JAWAHAR EDUCATION SOCIETYS A.C.

PATIL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, 410210

CNPG REPORT ON

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Respected Madam : VANDANA PANDEY Respected Sir : SMIT NIMBARTE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is our great pleasure to present the CNPG group discussion on HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER PLANT .

We offer our profound gratitude to our Principal, Dr. D.G. Borse and our Head of the department, S.R Deore for creating such conductive environment in the institute and giving us opportunity to present this CNPG project report.

We wish to knowledge our indebtedness to Ms. Vandana Pandey and Mr. Smit Nimbarte our CNPG Lecturers, who guided us in doing the report. And last but not the least; we would like to thanks our classmates for their co-operation.

REPORT ON HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER PLANT DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING S.E PREPARED BY:
ROLLNO. NAME

133324 GAWADE ABHISHEK 133335 KHAN RASHID 133345 MOMAYA ANANT 133355 PHALE VIVEK 133372 KEKAN SANJAY 133374 MANIAR YASH

APPROVED BY: ---------------------

MADAM. VANDANA PANDEY SIR. SMIT NIMBARTE

INTRODUCTION TO HYDROPOWER Humans have been harnessing water to perform work for thousands of years. The Greeks used water wheels for grinding wheat into flour more than 2,000 years ago. Besides grinding flour, the power of the water was used to saw wood and power textile mills and manufacturing plants. For more than a century, the technology for using falling water to create hydroelectricity has existed. The evolution of the modern hydropower turbine began in the mid-1700s when a French hydraulic and military engineer, Bernard Forest de Blidor wrote Architecture Hydraulique. In this four volume work, he described using a vertical-axis versus a horizontal-axis machine. During the 1700s and 1800s, water turbine development continued. In 1880, a brush arc light dynamo driven by a water turbine was used to provide theatre and storefront lighting in Grand Rapids, Michigan; and in 1881, a brush dynamo connected to a turbine in a flour mill provided street lighting at Niagara Falls, New York. These two projects used direct-current technology. Alternating current is used today. That breakthrough came when the electric generator was coupled to the turbine, which resulted in the world's, and the United States', first hydroelectric plant located in Appleton, Wisconsin, in 1882.

HYDROELECTRIC POWER / HYDROELECTRICITY

Hydro means "water". So, hydropower is "water power" and hydroelectric power is electricity generated using water power. Potential energy (or the "stored" energy in a reservoir) becomes kinetic (or moving energy). This is changed to mechanical energy in a power plant, which is then turned into electrical energy. Hydroelectric power is a renewable resource. In an impoundment facility (see below), water is stored behind a dam in a reservoir. In the dam is a water intake. This is a narrow opening to a tunnel called a penstock.

Water pressure (from the weight of the water and gravity) forces the water through the penstock and onto the blades of a turbine. A turbine is similar to the blades of a child's pinwheel. But instead of breath making the pinwheel turn, the moving water pushes the blades and turns the turbine. The turbine spins because of the force of the water. The turbine is connected to an electrical generator inside the powerhouse. The generator produces electricity that travels over long-distance power lines to homes and businesses. The entire process is called hydroelectricity.

Hydrology
Hydrology may be defined as the science which deals with the depletion and replenishment of

water resources. It deals with surface water as well as ground water. It is also concerned with transportation of water from one place to another. MASS CURVE Mass curve is the graph of cumulative values of water quantity against time.

Hydrographs
There are many types of hydrographs. Hydrograph is defined as a graph showing discharge of flowing water with respect to time for a specified time. Graph of stream flow vs. time Obtained by means of a continuous recorder which indicates stage vs. time (stage hydrograph) Transformed to a discharge hydrograph by application of a rating curve. If we measure the rainfall and put it on a time graph and link that to the amount of water in

the river. This graph is hydrograph. It plots rainfall against discharge (that is the amount of water in the Changes measured over time is river regime - eg. in winter there is more rain, less evaporation,

river as it passes a particular point measured in cubic metres per seconds or cumecs). less vegetation to absorb it.

Flow duration curve

Flow duration curve is a useful form to represent the run-off data for the given time. This curve The flow duration curve is drawn with the help of hydrograph from the available run-off data

is plotted between flow available during a period versus the fraction of time. and is necessary to find out the time duration for which flows available

TYPES OF HYDROPOWER PLANTS

There are three types of hydropower facilities: impoundment, diversion, and pumped storage. Some hydropower plants use dams and some do not. The images below show both types of hydropower plants. Many dams were built for other purposes and hydropower was added later. In the United States, there are about 80,000 dams of which only 2,400 produce power. The other dams are for recreation, stock/farm ponds, flood control, water supply, and irrigation. Hydropower plants range in size from small systems for a home or village to large projects producing electricity for utilities.
IMPOUNDMENT

The most common type of hydroelectric power plant is an impoundment facility. An impoundment facility, typically a large hydropower system, uses a dam to store river water in a reservoir. Water released from the reservoir flows through a turbine, spinning it, which in turn activates a generator to produce electricity. The water may be released either to meet changing electricity needs or to maintain a constant reservoir level.

RUN OFF

A diversion, sometimes called run-of-river, facility channels a portion of a river through a canal or penstock. It may not require the use of a dam.

PUMP STORAGE PLANT

PUMPED STORAGE When the demand for electricity is low, a pumped storage facility stores energy by pumping water from a lower reservoir to an upper reservoir. During periods of high electrical demand, the water is released back to the lower reservoir to generate electricity. Pumped storage hydro-electricity works on a very simple principle.Two reservoirs at different altitudes are required. When the water is released, from the upper reservoir, energy is created by the downflow which is directed through high-pressure shafts, linked to turbines. In turn, the turbines power the generators to create electricity.Water is pumped back to the upper reservoir by linking a pump shaft to the turbine shaft, using a motor to drive the pump.The pump motors are powered by electricity from the National Grid - the process usually takes place overnight when national electricity demand is at its lowestA dynamic response - Dinorwig's six generating units can achieve maximum output, from zero, within 16 seconds.Pump storage generation offers a critical back-up facility during periods of excessive demand on the national grid system.

SIZES OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS

Facilities range in size from large power plants that supply many consumers with electricity to small and micro plants that individuals operate for their own energy needs or to sell power to utilities. Large hydropower Although definitions vary, the U.S. Department of Energy defines large hydropower as facilities that have a capacity of more than 30 megawatts.

Small hydropower Although definitions vary, DOE defines small hydropower as facilities that have a capacity of 100 kilowatts to 30 megawatts.

Micro hydro power A micro hydro power plant has a capacity of up to 100 kilowatts. A small or micro hydro electric power system can produce enough electricity for a home, farm, ranch, or village.

TURBINES INSTALLATION

LAYOUT OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS

Hydroelectric power plants convert the hydraulic potential energy from water into electrical energy. Such plants are suitable were water with suitable head are available. The layout covered in this article is just a simple one and only cover the important parts of hydroelectric plant.The different parts of a hydroelectric power plant are (1) Dam

Dams are structures built over rivers to stop the water flow and form a reservoir.The reservoir stores the water flowing down the river. This water is diverted to turbines in power stations. The dams collect water during the rainy season and stores it, thus allowing for a steady flow through the turbines throughout the year. Dams are also used for controlling floods and irrigation. The dams should be water-tight and should be able to withstand the pressure exerted by the water on it. There are different types of dams such as arch dams, gravity dams and buttress dams. The height of water in the dam is called head race.

(2) Spillway

A spillway as the name suggests could be called as a way for spilling of water from dams. It is used to provide for the release of flood water from a dam. It is used to prevent over toping of the dams which could result in damage or failure of dams. Spillways could be controlled type or uncontrolled type. The uncontrolled types start releasing water upon water rising above a particular level. But in case of the controlled type, regulation of flow is possible. (3) Penstock and Tunnel Penstocks are pipes which carry water from the reservoir to the turbines inside power station. They are usually made of steel and are equipped with gate systems.Water under high pressure flows through the penstock. A tunnel serves the same purpose as a penstock. It is used when an obstruction is present between the dam and power station such as a mountain. (4) Surge Tank Surge tanks are tanks connected to the water conductor system. It serves the purpose of reducing water hammering in pipes which can cause damage to pipes. The sudden surges of water in penstock is taken by the surge tank, and when the water requirements increase, it supplies the collected water thereby regulating water flow and pressure inside the penstock.

(5) Power Station Power station contains a turbine coupled to a generator. The water brought to the power station rotates the vanes of the turbine producing torque and rotation of turbine shaft. This rotational torque is transfered to the generator and is converted into electricity. The used water is released through the tail race. The difference between head race and tail race is called gross head and by subtracting the frictional losses we get the net head available to the turbine for generation of electricity.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF HYDROPOWER

Hydropower offers advantages over other energy sources but faces unique environmental challenges.

ADVANTAGES Hydropower is a fueled by water, so it's a clean fuel source. Hydropower doesn't pollute the air like power plants that burn fossil fuels, such as coal or natural gas. Hydropower is a domestic source of energy. Hydropower relies on the water cycle, which is driven by the sun, thus it's a renewable power source. Hydropower is generally available as needed; engineers can control the flow of water through the turbines to produce electricity on demand. Hydropower plants provide benefits in addition to clean electricity. Impoundment hydropower creates reservoirs that offer a variety of recreational opportunities, notably fishing, swimming, and boating. Most hydropower installations are required to provide some public access to the reservoir to allow the public to take advantage of these opportunities. Other benefits may include water supply and flood control.

DISADVANTAGES Fish populations can be impacted if fish cannot migrate upstream past impoundment dams to spawning grounds or if they cannot migrate downstream to the ocean. Upstream fish passage can be aided using fish ladders or elevators, or by trapping and hauling the fish upstream by truck. Downstream fish passage is aided by diverting fish from turbine intakes using screens or racks or even underwater lights and sounds, and by maintaining a minimum spill flow past the turbine. Hydropower can impact water quality and flow. Hydropower plants can cause low dissolved oxygen levels in the water, a problem that is harmful to riparian (riverbank) habitats and is addressed using various aeration techniques, which oxygenate the water. Maintaining minimum flows of water downstream of a hydropower installation is also critical for the survival of riparian habitats. Hydropower plants can be impacted by drought. When water is not available, the hydropower plants can't produce electricity. New hydropower facilities impact the local environment and may compete with other uses for the land. Those alternative uses may be more highly valued than electricity generation. Humans, flora, and fauna may lose their natural habitat. Local cultures and historical sites may be impinged upon. Some older hydropower facilities may have historic value, so renovations of these facilities must also be sensitive to such preservation concerns and to impacts on plant and animal life.

Thank you