrocracking if the
process is conducted over special catalysts in a hydrogen atmosphere - other processes include visbreaking and
hycon.
3.81 CREDITORS
Accounts payable.
3.82 CREEP
Change in the micro structure of a metal. The continuous stretching which occurs when metal is under stress or
pressure, especially apparent when at high temperatures.
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3.86 CRITICAL VELOCITY
The rate of flow in a pipe at which streamline flow changes into turbulent flow.
3.90 CRYSTALISATION
A fractionation process based on the difference in freezing point of the various constituents of the mixture to be
fractionated. The process is, for example, used in the separation of paraffins from lube oil (de-waxing).
3.93 CUT
Refinery term for a fraction obtained direct from a fractionation unit. Several cuts can be blended for the
manufacture of a certain product.
3.95 CYCLISATION
A reaction, for example, platinum-catalysed, by which a straight-chain paraffin hydrocarbon is converted into a
naphthene and then into an aromatic: i.e. The process of changing an open-chain hydrocarbon structure to a closed
ring, e.g. hexane to benzene. Accompanied by production of Hydrogen.
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4 D
4.1 DAMPER
Usually a flap or shutter to control air flow in a furnace (may be in the supply and/or the flue ducting).
4.2 DEACTIVATION
Reduction in catalyst activity by poisoning or coating of catalyst particles by contaminants, or by a change in the
physical structure of the catalyst particles.
4.3 DEADWEIGHT
The amount of cargo, stores and fuel which a vessel carries when loaded to the appropriate draught allowed by law.
The difference between deadweight and displacement is the actual weight of the vessel.
4.4 DEARATOR
Device for the steam stripping of 02 and other gases from boiler feed water.
4.5 DEBTORS
Accounts receivable.
4.6 DECOMPOSITION
The breaking up of compounds into smaller chemical forms through the application of heat, change in other physical
conditions, or introduction of other chemical bodies.
4.8 DEHYDRATION
The removal of water from crude oil, from gas produced in association with oil, or from gas from gas-condensate
wells.
4.9 DEHYDROCYCLISATION
Any process involving both dehydrogenation and cyclisation reactions.
4.10 DEHYDROGENATION
A reaction process in which hydrogen atoms are eliminated from a molecule.
4.12 DEISOLATION
The opposite of isolation i.e. To energise a piece of equipment.
4.13 DEMISTER
Any device used to stop passage of liquid droplets e.g. a demister section in a vacuum column is to stop the
asphaltenes from the residue getting into the waxy distillate.
4.14 DEMULSIFIER
An additive used to prevent the formation of an emulsion - applicable in crude/water emulsions in desalter.
4.15 DEMURRAGE
Amount payable to ship owner for failure to load or discharge ship within time allowed.
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4.16 DENITRIFICATION
Removal of nitrogen compounds on feedstock by hydrogenation. N2 + 3H2 = 2NH3.
4.18 DEOXYGENATION
Removal of oxygen on feedstock by hydrogenation. 02 + 2H2 = 2H20.
4.19 DESALTING
A process to remove inorganic salts and other impurities from crude oil by mixing with water followed by settling in
an electrostatic field.
4.21 DESUPERHEATER
Equipment used to reduce the temperature of superheated steam.
4.22 DETERGENCY
The ability of a substance to clean and to wash away undesirable substance. Detergents may be either oil-soluble or
water-soluble. Soap and synthetic detergents help to wet, disperse, and de-flocculate solid particles. Oil-soluble
detergents are used in motor oils to disperse, loosen, and remove carbon, dirt, etc. from interior surfaces of
internal-combustion engines.
4.24 DETONATION
Detonation or knocking is the sharp metallic sound emitting from the cylinders of spark-ignition engines under
certain conditions. It occurs when conditions in a cylinder are such that self-ignition of an unburnt mixture of fuel
and air takes place. It reduces power output.
4.26 DEWAXING
The process of removing paraffin wax from lubricating oils.
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4.30 DIFLUOROETHANE
A catalyst promoter used on the Hydrocracker.
4.31 DILUENT
A liquid used to dilute or thin out another liquid.
4.32 DIPPING
A process for measuring the height of a liquid in a storage tank. This is usually done by lowering a weighted
graduated steel tape through the tank roof and noting the level at which the oil surface cuts the tape when the weight
gently touches the tank bottom (see Ullage).
4.33 DISTILLATE
The liquid obtained by condensing the vapour given off by a boiling liquid. Also the top product taken off a
fractionating column; and in its broadest sense: any fraction other than the bottom product of the fractionator.
4.38 DISULPHIDE
A compound containing a -S-S- linkage. Such compounds are colourless liquids completely miscible with
hydrocarbons and insoluble in water. The lower members, when pure, possess a nauseating sweet odour which is
particularly clinging and penetrating. Although disulphides are normal constituents of the lighter distillates, they are
also formed as a result of the oxidation of mercaptans. Sour distillates become sweetened in this way.
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4.43 DOLPHIN
Separate pile in jetty system - used for mooring.
4.44 DOWNCOMER
A means of conveying liquid from one tray to the next below in a trayed column.
4.45 DOWNSTREAM
Towards the later end of the process e.g. final blending, product tankage. In the business sense - Marketing of
finished products, filling stations etc.
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5 E
5.2 ECONOMISER
Equipment for preheating boiler feed water by use of low grade flue gas.
5.3 EJECTOR
A device that uses the venturi effect to pull a partial vacuum. Usually driven by steam and associated with
condensing plant.
5.4 ELASTOMER
A synthetic polymer with rubber-like characteristics. Examples of commercial products are styrene-butadiene
rubbers, butyl rubber, chloroprene rubber, nitrile rubber, polyurethane rubber and silicone rubber.
5.6 ELECTROLYSIS
Chemical decomposition by the action of an electric current.
5.7 EMULSIFIER
A substance used to promote or aid the emulsification of two liquids and to enhance the stability of the emulsion.
5.8 EMULSION
A dispersion of fine droplets of a liquid (the disperse phase) in the bulk of another liquid (the continuous phase) with
which it is immiscible. A third substance, the emusifier, is sometimes necessary to keep the droplets dispersed as a
stable emulsion.
5.10 ENDOTHERMIC
Relating to or designating a reaction which occurs with the absorption of heat, so that the temperature of the reacting
bodies is lowered (i.e. heating is required).
5.13 ENTRAINMENT
See CARRYOVER
5.14 EROSION
To gradually wear away e.g. Catalyst circulation causes erosion.
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5.15 ETHANE C2H6
A colourless, odourless gas of the methane series. Along with methane one of the main constituents of natural gas.
5.16 ETHENE
The normalised name for ethylene. A hydrocarbon gas and first member of the olefin series.
5.17 EVACUATION
Act of pulling a vacuum on a vessel at atmospheric pressure - thus evacuating the air/gas present.
5.18 EVAPORATION
The conversion of a liquid into vapour, usually by means of heat.
5.19 EVAPORATOR
A vessel which receives the hot discharge from a heating coil, and by a reduction in pressure, flashes off overhead
the light products and allows the heavy residue to collect in the bottom.
5.21 EXOTHERMIC
Relating to or designating a reaction which occurs with the evolution of heat, so that the temperature of the reacting
bodies is raised (i.e. cooling is required).
5.23 EXTRACT
The portion of an unrefined petroleum product (often a kerosene or a lubricating oil) resulting from a solvent
extraction process and consisting mainly of those components which are best soluble in the solvent. Generally the
extract, after removal of the solvent consists largely of aromatic hydrocarbons.
5.24 EXTRACTION
A fractionation process based upon the difference in solubility, in a given solvent, of the various constituents of the
mixture to be fractionated. The process is, for example, used in the separation of de-asphalted oil from short residue
(see butane de-asphalting).
5.26 EXTRACTOR
Column in which an extraction process (e.g. BDU) is carried out.
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6 F
6.2 FATIGUE
The tendency of a metal to become brittle and fracture under conditions of repeated cyclic stressing at stress levels
below its tensile strength.
6.4 FEEDSTOCK
Stock from which material is taken to be fed (charged) into a process unit.
6.5 FILTER
A porous material on which solid particles are largely caught and retained when a mixture of liquids and solids is
passed through it.
6.6 FILTRATE
The liquid which has passed through a filter; the product from a filtration process.
6.11 FLAMMABLE
Capable of being easily set on fire; combustible.
6.12 FLASH
1. A sudden release in pressure resulting in partial or complete vapourisation.
2. A sudden burst of light; a momentary blaze.
3.
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6.15 FLEXIBLE VOLATILITY INDEX
A measure of the volatility of gasoline’s calculated by the formula
RVP +( 0.7 x E70 ) E70 = Evaporation at 70 0C
6.18 FLOC
Any small, tufted, or flake-like mass of matter floating in a solution, e.g. as produced by precipitation. Used in water
treatment for removal of impurities.
6.19 FLOCCULATION
Process of forming and removing floc and associated impurities.
6.20 FLOODING
In a fractionating column, the filling up with a liquid.
6.22 FLUID
Non rigid substance consisting of particles that move freely amongst themselves (includes particulate, liquids and
gases).
6.24 FOAM
A preparation designed to smother oil fires. It consists of a solution which, on mixing with water, produces a mass
of foam many times the volume of the original liquids.
6.25 FOAMING
1. The formation of froth or foam on lubricating oils or other oils as a result of aeration or release of gas
dissolved in the oil.
2. The formation of bubbles on the surface of boiled water. The foam may entirely fill the steam space of the
boiler or may be of minor depth; in either case, it causes appreciable entrainment of boiler water with steam.
3. Caused in Adip systems by presence of liquid hydrocarbons or fines affecting surface tension of solution.
6.27 FRACTION
A portion of petroleum separated from other portions in the fractionation of petroleum products. It is often
characterised by a particular boiling range.
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6.28 FRACTIONAL CONDENSATION
A separation of the components of vapourised oil coming off during distillation by condensing the vapours in stages
(partial condensation). The oil of highest boiling point will condense first and may be removed in the liquid stage,
allowing the portion still in the vapour state to pass on to the next stage condenser.
6.31 FRACTIONATION
The general name for a physical process of separating a mixture into its constituents, or into groups of these
constituents, called fractions. Examples are: absorption, azeotropic distillation, crystallisation, decanting,
distillation, extraction, extractive distillation and flotation.
6.37 FRICTION
Resistance to the motion of one surface against another.
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6.40 FUEL GAS
Any gas used for heating by combustion.
6.44 FURNACE
That section of the refinery process in which the combustion of fuel and air takes place.
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7 G
7.1 GAP
1. In adjacent fractions, the temperature difference between the initial boiling point of the higher boiling fraction
and the end point of the lower boiling fraction. Specifically, the term 'gap' is only used when this difference
is positive (c.f. overlap).
2. The mid-position where a pair of gap-acting split range controllers are both closed.
7.5 GASOLINE
Light petroleum fraction, with a boiling range between the approximate limits of 30 and 200oC.
7.9 GLAND
The outer portion of a stuffing box, consisting of a tubular projection which embraces the rod and extends into the
bore of the box, thus bearing against the packing.
7.10 GOVERNOR
A device used to control the speed of a turbine, the best known example being the Woodward Governor.
7.11 GRAVITOMETER
Instrument used for measuring changes in the specific gravity of oil flowing in a pipeline.
7.13 GUM
Oxidation of gasoline's may produce a sticky substance known as "gum". When unstable gasoline’s are stored for
long periods, the gum content may increase. Gum forming is retarded or prevented by using certain inhibitors, e.g.
Topanol.
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8 H
8.1 HAMER LINE BLIND
A spectacle blind-type blanking device which has only 3 retaining bolts, these are a type of wing not.
8.2 HEADER
A common manifold in which a number of pipelines are united. Also used in reference to the U-bend connection
between two consecutive tubes in a coil.
8.6 HEATER
The furnace-and-tube arrangement which normally furnishes the principal heating element in a processing unit.
8.9 HORSEPOWER
A unit of rate of operation; one mechanical horsepower equals 33,000 ft-lb per minute, or 550 ft-lb per second. This
is just one form of Horse Power there are more.
2. An area on the wall of a vessel or line which is appreciably above normal operating temperature. Often as a
result of the deterioration of an internal insulating liner which exposes the line or vessel shell to the
temperature of its contents.
8.13 HUMIDITY
A measure of the moisture contained in the atmosphere.
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8.14 HYDRATE
A compound formed by the chemical union of water with a molecule of some other substance such as gypsum, from
which water may be separated by a simple readjustment of the molecular structure. Gas hydrates, formed from water
and, for example methane, may cause plugging of the tubing and flow lines of gas wells.
8.15 HYDRATION
The addition of water to a double bond, no breakdown of the molecular structure being involved.
8.17 HYDROCARBON
A compound containing only hydrogen and carbon. The simplest hydrocarbons are gases at ordinary temperatures;
but with increasing molecular weight, they change to the liquid form and, finally, to the solid state. They form the
principal constituents of petroleum.
8.19 HYDROCRACKING
A process in which hydrocarbons are converted under hydrogen pressure into products of lower molecular weight, in
the presence of an acidic catalyst.
8.20 HYDRODEALKYLATION
A process to remove side-chains on aromatic molecules, either thermally or catalytically, under hydrogen pressure.
8.21 HYDRODESULPHURIZATION
The elimination of sulphur containing molecules in crude’s or distillates by the action of hydrogen under pressure
over a catalyst.
8.22 HYDROGEN
The lightest of all gases, occurring chiefly in combination with oxygen in water, also in acids, bases, alcohol’s,
petroleum and other hydrocarbons.
8.25 HYDROGENATION
The filling of the "free" places in unsaturated structures by hydrogen atoms. The chemical addition of hydrogen to a
material. In non-destructive hydrogenation, hydrogen is added to a molecule only if, and where, unsaturation with
respect to hydrogen exists. In destructive hydrogenation, the operation is carried out under conditions which result in
rupture of some of the hydrocarbon chains (cracking); hydrogen is added where the chain breaks have occurred.
This process is known as hydrocracking.
8.26 HYDROLYSIS
The decomposition of a molecular structure by the action of water. A chemical decomposition in which a compound
is broken up and resolved into other compounds by reaction with water. In many cases, it is induced by the presence
of a small amount of dilute acid.
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8.27 HYDROMETER
A graduated instrument for determining the gravity of liquids, usually made of hollow glass and weighted at one end
so as to float upright. On immersion, the lighter the liquid, the lower the instrument sinks because the buoyancy
force is less. Some hydrometers are marked to read percentage of constituent, or some other property related to
gravity. The instruments used in measuring petroleum products usually read degress API or specific gravity directly.
8.30 HYDROTREATING
A vapour phase process used to treat petroleum fractions boiling up to approximately 250 C. The process involves
passage over a fixed bed of catalyst (usually prepared by depositing the metals COBALT and MOLYBDENUM on
an alumina base) in a hydrogen atmosphere. The process achieves:
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9 I
9.3 IMMISCIBLE
Not capable of mixing; tending to form two layers, e.g. oil and water.
9.4 INCOMPATIBLE
Applied to a substance which, for chemical, physical, or physiological reasons, cannot be mixed with another without
changing its nature or affect.
9.10 INFLAMMABLE
Very flammable - not to be confused with non-flammable.
9.11 INHIBITOR
A substance, the presence of which in small amounts in a product prevents or retards undesirable changes in the
quality of the product, or in the condition of the equipment in which the product is used. In general, the essential
function of inhibitors is to prevent or retard oxidation. Examples of uses include the delaying of gum formation in
stored gasoline’s and of colour change in lubricating oils; also the prevention of corrosion, e.g. rust prevention by
inhibitors in turbine oils and fuels.
9.13 INJECTOR
A mechanism which may be used in different forms for spraying fuel oil into the combustion chamber, or for feeding
water into steam boilers.
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9.15 INORGANIC
Pertaining to substances not organic, nonliving, i.e. which are not carbon compounds, with the possible exception of
the oxides and sulphides of carbon.
9.18 INTERCEPTOR
Equipment to remove oil from water either for process separation or pollution control. Weir, parallel and tilted plate
types are used.
9.21 ISOLATE
Any means of positive separation from a risk source:-
1. To electrically disconnect.
9.22 ISOMER
Two substances composed of equal amounts of the same elements but differing in properties owing to variation in
structure are called isomers.
9.23 ISOMERISATION
The conversion of a compound into its isomer. For example, butane may be converted into isobutane. A reaction
which alters the fundamental arrangement of the atoms in the molecule without adding or removing anything from
the original compound. In the petroleum industry, straight-chain hydrocarbons are converted catalytically to
branched-chain hydrocarbons of substantially higher octane number by isomerisation.
9.25 ISOTOPE
Any one of a number of atomic species differing in atomic weight but having the same atomic number.
Used in some Refinery instruments and for radiography.
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10 J
10.1 JET A1
See Avtur.
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11 K
11.1 KELVIN
The unit used as the Absolute temperature scale, i.e. zero Kelvin is absolute zero, 273K is 0oC. The Kelvin degree
has the same dimensions as the Celsius degree. The o symbol is not used on the Kelvin scale.
11.2 KEROSENE
Any petroleum product with a boiling range between the approximate limits of 140 oC and 270oC which satisfies
certain quality requirements (for lamp oil or jet fuel).
11.4 KNOCK
Related to internal combustion engines the noise associated with detonation of a portion of the fuel-air mixture in a
cylinder ahead of the advancing flame front.
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12 L
12.1 LAGGING
A covering to retain heat, such as mineral wool wrapped on steam pipes.
1. The latent heat of fusion, or the amount of heat necessary to change a unit mass of solid into a liquid without
change of temperature.
2. The latent heat of vapourisation, or the amount of heat necessary to change a unit mass of liquid into vapour
without change of temperature.
12.4 LEAD
Industry parlance for the motor fuel anti-knock additive compounds tetraethyl-lead, tetramethyl-lead, or for other
organometallic lead anti-knock compounds. Not used in NZ.
12.9 LICHEN
Simple plant that is sensitive to SO2 and can thus be used as an indication of SO2 (i.e. stack emission) pollution.
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12.15 LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG)
of the gaseous hydrocarbons, propane and the butanes can be liquefied under relatively low pressure and at ambient
temperature and are then known as liquefied petroleum gas. Light hydrocarbon material, gaseous at atmospheric
temperature and pressure, held in the liquid state by pressure to facilitate storage, transport and handling.
Commercial liquefied gas consists essentially of propane, butane, or mixtures thereof.
12.18 LITRE
The primary standard of capacity in the metric system, equal to the volume of one kilogram of pure water at
maximum density, at approximately 4 C, and under normal atmospheric pressure.
12.22 LOGIC
See functional logic.
12.27 LUBOIL
Lubricating oil
12.28 LUBRICANT
A substance, especially oil, grease, or a solid such as graphite, which may be interposed between moving parts of
machinery, thus reducing friction by preventing contact between the bearing surfaces. The lubricant has an
important function in removing heat and dirt from the region of the bearing surfaces.
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12.29 LUBRICATING OIL
A fluid lubricant used to reduce friction between bearing surfaces. Petroleum lubricating oils may be produced either
from distillates or residues; amounts of other substances, known as additives, may be added to impart or improve
certain required properties.
12.30 LUBRICATION
The state of being lubricated, or the act of applying lubricating substances which are capable of reducing friction
between and removing heat from moving mechanical parts.
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13 M
13.2 MANIFOLD
A piping arrangement which allows one stream of liquid or gas to be divided into two or more streams, or which
allows several streams to be collected into one.
13.3 MANOMETER
An instrument for measuring the expansion or the expansive power of gases or vapours; a pressure gauge or vacuum
gauge.
13.6 MERCAPTANS
Mercaptans or alkyl-hydrosulphides are organic compounds of carbon, hydrogen and sulphur. They have a bad
odour and frequently occur in unrefined gasoline. Mercaptans must be removed from gasoline or converted to the
unobjectionable disulphides by suitable refining (e.g. by sweetening).
13.7 METHANATOR
Part of the reformer process that converts unwanted carbon oxides to methane which is more acceptable to the
hydrocracker.
13.10 METHANOL
Methylalcohol, CH3OH. The first member of the class of organic compounds known as alcohols. It is a liquid
boiling at 66 C. Methanol is inflammable and poisonous. It is used in the production of synthetic gasoline - see
synfuel.
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13.13 METRIC SYSTEM
A system of weights and measures derived from the metre. The system includes: measures of length, wherein the
metre is the unit, measures of surface, wherein the square metre is the unit, measures of capacity, wherein the litre is
the unit, and weights, wherein the gram is the unit.
2. Pneumatically, by restricting the minimum air signal from the control instrument.
13.18 MISCIBLE
Capable of being mixed (stability and uniformity throughout the mixture are usually inferred).
13.20 MIXER
Device used for mixing partially im-miscible liquids in process plant or to prevent layering in tanks - a propeller or
jet mixture may be used.
13.22 MIXTURE
The intermingling of two or more substances, each retaining its original properties.
13.25 MOLECULE
The smallest portion of an element or a compound which retains chemical identify with the same particular substance
en masse, e.g. unit of water.
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13.27 MOTOR OCTANE NUMBER (MON)
The Octane number of a Motor Gasoline determined in a special laboratory test engine under high "engine-severity"
conditions, giving a rough measure of the high-speed knock properties of the gasoline.
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14 N
14.1 NAPHTHA
Naphtha’s are straight-run gasoline fractions boiling below kerosene. Being generally unsuitable as a blending
component for premium gasoline’s, they are used as a feedstock for Platforming. Other important outlets for
naphtha’s are their use as chemical feedstock (e.g. ethylene manufacture) and as feedstock for town gas manufacture.
14.2 NAPHTHENE
A class of saturated cyclic hydrocarbons of the general formula CnH2N. One of a group of cyclic hydrocarbons, also
termed cycloparaffins or cycloalkanes. Polycyclic members are found in the higher boiling fractions of crude oil.
14.11 NEUTRAL
Neither acid nor alkaline.
14.12 NEUTRON
An uncharged particle having the mass of the proton. Generally, together with the protons, neutrons make up the
nucleus of atoms.
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14.13 NITROGEN
Element of atomic number 7, in group V of the periodic system; colourless, odourless, tasteless diatomic gas
constituting approximately four-fifths of the air; chemically rather inert; soluble in water. Derived from liquid air by
fractional distillation. Used extensively in refineries for inerting process plants (air exclusion).
14.17 NORMALISE
Correction made to a calculated figure (e.g. WABT) to allow for the effect of other variables.
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15 O
15.1 OCTANE
The octane number of a fuel is a number equal to the percentage by volume of iso-octane in a mixture of iso-octane
and normal heptane having the same resistance to detonation as the fuel under consideration in a special test engine.
It is a measure of anti-knock value of a gasoline and, in the case of the special test engine, the higher the octane
number the higher the anti-knock quality of the gasoline.
15.4 OLEFINS
A class of unsaturated, non-cyclic, aliphatic hydrocarbons of the general formula CnH2n (mono-olefins). Ethene is
the parent member of the group. Not very abundant in crude oils.
15.5 ONCE-THROUGH
An adjective describing:
15.6 ON STREAM
The length of time a unit is in actual production.
15.7 ORGANIC
Designation for a branch of chemistry; treating, in general, of the compounds produced in plants and animals, or of
carbon-hydrogen compounds of synthetic origin; contrasted with inorganic.
15.10 OSMOSIS
Migration of ions or species from an area of high concentration to one of lower concentration.
15.11 OUTPUT
The pneumatic or electronic control signal sent from the control instrument to the valve.
15.12 OVERHEADS
In a distilling operation, that portion of the charge which is vapourised and removed as the total stream from the top
of the column.
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15.13 OVERLAP
In adjacent fractions, the temperature difference between the initial boiling point of the higher boiling fraction and
the end point of the lower boiling fraction. Specifically the term 'overlap' is only used when this difference is
negative (cf. GAP).
15.14 OXIDATION
The reaction of oxygen with a molecule that may or may not already contain oxygen. Oxidation may be partial,
resulting in the incorporation of oxygen into the molecule or in the elimination of hydrogen from it, or it may be
complete, forming carbon dioxide and water (combustion) - contrast with reduction.
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16 P
16.2 PACKING
1. Typically PALL or RASCHIG rings of stainless steel or ceramic as used in a packed tower. May be
DUMPED or STRUCTURED - The latter being assembled rather than tipped in which results in lower p.d.
and increased vapour/liquid contact thus greater efficiency.
2. Any material used to pack, as a layer of material put between the surfaces of a flange or used in a stuffing box
to prevent leakage.
16.5 PARAFFINS
Straight(N) or branched (ISO) open chain saturated hydrocarbons.
16.9 PENETRATION
Consistency, expressed as the distance that a standard needle or cone penetrates vertically into a sample of the
material under known conditions of loading, time and temperature. A measure of the hardness and consistency of
asphaltic bitumen by which a weighted special cone or needle will penetrate the sample in five seconds, the
temperature, unless otherwise stated, being 25 C (77 F).
16.12 PETROL
Term commonly used for motor spirit or gasoline.
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16.13 PETROLEUM
A material occurring naturally in the earth, predominantly composed of mixtures of chemical compounds of carbon
and hydrogen with or without other nonmetallic elements such as sulphur, oxygen, nitrogen, etc. Petroleum may
contain, or be composed of, such compounds in the gaseous, liquid, and/or solid state, depending on the nature of
these compounds and the existing conditions of temperature and pressure.
16.17 PHENOL
Hydroxyl derivative of aromatic hydrocarbons. Found in effluent water - occurs from contact with certain crude’s.
16.18 PHOSPHATE
1. A salt of phosphoric acid.
2. At NZRC - generally used to refer to TRISODIUM PHOSPHATE, an alkaline water treatment chemical.
Na3Po4
16.19 pH VALUE
The logarithm of the reciprocal of the hydrogen ion concentration. This indicates the acid or alkaline condition of a
substance, pure water and neutral solutions having a pH of 7. Acid solutions have a pH less than 7; alkaline
solutions, a pH greater than 7.
16.20 PIG
Device sent down pipelines for various purposes. Types include Polypigs, swabs, brush pigs, go-devils and linelogs.
16.22 PIPELINE
A line of pipe with pumping machinery and apparatus for conveying a liquid or gas.
16.23 PISTON
In engines and pumps, a reciprocating device in a cylinder or tube which receives pressure from, or delivers pressure
to, a fluid.
16.25 PITTING
Irregular corrosion in metalwork.
16.26 PLASTICIZERS
Non-volatile liquids or low-melting solids which, when added to another material change certain physical and
chemical properties of that material, mainly imparting greater toughness, improved stability and increased flexibility.
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16.27 PLATFORMING
A reforming process which makes use of a catalyst containing platinum and excess of hydrogen. Catalytic reforming
of straight-run heavy gasoline (Naphtha) produces a product which is richer in aromatics and branched-chain
paraffins and poorer in naphthenes and straight chain paraffins. The hydrogen produced in this process is used for
hydrodesulphurisation and hydrocracking.
16.28 POLYELECTROLYTE
Substance used to encourage flocculation in water treatment units.
16.29 POLYMER
A substance produced from another by polymerisation, i.e. the combination of a number of identical molecules to
form a larger one.
16.33 PREHEAT
To heat, previous to some treatment; as an oil to be subsequently distilled, or as a body of gas or oil to be used as
fuel.
16.34 PREHEATER
Any form of apparatus in which heat is applied to a material prior to its introduction into the main heating apparatus.
The application of heat is usually accomplished by means of hot streams which have to be cooled and whose heat
would otherwise be wasted. (See also HEAT EXCHANGER).
16.35 PRESSURE
The force or thrust exerted on a surface, normally expressed as force per unit area. Pressure is exerted in all
directions in a system. Common examples; air pressure in a tyre, or water pressure at some depth in the ocean.
16.37 PRESULPHIDE
To add sulphur (as DMDS or CS2) in order to initially activate a catalyst by changing the oxide sites to sulphides.
16.38 PRIMARY
A term used to describe the structure of certain classes of organic compounds, such as alcohol’s and amines. For
example, a primary compound is one in which one hydrogen atom in the carbinol or amino groups is replaced by a
univalent hydrocarbon radical.
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16.41 PRIME MOVER
Any machine capable of producing power to do work.
16.43 PROMOTER
A substance which may considerably increase the activity of a catalyst. For example the catalytic action of iron is
greatly increased when the catalyst contains a small amount of oxides of aluminium or silicon etc., e.g. C1- on
Platformer and F- on hydrocracking catalysts.
16.46 PROSS
Shell computer system for process control and optimisation. This has passed into history in 1999
16.47 PUKING
The foaming and rising of oil to the extent that part of the liquid is driven out of the vessel through the vapour line.
(See also SURGE).
16.48 PURGING
The removal of one fluid from a vessel or plant by introduction and subsequent evacuation of a second fluid. A
common usage of this operation is in the removal of hydrocarbon vapours or air from a plant by flushing with
nitrogen.
16.49 PYROPHORIC
Takes fire spontaneously upon contact with air. Certain forms of iron sulphide exhibit this tendency. (Pyrophoric
iron).
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17 Q
17.1 QUENCH
To suddenly cool hot material discharging e.g. into a vacuum column, by injecting cool oil into the base; its purpose
is to check the cracking reaction quickly to avoid coking.
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18 R
18.3 RADIATION
The act of emitting energy, particularly rays of light or heat.
18.4 RADICAL
In chemistry, a group of atoms whose affinity for one another is so strong that, in chemical reactions, the group acts
as a single atom, and is replaced or introduced into a new compound without rearrangement of the atoms bound
together in the radical. It can never exist alone as a separate compound.
18.5 RAFFINATE
The product resulting from a solvent extraction process and consisting mainly of those components that are least
soluble in the solvent.
18.7 REACTION
Any chemical change; the transformation of one or more molecules into other molecules.
18.9 REACTOR
Term applied to the part of a plant where a chemical reaction takes place.
18.10 REBOILER
A special type of heat exchanger for the supply of heat to the bottom of fractionating columns.
18.13 RECLAIMER
Part of the reformer process used to reclaim valuable Sulfinol solution that would otherwise be lost as condensate.
Also removes impurities (notably DIPA Oxazolidone) from reclaimed Sulfinol.
18.14 RECONTACTING
Process of splitting a stream into separate gas/liquid stream and then recontacting them under pressure. This
improves the quality of both streams (i.e. makes the gas lighter and the liquid denser). Mainly used for maximising
C5 (Pentane) retention as a Mogas blending component.
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18.15 RECYCLE GAS
Gas fed back from a later stage of process (usually from the separators) to the early stage. Usually impure and
heavy.
18.18 RECYCLING
a) The maintenance of reservoir pressure through re-injection into the reservoir of the produced gas, after
extraction of the condensate in a gas plant.
b) Continuously feeding back part of a substance obtained or used in a process for further processing or use.
18.20 REDUCTION
The removal of oxygen - or addition of Hydrogen to a compound. Effectively the opposite of oxidation.
18.23 REFINERY
A plant, with all its included equipment, for manufacturing finished or semi-finished products from crude oil.
18.25 REFINING
The separation of crude oil into its component parts, and the manufacture therefrom of products needed for the
market. Important processes in refining are distillation, cracking, chemical treating, and solvent extraction.
18.26 REFLUX
A part (if the top product is in the liquid state) or all (if the top product is the vapour phase) of the condensed top
vapour of a fractionating column, which is returned to the top of the column. The purpose is to create an extra
downward flow of liquid; if properly applied this liquid acts as an absorbing agent for the relatively heavy
components which are thus rejected from the top product.
2. For design purposes, the ratio of liquid reflux to vapour at any given point in a fractionating column. Values
may range from zero to unity.
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18.29 REFORMING
1. See catalytic reforming, Platforming.
2. Process for the manufacture of hydrogen from steam and light hydrocarbons.
18.30 REFRACTORY
1. Any material not easily affected by heat, such as firebrick.
18.32 REGENERATION
1. The process of restoring a material to its original strength or properties.
2. In a catalytic process, the reactivation of the catalyst, usually done by burning off the coke deposits under
carefully controlled conditions of temperature and oxygen content of the regeneration gas stream. May be
done in situ or ex situ.
18.33 REGENERATOR
Term applied to the part of a catalytic cracking unit or continuously regenerable platformer (CCR) where the spent
catalyst is regenerated by burning off the coke.
18.36 RERUNNING
The distillation of an oil which has already been distilled. Necessary when a finished batch has been put off grade
for any reason.
18.40 RESIDUE
The heavy residual liquid from the atmospheric distillation of crude oil is called long residue. If such residue if
further distilled under vacuum a still heavier residual liquid results, which is called short residue.
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18.41 RESIN
Organic compounds produced by polymerisation.
1. Water treatment resins are used for water softening. With a very large surface area, liken to a sponge.
2. Epoxy and polyester resins of various types are used as fillers, adhesives and coatings.
18.46 RISER
1. That portion of the bubble plate assembly which channels the vapour and causes it to flow upward to escape
through the liquid.
18.48 ROTAMETER
Simple flow gauge utilising a ball or float in a tapered graduated tube. The greater the flow, the more it raises the
ball up the tube.
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19 S
19.1 SAE CLASSIFICATION
The SAE devised a system for the classification of motor oils and transmission oils. It is based on the viscosity at 0
or 100oC. Motor oils are on the scale 5W - 50 and transmission oils are 80-250.
19.2 SAFEGUARDING
Total procedure for safety proofing plant. Includes relief systems, functional logic and
emergency procedures.
19.3 SALT
A compound in which a metal or other positive ion exists in place of the hydrogen of an acid (e.g. sodium chloride,
in which sodium replaces the hydrogen of hydrochloric acid), formed:-
3. By double decomposition.
19.4 SAMPLE
Sample of a process flow, tank etc. taken for laboratory analysis.
19.7 SCAVENGERS
Chemical additives which remove or inactivate impurities or undesired materials in a mixture or process, e.g.
hydrazine is an oxygen scavenger used in water treatment.
19.8 SCHEDULING
The day to day planning of refinery operations to meet long term programmes.
19.9 SCHOEPENTOETER
Dutch for vane trumpet - an internal distribution device, may be sideways or downwards pointing.
19.10 SEAL
A device used to seal the contents of a pump/compressor from the atmosphere. Occasionally more explosive and
complex then the pump itself.
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19.13 SEIZE
To stick or fail to function, as in engine bearings, because of expansion, caused by heat, friction, or scoring. Also
called "freeze".
19.15 SEPARATOR
1. An apparatus in which heavy liquid impurities are separated from oil.
2. The part of a distilling apparatus in which a partial separation of the vapours is effected by means of contact
with cooling surfaces.
19.18 SETTLER
A separator, a tub, pan, vat, or tank in which the partial separation of a mixture is made due to difference in density.
The operation may be continuous or batch. The separation may be solids from liquid or gas; liquid from gas.
19.25 SIDESTREAM
A liquid stream taken from any one of the intermediate trays of a trayed distillation column.
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19.27 SIGHT GLASS
Device used to directly show the level in a vessel, boiler, etc. by means of a glass tube.
19.31 SLOPS
A term loosely used to denote:
1. Crude oil containing excessive water contamination which must be removed by settling before pumping to
the crude distiller.
2. All products which are off-specification and must be reprocessed before marketing. Such products are for
example produced during the start-up period.
19.32 SLUDGE
a) Acid sludge or acid tar: material formed during refining of oils with sulphuric acid.
b) Engine sludge: insoluble product formed from fuel combustion products and from lubricating oils in internal
combustion engines and deposited on parts outside the combustion space.
19.36 SOLUTION
A homogenous mixture of two or more chemically un-reacted fluids.
19.37 SOLVENT
A substance, usually liquid, capable of dissolving another liquid, gas or solid to form a homogenous mixture.
19.40 SOOTBLOWER
A device for removal of soot from furnace tubes - to increase heat transfer - - generally using a steam blast nozzle.
However, a shot drop system (as on the HCU) does the same job and is sometimes referred to as a sootblower.
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19.41 SOUR CRUDE
Crude oils containing an abnormally large amount of sulphur and sulphur compounds which break down upon
refining to liberate troublesome quantities of corrosive sulphur compounds. This is a relative term.
19.46 SPADE
A solid plate inserted in a flanged joint to positively isolate one side of the flange from the other. Also called blank,
banjo.
19.47 SPALLING
Flaking of the surfaces of metals or refractories, leaving new surfaces exposed.
19.48 SPARGE
Spray - usually with water (originally a brewers term).
19.52 SPECTACLE
Or Spec blind. A figure of 8 shaped plate that can be either put to the open or closed position, but always stays in the
line.
19.54 SPLITTER
A fractionating tower with overhead and bottoms product streams only.
19.55 SPOT
Refers to prices of single cargoes traded on an open market basis. They can vary considerably with the
supply/demand situation.
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19.56 STABILISATION
The process of separating light gases from petroleum or gasoline, thus leaving the liquid stable in the sense that it can
be handled or stored with less liability to change in composition.
19.58 STABILITY
Resistance of petroleum products to chemical change. Gum stability means the resistance of a gasoline to gum
forming while in storage. Oxidation stability means that the product is stable to oxidation, i.e resists the action of
oxidation which forms gums, sludges etc.
19.59 STABILISER
A fractionating column designed to make a sharp separation between very volatile components and gasoline ex crude
oil, casing head gasoline or pressure distillate, thus controlling the gasoline’s Reid vapour pressure.
19.60 STADIS
An anti static additive.
19.63 STAND-BY
A term used to designate emergency auxiliary equipment which is not used during normal operation.
19.69 STEEL
A solid state mixture of iron and 1-4% carbon. Can have different structures e.g.
Austenitic - strong, ductile
Pearlitic - low mechanical strength, eventually occurs in furnace tubes when
subjected to flame impingement
Martensitic - Very hard - used in valve faces etc.
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19.70 STONEWALL
The condition where a centrifugal compressor is delivering its maximum flow.
19.71 STRAIGHT-RUN
A term applied to a product of petroleum made by distillation without conversion.
19.72 STRAINER
Alternative term for filter. Used for removal of fine material.
19.73 STRAPPING
The measurement of the external diameter of a cylindrical tank by stretching a steel tape around each course of the
tank's plates and recording the measurement.
19.75 STRIPPING
Removal of the lightest fractions from a mixture. The process is usually carried out by passing the hot liquid from a
flash drum or tower into a stripping vessel or stripping section of a column, through which open steam or inert gas is
passed to remove the more volatile components of the cut. A fractionating process, closely related to distillation by
which undesired volatile components are separated from a liquid mixture by fractional evaporation. The desired
fraction is thus purified from lower boiling components. Stripping is generally effected by the introduction of steam,
by the reduction of pressure, by the vapour generated in a reboiler or a combination of these. In the laboratory
nitrogen is often used as a stripping agent.
19.78 SULFOLANE
Tetrahydro - Thiophene - Dioxide - A component of sulfinol solution.
19.79 SULPHATE
A salt of sulphuric acid, e.g. sodium sulphate, Na2SO4, or ethylsulphate (C2H5)2SO4.
19.80 SULPHIDE
Any of the compounds resulting from the combination of sulphur ions (S==) with metallic or other positive ions, or
organic radicals.
19.81 SULPHUR
At NZRC, the final product from H2S removal. A non-metallic element of lemon-yellow colour, sometimes known
as brimstone. Sold in liquid form to fertilizer works.
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19.84 SULPHURIC ACID
Traditionally known as Oil of Vitrol. A combination of sulphur trioxide with water (SO3+H20=H2SO4). it is a eavy,
strongly oily liquid, an important water treating agent.
19.85 SUPERHEATER
Apparatus which imparts heats to a liquid above that required for vapourisation. e.g. as used for adding heat to steam
above the saturation temperature.
19.88 SURFACRANTS
(Surface active agents) ie trace chemical species which can adversely affect the water shedding properties of fuel.
19.89 SURGE
1. An upheaval of fluid in a system frequently causing a carryover of liquid through the vapour lines (see also
PUKING).
2. An undesirable condition of unstable flow occurring within centrifugal compressors when the surge
parameter drops below a critical value. A very dangerous condition for the compressor, hence the need for
surge protection (anti-surge line).
19.92 SUSPENSION
A heterogeneous mixture of one or more materials - distinct from a solution. The state of a solid or liquid when its
particles are mixed with and buoyed in another liquid but are not dissolved by it. A suspension of a liquid in a liquid
is called an emulsion.
19.94 SWEETENING
The process by which petroleum products are improved in odour and colour by oxiding or removing the
sulphur-containing and unsaturated compounds. The conversion of the mercaptans present in sour gasoline into
non-smelling disulphides.
19.95 SYNFUEL
A fuel made by the catalytic deoxidisation of methanol using the MOBIL ZSM-S catalyst. It is blended by NZRC
into gasoline or sold as unleaded 92 RON gasoline overseas.
19.96 SYNTHESIS
The act or process of making or building up a compound by the union of simpler compounds or of its elements.
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20 T
20.4 TANKAGE
The capacity of a tank, or of a series of tanks, in the same field.
20.5 TANKER
A ship especially constructed for the transportation of oil.
20.6 TEMPERATURE
An arbitrary measurement of the degree of heat possessed by a body. It should be distinguished from heat itself.
Heat is a form of energy; temperature is a measurement of its intensity.
20.8 TEROMAN
A computerised maintenance management system. (Now not used in NZRC)
20.11 THERM
Unit of heat equal to 100,000 Btu.
20.13 THERMOCOUPLE.
The junction of two wires of dissimilar metals, which develops an electrical potential that is a function of the
temperature. An instrument for measuring temperature by means of the electrical potential produced at a heated
junction of two dissimilar metals.
20.14 THERMOSTAT
An automatic device for regulating temperature.
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20.15 TOLUENE C6H5CH3
An aromatic hydrocarbon, used in the manufacture of the explosive TNT (trinitrotoluene) and in the production of
dyestuffs and pharmaceuticals.
20.17 TOPANOL
An inhibitor to prevent the formation of gum during storage of petroleum products. Gum forms as a result of the
polymerisation of unsaturated hydrocarbons under the influence of peroxides. Topanol is added to prevent peroxide
formation.
20.18 TOPS
The lightest gasoline fractions obtained when distilling crude oils. also generally: the top product of any
fractionating column.
20.19 TORQUE
An engineering term defined as the product of force times the length of the lever arm. It is a measure of the ability to
produce rotation.
20.22 TOWER
An apparatus for increasing the degree of separation obtained during the distillation of oil in a still. Towers may be
divided into two general classes: those which secure separation by fractionation, and those which take advantage of
partial condensation only. Towers of the first class are used when accurate work is necessary, as in the production of
naphthas and gasoline. Condensation towers are used to divide roughly the vapours from a still into several liquid
portions.
20.25 TRAP
1. A device or piece of equipment for separating one phase from another, as liquid from a gas or condensate
from steam.
2. Any geological formation that will trap hydrocarbons e.g. fault, salt dome, discontinuity
20.26 TRAYS
See fractionating trays.
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20.28 TRIP SYSTEM
A system of fail safe partial and total shutdown mechanisms to protect the plants safety under extreme operating
conditions.
20.29 TRYCOCKS
A series of valves for double checking the supposed level in a sight glass.
20.30 TURBINE
A rotating prime mover actuated by either the reaction or the impulse, or both, of a current of water, steam or gas,
usually on a series of curved vanes attached to a central shaft. (Steam turbines only used at NZRC).
20.33 TURNAROUND
Time necessary to clean and make repairs on refining equipment after a normal run. It is the elapsed time between
drawing the fires ( shutting the unit down) and putting the unit onstream again.
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21 U
21.1 ULLAGE
The volume of space in a container unoccupied by contents. Hence ullaging, a method of gauging the contents of a
tank by measuring the height of the liquid surface from the top of the tank. See dipping.
21.2 UNSATURATED.
A term applied to organic compounds in which some carbon atoms are held together by double or triple bonds, so
that these compounds are under favourable conditions, capable of combining with other elements or compounds.
21.4 UPSTREAM
Towards the start of the process e.g. crude storage, feed pumps, pre-treatment etc.
In the business sense, exploration and crude production from wells.
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22 V
22.1 V50
A viscosity index (at 50oC) which enables linear viscosity blending calculations.
22.2 VACUUM
A space entirely devoid of matter (called specifically absolute vacuum); a space, such as the
interior of a closed vessel, exhausted to some degree by a steam ejector set or other artificial
means. (Any vacuum less than absolute is a partial vacuum).
22.4 VALENCE
The combining power of an element, as exhibited by the number of atomic weights of hydrogen with which one
atomic weight of the element will combine. Certain atoms are capable of combining with others in different
proportions; they are said to have a number of valences or are multi valent.
22.5 VALVE
Apparatus used to control the flow or supply of gases, liquids or fluidised solids.
22.7 VAPOUR
Gaseous substance which can be at least partly condensed by cooling or compression.
22.13 VAPORISATION
The conversion of a liquid to its vapour, such as the changing of water into steam.
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22.14 VENTURI METER
A specially designed tube for measuring the rates of flow of gases or liquids, having a constriction or throat with
convergent upstream and divergent downstream walls, the angles of which are such that streamline or almost
streamline flow through the tube is achieved. The rate of flow is measured by the pressure drop across the throat.
22.16 VISCOSIMETER
Instrument for measuring viscosities.
a) Absolute viscosity is determined by a capillary type instrument. The time required for a sample to flow
through a known length of glass capillary is registered. Results are often given in centistokes or Centipoise.
b) In the petroleum industry the viscosity is generally determined in standardised instruments consisting of a
container with a hole or jet in the bottom. Various types are used, viz in the UK, the Redwood 1 and
Redwood 11, in the USA the Saybolt Universal and Saybolt Furol and on the European continent the Engler
viscosimeter. Results with the Redwood and Saybolt viscosimeters are expressed in seconds, those with the
Engler in Engler degrees.
22.17 VISCOSITY
The dynamic viscosity of a liquid is a measure of its resistance to flow. It is defined as the force per unit surface
required to shear a layer of unit thickness at unit velocity. The kinetic viscosity is equal to the dynamic viscosity
divided by the density of the liquid. If no distinction is made the dynamic viscosity is usually meant.
22.19 VOLATILE
Term applied to materials which have a sufficiently high vapour pressure at normal temperature to evaporate readily
at normal atmospheric pressure and temperature. It implies a high degree of volatility.
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23 W
23.7 WEAR
The attrition or rubbing away of the surface of a material as a result of mechanical action.
23.8 WEATHERING
The often undesired process of slow evaporation of volatile fractions from a petroleum fraction during storage. It is
promoted by breathing.
23.10 WEIR
A wall or partition for maintaining a level of liquid, used in fractionator trays and kettle reboilers.
23.12 WHESSOE
Tank gauging systems used in oil movements.
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24 X
24.1 XRAY
Otherwise known as Rontgen rays. One of the highly penetrating radiations similar to Gamma rays; they do not
come from the nucleus of the atom, but from the surrounding electrons. They are produced by electron
bombardment. Applications; analysis (fluorescent x-ray spectroscopy); non-destructive testing, e.g. tube walls in
furnace.
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25 Y
25.2 YIELD
The amount of a desired product or products obtained in a given process, expressed as a percentage of the feedstock.
There are many yields, each of which should be specifically defined when used, e.g. Saleable yield is the volume %
of feedstock turned into saleable product.
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OCCASIONAL FEEDSTOCK
Condensate: Cooper Basin Australia 40
North West Shelf Australia 24
Low Sulphur: Airlie Australia 61
Belida Indonesia 111
Champion Brunei 165
Challis Australia 86
Cooper Basin Australia 94
Cossack Australia 107
G.O/F.O Slops 8
Gippsland Australia 1
Labuan Malaysia 61
Maui F Sands Taranaki 203
Tapis Malaysia 78
Varanus Australia 90
Walio Indonesia 26
High Sulphur: Arab Medium Gulf States 58
Dubai Gulf States 69 355
Khafji Gulf States 102
Lower Zakum Gulf States 29 37
Oman Gulf States 232
Upper Zakum Gulf States 44
ADDITIONAL INTAKES
Syngas 439 4
Imported Residue for CDU/ HVU2 87 352
Imported Mogas Component 16 282
Imported Light Cycle Oil 7
Imported Fuel Oil 2
Total 4576 4989
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FINISHED PRODUCTS
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28 REFINERY STATISTICS
Block A
CD1 8,500 Crude Oil
Naphtha Hydrotreater 4,600 Naphtha
Gas Oil desulphuriser 900 Gas Oil
Platformer 3,300 Platformate
HVU1 (Bitumen Unit) 1,100 Bitumen
Block B
CD2 5,500 Crude Oil
Kero hydrodesulphuriser 1,600 Kerosene
Sulphur Recovery Units 1-3. 55 max Liquid Sulphur
Block C1
Hydrocracker 4,200 Waxy Dist/ DAO
HCU Fractionator 1,200 Cracked Products
Tops Treater 240? Cracked Tops
Block C2
HVU2 (High Vacuum Unit) 5,600 Long Residue
Butane Deasphalt Unit 1,900 Short Residue
Hydrogen Manufacturing Unit 170 Hydrogen
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Utilities contains all the "non- manufacturing" functions such as steam and air generation, water supply, effluent disposal etc.
Oil Movements contains all the tankage and interconnecting pipework, including the Refinery to Auckland Pipeline (RAP).
RAP statistics * 169 kilometres of 273 mm o/d pipe with seven emergency valve sites along it.
* Handles around 255 cubic metres/ hour which
equals approximately 5018 t/ day depending on product density.
* Carries Premium and Regular Mogas, AGO and Jet-A1.
* Volume of pipeline is 9100 cubic metres
(9 100 000 litres).
* Typical journey time is 36 hours.
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