INTRODUCTION

Frequency multiplier is an electronic circuit that generates an output signal whose output frequency is a multiple of its input frequency. Frequency multipliers are often used in frequency synthesizers and communications circuits. It can be more economical to develop a lower frequency signal with lower power and less expensive devices, and then use a frequency multiplier chain to generate an output frequency in the microwave or millimeter wave range. Frequency multiplication is also used in nonlinear optics. The nonlinear distortion in crystals can be used to generate harmonics of laser light.One of the easiest ways of designing a frequency multiplier is using PLL (Phase Locked Loop). A PLL is a closed loop frequency system that locks the phase of an output signal to an input reference signal. PLLs are widely used in computer, radio, and telecommunications systems where it is necessary to stabilize a generated signal or to detect signals. The term lock refers to a constant or zero phase difference between two signals.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF FREQUENCY MULTIPLIER USING PLL

Block diagram of a frequency multiplier is as shown above. A divide by N network is inserted between the VCO output and phase comparator input. In the locked state, the VCO output frequency is given by , fo=Nfs The multiplication factor can obtained by selecting proper scaling factor N of the counter. The above block diagram can also be used for frequency division by suitable modifications.

CIRCUIT USED

COMPONENTS USED
R1 = 20 K potentiometer R2 = 2 K R3 = 4.7 K R4 = 10 K C1 = 0.01F C2 = 10 F C3 = 0.01 F IC1 = NE565 IC2 = 7490 4-bit binary counter Q1 = 2N2222

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION OF FREQUENCY MULTIPLIER

To verify the operation of the circuit frequency multiplier, one must determine the input frequency range and then adjust the free-running frequency fOUT of the VCO by mean of R1 and C1 so that the output frequency of the 7490 divider is midway within the predetermined input frequency range. The output of the VCO now should be 5fIN. The output frequency fOUT can be adjusted from 1.5 KHz to 15 KHz by varying potentiometer R1 (fOUT = 1.2/4R1C1). This means that the input frequency fIN range has to be within 300 Hz to 3 KHz. In addition, the input waveform can either be sine or square wave and may be applied to input pin 2 or 3. Even though supply voltages of 10 V are used in figure 11, the NE565 can be operated on 5 supply voltage instead. A small capacitor C3 typically 1000pF, is connected between pins 7 and 8 to eliminate possible oscillations. Also, capacitor C2 should be large enough to stabilize the VCO frequency.

WORKING OF THE CIRCUIT For the working of Frequency multiplier circuit the frequency divider is inserted between the VCO and phase comparator. Since the output of the divider is locked into the input frequency fIN, the VCO is actually running at a multiple of the input frequency. The desired amount of multiplication can be obtained by selecting a proper divide-by-N network, where N is an integer. For example, to obtain the output frequency fOUT = 5fIN, a divide-by-N = 5 network is needed. Figure 1-1 shows the function performed by a 7490 (4-bit binary counter) configured as a divide-by-5 circuit. In this figure, transistor Q1 is used as a driver stage to increase the driving capability of the NE565.

NEED FOR FREQUENCY MULTIPLIERS

Frequency multipliers are used to synthesize signals every time it is easier/cheaper to use a low frequency fundamental source cascaded with a frequency multiplier rather than using directly a fundamental source at desired frequency. For example, Frequency multipliers are used for : 1) building ultra stable sources at high frequencies using the reference signal given by a quartz/atomic clock. 2) generating signals where there is no solid state fundamental sources(filling the THz gap).

APPLICATIONS OF FREQUENCY MULTIPLIERS

Frequency multipliers are extensively used communications circuits and frequency synthesizers.

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It may cost less to develop a lower frequency signal with lower power and more cost-effective devices then use a frequency multiplier chain in order to generate an output frequency in the microwave or millimetre wave range. Some modulation schemes can survive the nonlinear distortion without ill effects. Frequency multiplication can also be used in nonlinear optics. The nonlinear distortion in crystals can be used in order to generate harmonics of laser light.

APPENDIX IC-LM565/LM565C (Phase Locked Loop)

DESCRIPTION
The LM565 and LM565C are general purpose phase locked loops containing a stable, highly linear voltage controlled oscillator for low distortion FM demodulation, and a double balanced phase detector with good carrier suppression. The VCO frequency is set with an external resistor and capacitor, and a tuning range of 10:1 can be obtained with the same capacitor. The characteristics of the closed loop system bandwidth, response speed, capture and pull in rangemay be adjusted over a wide range with an external resistor and capacitor. The loop may be broken between the VCO and the phase detector for insertion of a digital frequency divider to obtain frequency multiplication. The LM565H is specified for operation over the 55C to +125C military temperature range. The LM565CN is specified for operation over the 0C to +70C temperature range.

TYPICAL APPLICATION AS FREQUENCY MULTIPLIER

IC-74LS90 (COUNTER)
General Description
Each of these monolithic counters contains four masterslave flip-flops and additional gating to provide a divide-bytwo counter and a three-stage binary counter for which the count cycle length is divide-by-five for the 74LS90. All of these counters have a gated zero reset and the 74LS90 also has gated set-to-nine inputs for use in BCD nines complement applications.To use their maximum count length (decade or four bit binary), the B input is connected to the QA output. The input count pulses are applied to input A and the outputs are as described in the appropriate truth table. A symmetrical divide-by-ten count can be obtained from the 74LS90 counters by connecting the QD output to the A input and applying the input count to the B input which gives a divide-by-ten square wave at output QA.

Features
Typical power dissipation 45 Mw Count frequency 42 MHz

CDIL 2N2222 (TRANSISTOR)

IT IS A NPN SILICON PLANAR SWITCHING TRANSISTOR.

ANALOG COMMUNICATION (EC 501)

FREQUENCY MULTIPLIER USING PLL

BY: ARJUN.Y.J CHARAN.S.G DARSHAN.M