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DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF SINDH,
JAMSHORO, PAKISTAN
Submitted By
DR.RAHEEL LAGHARI S/O MOHAMMAD AYOUB
AS A COMPULSORY PART TO COMPLETE THE
DEGREE OF M.A (FINAL) SOCIOLOGY
UNDER SEAT NO: 335.
DATE OF SUBMISSION: 20.02.2008
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

THANKS ARE ACKNOWLEDGED TO ALL THOSE

WHO OFFERED THEIR ASSISTANCE IN
BRINGING BLACK AND WHITE, THE ROOT
“PROBLEMS OF RURAL AREA REGARDING
ANIMAL HUSBANDARY”.SPECIALLY,

PROF.AMIR ALI KAIMKHANI

FACULTY OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY,
S.A.U, TANDO JAM.

DR.RUKHSANA VIGHIO,
DIRECTOR HEADQUATERS,
DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HUSBANADRY,
SINDH.

DR.MOOMAL PANHWAR,
VETERINARY.OFFICER,
DIGRI ANIMAL HOSPITAL,
DIGRI, DISTT: MIRPURKHAS
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PREFACE
Being a qualified doctor of veterinary
medicine, I am interested in exploring the
causes of deterioration of rural economy so as
to find the remedy to that .Facts already
available are gathered, and the most common
problems mentioned by different authors are
compiled in sequence.
Pakistan, in 2005 had milk production more
than 29 million tonnes, which made it the
worlds’fourth largest milk producer. Dairying
is by far the largest livestock sector in
Pakistan, valued in at Rp360 billion pas (An$8
billion). Supply has increased by >5% pa over
the past 15 years, but demand is anticipated
to more than triple by 2020, requiring an even
faster boost in production. Per capita milk
availability is about 240 litre per annum that
is much higher than most of the developing
countries. We are still far backward with
respect to the original capacity due to
continuous ignorance of the problems faced by
our rural farmers.
Available annual animal protein per capita
is 18 kg of meat, and 44 eggs. Although, it is
among ,one of the highest in South-East Asia,
but is still far below requirements. Demand
for livestock products exceeds supply and milk
powder, baby foods and live sheep are
imported. The dairying shows rural subsistence
orientation with no major economic benefit to
the dairy farming community even when operated
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on large scale in rural and peri-urban areas.

Likewise the newly emerging meat & other
livestock by-product technologies such as
leather, wool and dairy industry which have a
big scope for absorption of technical people
and giving entry to common rural man in this
field can ultimately boost rural economy and
country’s GDP. To train and transfer knowledge
of scientific ways to these people is the
essence of the era. When a cow in India has an
average carcass weight about 103 Kg and in
Pakistan the average carcass weight is about
185 Kg. The following differences in the per
capita income are due to variation in number
and intensity of different animal husbandry
problems in rural areas.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER HEADING PAGE
1 INTRODUCTION 7
7
• CONTRIBUTION OF RURAL ANIMAL HUSBANDRY 8
8
• WHY IS THE PROBLEM? 8
• PURPOSE AHEAD TO STUDY PROBLEMS 8
• VARIATION OF MILK PRODUCTION & INTENSITY OF THE PROBLEMS 8
• AREA OF STUDY 9
• INFORMATION SOURCE
2 RURAL ANIMAL HUSBANDRY 10
10
• LIVESTOCK AND RURAL PAKISTAN 10
• SYSTEMS OF DAIRY PRODUCTION
• TRADITIONAL SYSTEM 10
• RURAL COMMERCIAL FARMS 10
• DAIRY FARMS IN PAKISTAN 10
10
• POPULATION OF RURAL MILCH ANIMALS IN PAKISTAN 11
11

• SHARE OF DIFFERENT ANIMALS IN MILK PRODUCTION

11
12
• CAMEL MILK IN DESERT RURAL 12
12
• SMALL ANIMALS AND RURAL LIFE
• HOUSING SYSTEMS OF SMALL ANIMAL FLOCKS AT VILLAGES
• POULTARY AND RURAL LIFE
• COMMERCIAL POULTARY FARMS ARE ALSO RURAL BASED
3 LIVESTOCK ECONOMICS 14
14
• ECONOMICS OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY 14
• CHANGE IN DYNAMICS OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY ECONOMICS
• CONVERSION OF FEED INTO VALUABLE PRODUCTS 14
• FOOD PRODUCTION 14
14
• DRAUGHT POWER 14
• FORIGN EXCHANGE 14
• SOIL FERTILITY 14
• EMPLOYMENT 14
• PHARMACEUTICALS 15
• MISCELLANOUS
4 RESEARCH REGARDING PROBLEMS 16
16
• AIM OF RESEARCH 16
• REMOVING PROBLEMS INCREASED PRODUCTION 17
• HYPOTHESIS
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5 DEFINIG PROBLEMS 18

• PROBLEMS WITH LIVESTOCK AND DAIRY DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT 18

• PROBLEMS WITH MILK PRODUCTION IN RURAL AREAS 18
• BIOLOGICAL, CHEMICAL, TECHNICAL and SOCIAL PROBLEMS 18
• (INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND PARASITES
18
• ANIMAL DISEASE SURVEILLANCE & MONITORING SYSTEM 19
• SOURCE OF ANIMAL FEED 19
19
• MILK MARKETTING PROBLEMS
19
• PRICES OF MILK 19
• PRESERVATION OF MILK 19
• TRANSPORTATION MODE 19
• ACCESS TO CREDIT 19
• LACK OF ORGANIZTION 19
• WASTAGE OF BY-PRODUCTS 19
20
• TECHNICAL EDUCATION
20
• ANIMAL THEFT 20
• RELIGIOUS FACTORS IN HINDU RURAL COMMUNITY IN SINDH 20
• NON-AVAILIBILITY OF TECHNICAL STAFF 20
• LANDLESS FARMERS RELY ON CROP RESIDUES 20
• NON_TECHNICAL PEOPLES
• PROBLEMS OF WATER SHORTAGE
• FEW FARM-TO-MARKET ROADS ANIMAL PRODUCTS
• SITUATION OF FEED SUPPLY LAND AND GOOD CULTIVATION
6 PROCEDURE OF RESEARCH 22
22
• TECHNICAL TOOLS OF COLLECTION DATA 22
• PRIMARY DATA 22
• SECONDARY DATA 22
24
• ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
26
• TESTING VALIDITY OF THE DATA
• DATA VERIFICATION
7 CONCLUSION 29
29
• FINAL RESULT OF THE INVESTIGATION 30
• HYPOTHESIS PROVED
• RANGE OF APPLICABILITY 30
RECOMMENDATIONS 32
8 32
• HOW TO SOLVE PROBLEM 32
• STEPS TO BE TAKEN BY GOVERNMENT AND NGO'S 33
• ALTERNATE SOURCE OF INCOME 33
9 NEED FOR FURTHER RESEARCH 34
34
RESEARCH PRIORITY
35
RESEARCH CAPACITY IN SAME TOPIC
APPENDIX BIBLIOGRAPHY 36
(i)
(ii) REFERENCES 36

(iii) GLOSSARY 37

(iv) ABBREVATIONS 37

(v) INETRVIEWS 38

(vi) QUESTIONAIRE 39

(vii) CERTIFICATE 40

LISTS TABLES AND FIGURES

List
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Type No Title Page

List 6.1 Problems Gathered Through Articles, Journals 23
And Books Which Will Be Re-Investigated
List 6.2 Frequency Of Problems Out Of 100 Cases 25
List 7.1 Most Frequent Problems 29

Figure
Type No Title Page
Figure 6.1 Comparison of Dairy diseases. 27
Figure 6.2 Comparison of Milk preservation Methods 28
Figure 7.1 Income/Milking Buffalo/Time 30

Tables
Type No Title Page
Table 6.1 Destruction Caused By Diseases Out Of 100 27
Table 6.2 Frequency of Transport available out of 100 27
farmers
Table 6.3 Frequency of Milk Sold by 100 farmers 27
CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
Animals have got a very crucial value in
rural areas world over. The solution to rural
economical problems lie in the strengthening of
animal husbandry as animal convert useless plants
into rich source of food like milk, egg and meat
.Their wastes products like dung and urine are the
rich source of nitrogen to fertile land. Therefore,
addressing the problems of animal husbandry in rural
areas can bring up a socio-economic revolution in the
development of our folks and the country.
Desertification of income is also a cause of extreme
poverty in riverain area of Sindh.
To solve the problems of animal husbandry we will
have to identify and classify these problems and then
set a priority to solve the problems hindering
projects of rural poverty alleviation in our country
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.As a sample study, we will cover Animal production

systems and characteristics of animal husbandry. Milk
for example is consumed 90 percent as fresh milk
which contains many zoonotic pathogens and a number
of adulterants that can cause many human health
problems right from tuberculosis to cancer. The milk
collected through cold chain after pasteurization
offers no human health risk. Pollution of natural
resources of sea and destroying fragile land of
desert area by the government and the rich in the
hope of development has deprived poor fishermen and
animal husbandry folks of their lively-hood. Animals
moving stray on road cow often eat polythene bags and
die a painful death. Scarcity of food can be a
potential source of conflicts and incidence of socio-
economic and political instability.
Animal production is closely integrated with crop
production. Most farms are fully integrated mixed
units with cattle, buffaloes and sometimes sheep or
goats or both. In this report we will concentrate
over most common problems which have direct influence
over rural economy in general and formers income in
particular.
CONTRIBUTION OF RURAL ANIMAL HUSBANDRY: The
livestock sector contributes about 50% to the value
addition in the agriculture sector, and almost 11 %
to Pakistan's GDP. (Economic Survey of Pakistan 2005-
06).
WHY IS PROBLEM IMPORTANT? Government of Pakistan
is giving high priority to the livestock sector and
in identifying the problems in rural based population
has designed a framework to increase the animal
protein sources (Milk, Meat & Eggs) manifolds to meet
the increasing domestic demand and for export
purposes. Keeping in view all these uprising trends,
sufficient number of veterinary graduates are
expected to be absorbed in public & private sector
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such as the livestock/poultry farms, dairy industry,

hatcheries and livestock/ poultry feed.
VARIATION OF MILK PRODUCTION:Per capita
availability of milk in India in 1997 was just about
58.5 Kg per annum. The corresponding figure for
Pakistan is 116.3 Kg, Germany - 238.8 Kg, Russia -
145.1 Kg, USA - 251.3 Kg. Per capita availability of
milk in Pakistan is just about double of that in
India.
PURPOSE AHEAD TO STUDY PROBLEMS: To up grade
socio-economic conditions in rural areas and
development of dairy cooperatives to receive first
hand knowledge about sufferings of rural people. The
"perishable nature of milk and the range of skills
involved in its production and marketing; dairying
requires a number of services that can best be
provided by cooperative action. The cooperative
movement has featured prominently in the development
of the dairy industry worldwide. There is a close
nexus among food insecurity, poverty and disease.
AREA OF STUDY: Major obstacles in development of
smallholder dairy production in Pakistan
INFORMATION SOURCE: Newspapers, websites,
research journals, books ,personal observation,
sample research study conducted in rural areas of
sindh and framing the most common problems together
for further study.

CHAPTER 2

RURAL ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

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LIVESTOCK AND RURAL PAKISTAN: Livestock,

especially the milk animals is the major economic
activity of small and landless farmers. Over 6.5
million families are involved in raising dairy
animals and more than 30-40 million rural populations
is engaged in raising of livestock having a herd size
varying mostly from 1-2 and 2-3 cattle/buffaloes per
family earning and 30-40 % of their household income.
SYSTEMS OF DAIRY PRODUCTION: There are four main
types of system (FAO 1987) for the production of milk
from cows or buffaloes: Rural subsistence
smallholdings, producing milk for the family at
minimal cost. The average subsistence unit consists
of three buffaloes, including one or two adults.
Grazing provides more than half of the feed
requirement. Some green fodder and straw is provided
and a small quantity of concentrate is given to
milking cows.
TRADITIONAL SYSTEM: It makes heavy demands on
family labour. Rural, market-oriented smallholdings,
with satisfactory access to milk markets, producing
milk in excess of family requirements is for sale.
These farmers usually keep better quality animals. A
typical unit consists of fewer than six buffaloes and
cattle, with two or three in milk. Milking animals
are generally stall fed with seasonal green fodder,
straw and concentrate, and dry cows and herd
followers are grazed. There is usually no adult bull
in the herd. Calves are retained during lactation,
and then the males are disposed of and females are
kept as replacements. This system is the main source
of milk in Pakistan.
PERI-URBAN COMMERCIAL FARM:Peri_urban
commercial farms with more than 40 animals, 90%
buffaloes and 10% cattle, on mixed crop–livestock
farms or specialised farms for breeding and milk
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production.Fodder crops are grown and straw may be

home grown or purchased. Concentrates are fed and dry
females and heifers are grazed, if possible. There is
usually a bull for natural mating and the government
artificial insemination service is also used. These
farms are well organised and good records are kept,
but their contribution to the total milk supply is
small.
DAIRY FARMS IN PAKISTAN: There are nearly 300
dairy farms of varying sizes from 50 to over 3000
milch animals are located across the country. The
Landhi cattle colony in Karachi is the largest of its
facing lots of problems such as lack of high yielding
milch animals, health, inadequate feed and fodder
problems, adulterated or poor quality milk supplied
from villages, its distance and transport problem.
Pakistan with high yielding buffaloes breeds such
as Nili-Ravi and Kunndi with potential of giving over
5000 litres of milk per lactation .Through efficient
breeding, feeding and health care program milk yields
of Sahiwal and Red Sindhi cows can be increased.
POPULATION OF RURAL MILCH ANIMALS IN PAKISTAN: The
overall population of milch animals is 125.5 million.
Out of which that of cattle is 18.9 %, Buffaloes 19.7
%, goats 40 % and sheep 19.7 %.
SHARE OF DIFFERENT ANIMALS IN MILK PRODUCTION: It
is 66 % in buffaloes, 32 % in cows, 2 % Is of sheep
and goats.
CAMEL MILK IN DESERT RURAL: She camel is an
important source of milk for desert dwellers.
(1)Under extremely harsh desert environments the
average yield of a she camel varies from 9-16 litres
per day.
(2)A good camel milker can yield 20-40 litres of milk
per day.
(3) The average lactation period of a she camel
varies from 8-18 months depending upon the variations
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of environments, breed, management and feed supply.

(4) She camels’ milk can be kept wholesome under
refrigeration up-to 2 years.
(5) Cow requires 2kg of dry vegetation to produce one
litre of milk, while a typical desert region cow will
need more than 9 kg to produce the same quantity.
SMALL ANIMALS AND RURAL LIFE:The vast majority of
small ruminant flock owners are small-scale farmers,
sometimes landless.
(1) Mixed flocks are common, although separate flocks
of sheep or goats can also be seen.
(2)The production systems (Ishaque 1993) are nomadic,
found mostly in parts of Sindh and Baluchistan.
(3) Most of the lambs and kids are born between
January and April, when flocks are at lower
elevations.
(4)Females are retained for flock replacement or
enlargement, but males are sold before they are one
year old. Grazing is mainly free, but in some areas
grazing or fodder may have to be purchased.
(5)Sheep are mostly shorn twice.
(6)There is some milking to provide for family
consumption and for sale in the local market.
(7)Somewhere, the flock owners have a fixed base but
move with their families to another grazing area for
a major part of the year. This system is prevalent in
tribal areas in parts of the North West Frontier
Province and Punjab, in parts of Sindh and
Baluchistan and throughout the northern areas.
(8) Average flock size is about 100 animals.
(9) Grazing is mainly on rangeland or crop residues,
and sometimes areas have to be rented.
(10) The flock owners have easy access to the market
and sell the male progeny, often at low weight.
HOUSING SYSTEMS OF SMALL ANIMAL FLOCKS AT
VILLAGES:
(i)Intensive system: The goat are grouped
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according to sex and age and separately confined to a

shed, where owner supply nutrition packages to the
breed, the rate of death is highest under this
system.
(ii)Semi-Intensive system: In this system animals
are kept under confinement for a limited time, but
animals have freedom to move freely in a restricted
area, this system is economically costly due to need
of capital investment in sheds, fencing and
management.
(iii)Tethering: In this case animals are kept on
public ground, having enough vegetation. Goat are not
segregated on the basis of age and sex.
(iv)Semi-extensive system: In this system,
animals are grazed on public pasture land in the
night they are kept in the fenced shelter.
(v)Extensive system: During dry summer season,
when grasses and wild plant disappears and water
becomes scarce, many herdsmen join together and
migrate to the area, in search of pasture and water.
POULTARY AND RURAL LIFE: Rural poultry
contributes 56% of total egg production and 25% of
poultry meat (Government of Pakistan 1997).
(1) There is strong preference for eggs and meat from
rural poultry and market prices for these are high
compared with commercial eggs and broiler meat.
(2)There are two distinct production systems: the
traditional rural system, where almost all rural and
about 20% of urban households keep flocks of between
5 and 10 birds, with a cock.
(3)These birds are scavengers, living on crop
residues and kitchen waste, and are confined to the
house at night. Common breeds are Desi, Lyallpur
Silver Black, Aseel, Fayoumi, Rhode Island Red and
crosses.
(4)Cockerels and old hens are eventually eaten or
sold.
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(5)Raising poultry is traditionally women’s work,

which not only provides eggs and meat for family
consumption but also meat for guests.
COMMERCIAL POULTARY FARMS ARE ALSO RURAL BASED:
Started in 1963 to supply the Karachi market and now
has an investment of over 23 billion rupees.
(1)The average size of a layer flock is 2500 and a
broiler flock 2200 birds.
(2) Concrete and brick houses are used, often with
cooling during summer in hotter areas.
(3)Both broilers and layers are reared on a deep
litter of rice husk or sawdust.
(4) About 10% of farmers use battery cages for
layers.
(5) Broiler farms rise between four and six batches
per year.
(6)Day-old chicks are purchased and reared for 5-7
weeks for sale at 1.25 to 1.5 kg live weight.
(7)Layers start egg production at 20 weeks and are
usually kept for a further 45 weeks.
(7)Commercial poultry feed is usually purchased,
although some farmers use home-mixed feed.
(8)Most of the by-products like blood, bones, egg,
shells, urine, poultry faeces and feathers are wasted
without further utilization.

CHAPTER 3

LIVESTOCK ECONOMY
ECONOMICS OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY: The economics of
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animal rearing is based on milk as well as meat.

Whenever any cow or buffalo gives birth, there is an
almost equal probability of a male or female calf. A
dairy farmer rears a female calf in expectation of
milk, while a male is reared for either meat or for
use as a draught animal. It is the combined economics
of milk, meat and harness that makes investments
possible in dairy industry.
CHANGE IN DYNAMICS OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
ECONOMICS: In ancient sub-continent, extensive use
of bullocks as draught animals made rural dairy
farming viable even without the use of meat. In
modern Pakistan, on one hand, subsidies on
electricity for farming, tractors, diesel etc. have
eliminated the need to use animals for ploughing and
carriage of goods in rural areas. This has rendered
male bovine animals completely useless thereby
affecting the economics and growth of the Pakistan
dairy industry. Hence, the solution of rural problems
ups a revolution in whole the country.
CONVERSION OF FEED INTO VALUABLE PRODUCTS:Most
animal feeds are inedible to human being, buffalo,
cattle, goats, sheep, camel, poultry and others eat
dry forages, crop production, damaged grains, agro-
industrial wastages, fruit pulps and peeling,
vegetables/fruit market wastage are converted into
edible products by them.
FOOD PRODUCTION:For example: Milk, meat and
eggs .
DRAUGHT POWER:Bullock, camel, horses and
donkeys are used for traction.
FORIGN EXCHANGE:Livestock export and its by
products like leather, woollen, fabric, carpet and
rugs add a lot of foreign exchange to national
economy.
SOIL FERTILITY:One tone of FYM give 4.5 kg of
Nitrogen, 0.8 kg of Phosphorus, 3.0 kg Potassium and
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230 kg of organic matter.

EMPLOYMENT:In Pakistan 51% employment is in
agriculture out of which 35-40 are involved in animal
husbandry.
PHARMACEUTICALS: Medicines and related products
like rennet, epinephrine, cortisone, insulin,
thrombin, and heparin are received from animals.
MISCELLANOUS: Animals are also reared for Eid-
ul- uza slaughtering, bio-gas plant, skin, hides, and
medical research and for gift show.
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CHAPTER 4

RESEARCH REGARDING PROBLEMS

AIM OF RESEARCH: To find out problems;
(1) To raise milk production, thereby increasing
the availability of milk products for home
consumption and improving household income through
greater milk sales in rural areas.
(2)To put stress on dairy science, including
animal breeding and genetics, dairy nutrition, dairy
management, and dairy technology to support and
develop dairy industry.
(3)Provide support to the animal industry
developed on the animal production science
principles.
(4)To provide infrastructure for the development
of dairy cooperates, restructuring of extension,
research and educational institutions could perk up
rural oriented dairy sector to market oriented dairy
industry that guaranteed food security social and
economic growth in Pakistan.
(5)To introduce modern management, feeding and
marketing systems to make it viable for investment
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and to assure food security.

(6)Livestock feed research will improve the
cropping patterns, hybrid seed and grass varieties
and fodder practices.
REMOVING PROBLEMS INCREASED PRODUCTION: In
2003 Pakistan is the fifth largest milk producing
country in the world. In spite of that the import
bill of milk and its by-products have increased from
Rs.0.34 million to Rs.770 million during the decade
ending in 2003, while the milk production had
increased from 18 million tons to 27 .8 million tons
during this period. This has further increased to
32.9 million tons in 2004. This increase in national
milk production is still far below the achievable
potential. For instance, the average yield of Nili-
Ravi buffalo is 2000-2005 litres per lactation period
of 305 days and that of Sahiwal cow is 1800-2000
litres.
HYPOTHESIS:
(please refer list: 6.1 )Following 25 problems
(scores) are the most common problems of animal
husbandry in Rural area. All of them have
relationship with the buffalo’s income of milk per
day per time.
1
More problems ∝ Profit.
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CHAPTER 5

DEFINING PROBLEM
Let us classify problems confronting rural
peoples which are explored in previous chapters.
PROBLEMS WITH LIVESTOCK AND DAIRY DEVELOPMENT
DEPARTMENT: The technical and financial problems
faced by the livestock department should be removed
to make it more effective.
PROBLEMS WITH MILK PRODUCTION IN RURAL AREAS: In
2005, Government of Pakistan identified:
(1)About 50-60% of buffalo and cattle are in
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rural subsistence.
(2) Over 70% of buffalo and cattle are in herds
of less than 10 animals;
(3) 70% of households with milking animals have
herds of less than 5 animals.
(3)20 to 25% of households have 5 to 10 animals.
(4) Milk production per lactation for both
buffalo and cattle is well below the genetic
potential of the breeds used, ranging from 500kg to
2400kg per annum.
(5)Typically the subsistence and market-oriented
rural farmers achieve production levels of 500-
1200kg/annum, with production primarily limited by
poor nutrition. particularly the style of
communication between farmers and extension staff,
information available to extension staff that can be
used to address farmer problems, skills and numbers
of extension staff and a failure to consider problems
and solutions in a whole-of-farm systems.
BIOLOGICAL, CHEMICAL, TECHNICAL and SOCIAL
PROBLEMS: Akhtar (1986) identified the following
biological, technical, social and problems of
livestock in rural Pakistan.
(i)BIOLOGICAL: The lack of proven bulls and a
good artificial insemination service have resulted in
a large number of animals with low genetic potential.
This is a major problem in setting up dairy and small
ruminant development projects.
(ii)CHEMICAL: Sprays vastly used on crops cause
food poisoning in animals and most animal suffered
die without finding a veterinary help.
(iii)FEED AND FODDER RESOURCES: It meets only 70%
of the calculated feed requirements of the livestock
population. Quantity, and the quality of poultry feed
is questionable.
INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND PARASITES: Vaccination
against infectious diseases ranges from 0.5% to 10%
 PAGE NO (21)

and the quality of available vaccines needs to be

improved.
ANIMAL DISEASE SURVEILLANCE AND MONITORING
SYSTEM: inadequate and poor diagnostic facilities.
SOURCE OF ANIMAL FEED: Traditional feed resources
and midsummer forages, non-awareness regarding
increase the use of improved seeds.
MILK MARKETTING PROBLEMS:The lack of milk-
marketing strategies.
PRICES OF MILK: Low winter prices, to increase
sustainability and to give producers improved
bargaining power, due to the availability of an
alternative outlet for milk sales.
PRESERVATION OF MILK: To support the development
of bulk milk outlets, with credit for chilling units,
bulk milk tankers, cream separators and handling
equipment.
TRANSPORTATION MODE: Transport units
(motorcycles, horses and horses-and-carts).
ACCESS TO CREDIT: For the supply of good-quality
milk and support the provision of credit facilities
to finance village milk collection kits.
LACK OF ORGANIZTION: Establishment of a milk
pasteurization plant owned and operated by a
producers' organization.
WASTAGE OF BY-PRODUCTS: Most of the by-products
like blood, bones, egg, shells, urine, poultry
faeces, dung and feathers are wasted without further
utilization.
TECHNICAL EDUCATION: Majority have very little
or no technical education.
ANIMAL THEFT: Most animal owners are careless.
There animal wander here and there, and eat every
thing good or bad. Most such animals suffer theft.
RELIGIOUS FACTORS IN HINDU RURAL COMMUNITY IN
SINDH: Cow is sacred and has an important place in
Hindus social and economic life.
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NON-AVAILIBILITY OF TECHNICAL STAFF: The

professional staff and technical and farm support
staff; and provide research facilities. Training
centre for operators of milk collecting and chilling
centres for hygienic milk handling be made and
equipped. Unit to measure milk volume and determine
fat content be made. The village milk producers'
associations are established.
LANDLESS FARMERS RELY ON CROP RESIDUES: It was
found that small farmers and the landless relied on
crop residues, low-cost feed and grazing.
NON_TECHNICAL PEOPLES: Deficiency of skilled
manpower.
PROBLEMS OF WATER SHORTAGE: This is about 2
million acres area along River Indus that is
inundated when the Indus floods. Shortage of water
deprives this area from river inundation. This area
is rich in forests, grazing lands, poultry, animal
husbandry, agriculture, and fishing.
FEW FARM-TO-MARKET ROADS ANIMAL PRODUCTS: No
good infrastructure of roads was identified as a
factor contributing to low milk production in the
project area. The poor condition of farm-to-market
roads seriously constrained the delivery of
agricultural inputs and market access.
SITUATION OF FEED SUPPLY LAND AND GOOD
CULTIVATION:
(1)Its growth rate over the last five decades has
remained at around 4% per annum.
(2)The Indus Basin, the largest continuous
irrigation system in the world, provides most of the
canal irrigation. Summer monsoons in July and August
and winter rains in January and February provide
additional water for both irrigated and rainfed, or
Barani, land (PARC 1997).
(3) Cash crops on 17%, pulses on 7%, oilseeds on
3%, fruits on 2%, vegetables and condiments on 1%
 PAGE NO (23)

each, and other crops, including fodder, on 13%

(MINFAL 1995).
(4) There are two main crop seasons: cotton,
rice, sugarcane, maize, jawar and bajra grown during
kharif, which starts between April and June and ends
between October and December, and wheat, gram,
barley, tobacco, rape seed and mustard during rabi,
which starts between October and December and ends
between April and May. Minor crops include pulses,
potatoes, onions, chillies and garlic. Punjab
Province alone produces about 65% of cereals, 85% of
cotton, 50% of sugarcane and 68% of pulses (MINFAL
1995).
There is also two fodder lean periods namely
November-December and May-June.
However, a lactating cow needs about 50 percent
of her feed from cereal. Food and Agriculture
Organization estimates, the dairy animals in Pakistan
have less than 10 per cent of such ingredients in
their daily diets.
 PAGE NO (24)

CHAPETR 6

PROCEDURE OF RESEARCH

TECHNICAL TOOLS OF COLLECTION DATA:

PRIMARY DATA:
• SURVEYS/ INTERVIEWS
• QUESTIONAIRE

SECONDARY DATA:
• BOOKS
 PAGE NO (25)

• JOURNAL
• REPORTS
• WEBSITES
 PAGE NO (26)

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA:

LIST 6.1: PROBLEMS GATHERED THROUGH ARTICLES, JOURNALS AND

BOOKS WHICH WILL BE RE-INVESTIGATED:
1)VETERINARY SERVICES:
 Most people have no access to veterinarian.
 Majority do not have access to vaccine against diseases.
 Majority have no External/ Internal Parasites Remedy
 Majority have no access to cheap medicines
 Occurrence of Mastitis destroys income the most.
 Majority of farmers use unbalanced and expensive feed.
 Milk Production in majority is below average breed Milk
Yield potential.
2)LITERACY:
 Majority of Farmers are untrained.
 Staff in work field is also untrained.
 Poultry is mostly reared to meat domestic food.
 Majority have no Disease awareness.
 Milk drawn from udder and other conditions are not fit
for human being even for animals.
 Majority do not have any plan to upgrade their animal
genetically.
3)COMMERCIAL:
 Marketing milk is not preserved for longer period. Some
of them sell milk without preservation.
 Majority of people produce milk small enough to be sold.
 Majority do not receive good price of milk.
 Majority lack cheap transport.
 At some places there is no farm to market road
 Majority sale milk to middle man.
 Majority do not sell animal by products.
 In most cases utility is not added to milk.
 Majority do not have access to credit for expansion of
their business or deal crises.
 Majority areas lack proper markets or it’s product/by-
product market.
4)INFRASTRUCTURE
 Most area lake clean plenty water.
 Most people are land less.
 PAGE NO (27)

TESTING VALIDITY OF THE DATA:

RESULT OF INETRVEIWS WITH 50 TECHNICAL PERSONS OF

VETERINARY SERVICES DEPARTMENT CONCLUDED:
(The structured interview Performa available to
appendix was used to collect the basic problems in
the eyes of technical persons.)
Communication with rural people is not easy as
they use their own terminology in describing
problems.
Milk production per lactation for both buffalo
and cattle is not up to standard, because roughages
like wheat straw and rice straw those have a little
nutritive value especially for lactating cows are
usually fed in rural areas.
The requirement of a lactating cow is about 50
percent of her feed from cereal grains and their by-
products and oil seed meals. Other reason is that our
breeds are not genetically improved. Lack of proven
bulls and a good artificial insemination service have
not been tried as well as balance ration is not
provided.
The expenditure on feed is more than
80%.Quantity, and the quality feed is not up the
standard.
The effect of mastitis and parasites on the milk
downfall is the most.
Vaccination against infectious diseases ranges
from 0.5% to 10% and the quality of available
vaccines needs to be improved.
Animal disease surveillance and monitoring
system is not up to the world standard due to
inadequate and poor diagnostic facilities.
The usual source of animal feed in rural areas
is traditional feed resources and midsummer forages,
no-awareness regarding use of improved seeds prevail
the most.
 PAGE NO (28)

Utilization of land specified for feed growth

including land rental, tillage, fertilizer, water and
seeds are not up to the standard.
The farmers of sindh, use indigenous knowledge,
like they spread goat dropping in the field, apply
flood irrigation, to the field, when goat dropping
absorbed water, they start smelling, which keeps the
goats away from a particular field, Goats are allowed
to certain areas, where they graze. growing fields.
In our villages animal purchased is soon
introduced into flock which is the cause of epidemics
and heavy loss to our farmer.
LIST 6.2: FREQUENCY OF PROBLEMS
s %tag
cor out of 100 CASES e
e
1 No access to cheap medicines 95
2 Mastitis occurrence. 35
3 No system of breeding 92
4 Unbalanced and expensive feed 88
5 No Farmers Training program 75
6 No Training to vet staff 65
7 No awareness regarding diseases/toxic plants 66
8 Milk marketed without preservation 17
9 Product small enough to be sold 63
10 Product sold on fewer prices than market. 85
11 Lack of cheap transport 90
12 Lack of farm to market road 52
13 Milk Sold To Middle Man 78
14 Low/no by- products sold 91
15 No utility added to products/by-products 85
16 Below average breed milk yield 96
17 Less/no access to credit 88
18 No Access To Clean Water 57
19 No land to Cultivate feed 79
20 No dairy/farm hygienic environment 77
 PAGE NO (29)

21 No Product/by-product Market(Milk/Meat/Eggs) 93
22 No economical aid from poultry 87
23 No Access to Vet/Vet Health Unit 70
24 No Access to vaccine 55
25 No internal parasites awareness/remedy 89

DATA VERIFICATION:
Data received from interviews of animal husbandry
technical staff we prepared a Questionnaire for 100
farmers of different rural locality to be filled in
by mediator which revealed that.
o Majority have no access to veterinary staff.
o Few of them have attended any course or workshop
on animal husbandry.
o Pleuropneumonia and peste des petits ruminants
in small ruminants along with mastitis and FMD
in large animals destroy their business.
o The landless relied on crop residues, low-cost
feed and grazing.
o No or very little credit facility is available.
o Have no facilities to make products like butter,
ghee or separate cream.
o Water to drink, bath animals and cultivate
their feed is not easily available.
o Cow is sacred and has an important place in
Hindus social and economic life.
 Figure6.1:Comparasionof different diseasesdestroyingdairy.
PAGE NO (30)

Table 6.1:Destruction caused by diseases out of 100

Mastitis
FootAndMouthDisease
Parasites
MetabolicDiseases
Others

Mastitis FootAndMouthD
iseaseParasites MetabolicDiseasesO
thers
52 1
4 5 19 10

Table 6.2: Frequency of Transport available out of 100

farmers
Motorcycle Bycycle Anim
al cart Handcart Four weel
20 24 45 3 1
1

Table 6.3:Frequency of Milk Sold by 100 farmers

G
awala Local Market Endconsum
er CityMarket O
thers
48 22 1
6 3 11
 PAGE NO (31)

FIGURE:6.2COMPARASIONOFMILKPRESERVATIONTECHNIQUESUSED

45
40
35
30
PEOPLESUSING

25
20
15
10
5
0
chemical chilling boiling

CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION
INVESTIGATION RESULT

LIST 7.1: MOST FREQUENT PROLEMS

(1)Most people have no access to veterinarian.
(2)Majority do not have access to vaccine against
diseases.
 PAGE NO (32)

(3)Very little or no Internal /External parasites

awareness/remedy
(4)Majority have no access to cheap medicines.
(5)Mastitis destroys income, as no awareness prevails
for its prevention.
(6)Majority of farmers use unbalanced and expensive
feed.
(7)Majority of Farmers are untrained.
(8)Staff in work field is also untrained.
(9)Majority have no awareness regarding
Disease/toxins.
(10)Marketing milk is not preserved for longer
period; Some milk is sold without preservation.
(11)Majority of people produce milk small enough to
be sold.
(12)Majority do not receive good price of milk.
(13)Majority lack cheap transport.
(14)At some place there is no farm to market road
(15)Majority sell Milk to Middle Man.
(16)Majority do not sell by products like dung.
(17)In most cases utility is not added to milk.
(18)Milk production in majority is below average
Breed yield potential.
(19)Majority do not have access to credit. For
expansion of their businesses or to cope critical
situation.
(20)Most area lake Clean plenty water.
(21)Most people are land less.
(22)Milk drawn from udder and other conditions are
not fit for human being even for animals.
(23) No Market (Milk/Meat/product/by-product)
(24) Poultry is mostly reared to meat domestic food.
(25) Majority do not have any plan to upgrade their
animal genetically.
HYPOTHESIS PROVED: Most of the following 25(scores)
problems have been proved to have relationship with
the buffalos income of milk per day per time. The
 PAGE NO (33)

most common problems faced by rural people (ref:

Table 7.1) have direct impact on farm dairy income.
GENERALIZED FORMULA 1
More problems ∝ Profit.

Hence, to empower the rural people we will have to

get rid of these problems.
RANGE OF APPLICABILITY
(1)With no price premiums for quality milk and
meat, the viability of the commercial dairy and meat
industries is questionable.
(2)Most livestock raised on smallholdings by
poor, landless farmers, who are not organised and
have no political voice.
(3)In many areas, keeping livestock is a matter
of prestige rather than an economic activity.
(4) An unplanned marketing system with too many
middlemen reduces producers’ profits.
(5)The mandates of research and development
institutions lack clarity and are too broad in
relation to available resources.
(6)There is a lack of well-documented, site-
specific management guidelines for different
livestock operations.
(7)Rangelands are deteriorating because of
unplanned and excessive grazing.
(8) There is no land tenure and no investment in the

Figure7.1:Income/ MilkingBaffalo/Time

100
80
incomeper time

60 Income/ Milking
40 Baffalo/Time
20
0
0 10 20 30
Noof problems
 PAGE NO (34)

common rangeland.
CHAPTER 8

RECOMMENDATIONS
HOW TO SOLVE PROBLEM
(1)Development of a milk-marketing system
(2)Adaptation of proven livestock and fodder-crop
production technology to local conditions.
(3)Provision of credit packages for tube wells,
inputs, equipment, transport and land rental.
(4)Provide farm-to-market roads to link remote
areas with high milk production potential to organize
marketing channels.
(5)Provision of technical assistance to non-
governmental organizations (NGOs) for the promotion
of participation and community action.
(6)Establishment of a development fund to enhance
milk production and increase participation.
(7)To provide field equipment, consisting of milk
and crop measuring equipment, mastitis test kits,
vaccination kits, drenches, ecto-parasite spraying
equipment, data recording items and basic office
facilities for Veterinary Health units.
(8)Animal Attendants training courses must be
organized by different national organizations on
livestock production, extension, parasite and
mastitis control, milk production, and processing and
marketing.
STEPS TO BE TAKEN BY GOVERNMENT AND NGO'S:
(1)Development of feed lot fattening to maximize
bio-economic and sustainable meat production and its
value addition through meat processing and quality
control.
(2)Feedlot fattening with the participation of
farmers and investors (To assist in the development
 PAGE NO (35)

of slaughter houses and butcheries in the private

sector) is necessary.
(3)To create linkages among the meat producers
and processors.
(4)Capacity building of stakeholders for meat
production, processing and quality control.
(5)A Company need to be established for supply of
milk cooling tanks and establishment of model dairy
farms in private sector.
(6)Need to study milk marketing by consultant and
studies for consumers? Preference for milk & milk
products; milk quality control and possible
replication of model and Controlling Animal Diseases
transmitted to human by milk and meat.
(7)Need to study epidemiology Animal diseases
like Foot and Mouth disease and Mastitis.
(8)Establishment of diagnostic laboratories in
every Veterinary unit in rural areas and surveillance
network coordination for control and prevention of
Avian Influenza and Bird flu.
(9) Teaching farmers about Animal Quarantine and
regularization of Animal Quarantine department for
import and export of livestock and livestock
products. Animal health Certificates in respect of
each consignment regarding import/export of animal
and animal products must be issued to assure disease
free transfer.
ALTERNATE SOURCE OF INCOME: Farm by-products in
following ways can help farmer of rural area as an
alternate use of income:
(a)Biogas: Foundation of biogas unit operating on
dung of buffaloes and cattle can help rural people
for availability of gas for cooking and after gas
fermentation the same dung can also be utilized for
fertilizer as well.
(b)Inedible fats: Are used in the production of
soap, lubricant, printing ink, cosmetic and waxes.
 PAGE NO (36)

(c)Hooves, horns, feathers and bones: Are used

in production of glue, buttons, wall papers and sand
paper.
(d)Feeds: Made from animal by-products include
meat meal, blood meal, bone meal and meat and bone
scraps. Also perfume, fertilizers, candles, lanolin
and glycerine.
(e)Utilization of dung for electricity
production. Consumption of dung for the production of
electict power generation.

CHAPTER 9

NEED FOR FURTHER RESEARCH

RESEARCH PRIORITY:
In the following areas of great concern further
research is needed.

(1)Selection and breeding models for the

different livestock production systems
(2)Identification of special traits of different
breeds and conservation of animal genetic resources.
(3)Availability of feed in different production
systems throughout the year .
(4)Economic nutrition strategies for rearing
calves from the rural system.
(5)Economic rations for small ruminants in
feedlots.
 PAGE NO (37)

(6)Development of methods for accurate heat

detection in buffaloes in smallholdings .
(7)Suitable extender and freezing protocol for
buffalo semen
(8)Improvement in superovulatory response and
embryo recovery in Sahiwal cattle and in buffaloes.
(9)Working models for disease surveillance and
monitoring
(10)Diagnosis and control of pleuropneumonia and
peste des petites ruminants in small ruminants .
(11)Usage of by-products for alternate income.
(12)Development of temperature-resistant dietary
or oral vaccines.
(13)Methods for inducing milk ejection in
buffaloes without using calves or oxytocin .
(14)Milk preservation methods suitable for local
conditions.
(15)No information is available on the provision
of transport facilities and field equipment.
(16)How to reduce the dominance of the
traditional milk traders (middlemen)? So as to
increase farmers’ income and provide urban consumers
with better quality dairy products.

RESEARCH CAPACITY IN THE SAME TOPIC:

The formula can further be tested for

intensity of the problem.

TAKE GENERALIZED FORMULA

1
More problems ∝ Profit.

Allot 1-4 category (intensity) to problems, lactation

problem for example may be categorized as ;

Category I: 4-6 litre/time

 PAGE NO (38)

Category II: 6-8 litre/time

Category III: 8-10 litre/time
Category IV: 10-12 litre/time

Then calculate average intensity

Average intensity=sum of all categories/total no

of problems.

Then plot a graph between average intensity and

profit to check their relationship.

Appendix (i)

BIBLIOGRAPHY
 PAGE NO (39)

Isani G.B. and Baloch M.N. 1996. Sheep and Goat Breeds of Pakistan,
Press Corporation of Pakistan, Karachi.

Ensminger, M.E,Dairy Cattle science. Danville, Illinois (USA), interstate

Printers and Publishers, Inc; 1980.

Gillespic, JR Modern Livestock and Poultary Production.Delmer

Publishers.inc; 1989.

Ewer,T.K, Practical animal Husbandry, London: English Language Book

society/wright Scientechnica,1982.

S.Iqbal Shah, Animal Husbandry, National Book Foundation, Word

Mate, Islamabad, inc; 1994.

Appendix (ii)
REFERENCES
Akhtar A.S. 1986. Livestock Development: Issues and Policy Options. Pakistan
Agricultural Research Council, Islamabad.

Amir P., Akhtar A.S. and Dawson M.D. (eds). 1987. Livestock in Pakistan Farming
Systems Research. Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, Islamabad.

FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations). 1987. Pakistan,
Livestock Sector Study. Report of the FAO/ADB Cooperative Programme
Investment Centre, vol. 1 & 2. FAO, Rome.
 PAGE NO (40)

Government of Pakistan. 1997. Economic Survey 1996–97 and Economic Survey of

Pakistan 2005-06. Finance Division, Economic Adviser’s Wing, Islamabad.

Ishaque S.M. 1993. Sheep management systems. In: Mackintosh J.B. (ed), Sheep
Production in Pakistan. Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, Islamabad.

Livestock Wing. 1997. Livestock Distribution in Pakistan. Ministry of Food,

Agriculture and Livestock, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad.

MINFAL (Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock). 1995. Agricultural Statistics of

Pakistan 1994–95. MINIFAL, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad.

PARC (Pakistan Agricultural Research Council). 1980. Agro-ecological Regions of

Pakistan. PARC, Islamabad.

PARC (Pakistan Agricultural Research Council). 1997. National Master Agricultural

Research Plan 1996–2005. PARC, Islamabad.

Shah S.K. 1991. Buffaloes of Pakistan. Pakistan Agricultural Research Council,

Islamabad

Dr. A. N. Naqvi of the Karakurum International University in Gilgit, Northern Areas,

Pakistan and reflect her opinions on goat breeding in Pakistan and not necessarily
those of the IAEA. annaqvi@hotmail.com

Dr Sardar riaz (http://www.nation.com.pk/daily/feb-2005/28/bnews10.php)

Dr Muhammad Ajmal Khan, Published in Daily “Dawn” Newspaper On Monday the

August 22, 2005 available on Website:http://www.dawn.com/2005/08/22/ebr7.htm

Appendix (iii)

GLOSSARY
Animal Husbandry: It is the branch of biological
science which deals with the systemic feeding,
breeding, housing, management and health of animals.
Artificial Insemination: Deposition of semen into the
 PAGE NO (41)

cervix by artificial means.

Breed: A Group of animals, the individual of which
possess certain well-defined characteristics in common
and which are able to reproduce these characteristic in
their offspring with reasonable degree of surety.
Draught: Work

Fodder: Cultivated pasture species.

Forage: Naturally-growing pasture species

Progeny Testing: The selection of an individual based

on the performance of its offspring

Roughages: Plant material in a fresh, dried, or ensiled

state.
Straw: The mature dried stem left after removing the
grain portion of wheat, barely, etc

Appendix (iv)

ABBREVATIONS

ADBP: Asian Development Bank.

 PAGE NO (42)

FMD: Foot and Mouth Disease.

FYM: Farmyard Manure.

PARC: Pakistan Agriculture Development Bank.

GDP: Gross Domestic Product

Appendix (v)
Interviews
(To be filled in by a Vet Doctor/ an stock assistant of animal
husbandry department and be returned through same
mediator before 02.02.2008)
Name:-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------
Qualification:---------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------
Current posting&
 PAGE NO (43)

Designation:----------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------
Cell
No:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------
Email
address:----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------

1.)Can you communicate with rural people easily, if not why?

2.)Do you think milk production per lactation for both buffalo
and cattle is up to standard, if not why?

3.) What is the nutrient requirement for a cow in lactation?

4.) How do you think the problem of mal- nutrition can be

solved?

5.) How much should be the expenditure on feed?

6) Are you satisfied with the quality and quantity of ration

provided to animals in rural areas?

7.) How much do you feel is the effect of parasites on the milk
downfall?

8. Do you think that our rural livestock is protected against

diseases in time?

9.) Do you think animal disease surveillance and monitoring

system is up to the world standard?

10.) What is the usual source of animal feed in rural areas?

11.) Do you think utilization of land specified for feed growth

including land rental, tillage, fertilizer, water and seeds are up
to the standard?

12.) Do you think the housing provided to animals is

 PAGE NO (44)

scientifically helpful in prevention of diseases?

13.) What are the other problems you face when you visit
villages?

Thanks

Appendix (vi)
QUESTIONAIRE
(To be answered by translator/mediator by asking questions
to 100 farmers and return back to the issuing office before
11.02.2008)

• Name of the
farmer:-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------
• No of
animals:---------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------
• Type of
farming:---------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------
• Breed:------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------
• Deh:--------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------
• Taluka:-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------
• District:----------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------
• Contact:---------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------
 PAGE NO (45)

1. Approximate income per animal per

time?------------------------------------------------------------
2. Do you have your own land?(yes/No)
3. Is water to feed /bath animals and cultivate its feed
is easily available?(yes/No)
4. Do you have access to any veterinary
consultant?(yes/No)
5. Why don’t you make products like butter, ghee or
separate cream? (yes/No)
6. Do you have any credit facility to expand business
/to meet crises?(yes/No)
7. Do you have any alternate option then selling milk to
gawala or local market (yes/No)
8. Do you have any dairy association?(yes/No)
9. Do you have access to vaccine/Medicine?(yes/No)
10. Method used for preservation of
milk?-----------------------------------------------------------------
11. How many times you are being invited on any course
or workshop on animal
husbandry?---------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------
12. What transport do you use to carry milk and other
things?-------------------------------------
13. If you do not have land to grow feed, what do you
offer to your animal? --------------------
14.Can you name any of the five diseases which
destroy your business?-------------------------

Thanks
Appendix (vii)
 PAGE NO (46)

CE RTIFI CATE

This is to certify that Mr.Raheel laghari

s/o mohammad Ayoub laghari ,seat no 335,is
an external candidate for M.A (final)
sociology degree from Govt: Saacal Sarmast
Arts College, Hyderabad ,in academic
session 2007-2008.He has completed and
submitted the research thesis/report on
“Problems of Rural areas regarding Animal
Husbandry”, assigned to him by the
Department of Sociology, Faculty of Arts,
University of Sindh,Jamshoro.

This 20th of Feb, 2008

Controller of examination office,
University of Sindh
PAGE NO (47)