BITSPilani

Pilani Campus
MATERIALS SCIENCE AND
ENGINEERING
Dr. Subrata Bandhu Ghosh
Department of Mechanical Engg.
Bonding Bonding
Why study bonding?
Because the properties of materials (strength,
hardness, conductivity, etc..) are determined by the
manner in which atoms are connected.
Also by how the atoms are arranged in space
Crystal Structure Crystal Structure
What determines the nature of the chemical
bond between atoms?
Electronic structure (distribution of electrons in
atomic orbitals)
Number of electrons and ectronegativity(tendency
for an atom to attract an electron)
Classes of Materials
Review of Bonding:
Bonding joins of two atoms in a stable arrangement using
only valence electrons. Valence electrons are outer shell
electrons.
Through bonding, atoms attain a complete outer shell
configuration which is like a noble gas.
Structure and Bonding
configuration which is like a noble gas.
Covalent bonds result from the sharing of electrons between
two elements.
Ionic bonds result from the transfer of electrons from one
element to another.
Polarity of a bond depends upon the electronegativity and
size of the atoms forming the bond.
Structure and Bonding
Elements in the same row are similar in size
but size decreases going to the right.
Elements in the same column have similar
electronic and chemical properties but electronic and chemical properties but
become more metallic going down the family.
Ranges from 0.7 to 4.0,
He
-
Ne
-
Ar
-
Kr
-
F
4.0
Cl
3.0
Br
2.8
Li
1.0
Na
0.9
K
0.8
H
2.1
Be
1.5
Mg
1.2
Ca
1.0
Ti
1.5
Cr
1.6
Fe
1.8
Ni
1.8
Zn
1.8
As
2.0
Large values: tendency to acquire electrons.
Electronegativity
Smaller electronegativity Larger electronegativity
Xe
-
Rn
-
I
2.5
At
2.2
Rb
0.8
Cs
0.7
Fr
0.7
Sr
1.0
Ba
0.9
Ra
0.9
Adapted from Callister 6e. , The figure is adapted from Linus Pauling, The Nature of the Chemical Bond, 3rd
edition,
Types of atomic and molecular bonds
Primary atomic bonds
Ionic (large interatomic forces, nondirectional,
electron transfer, coulombic forces)
Covalent (large interatomic forces, localized
(directional), electron sharing) (directional), electron sharing)
Metallic (large interatomic forces) nondirectional
Secondary atomic and molecular bonds
Permanent dipole bonds
Fluctuating dipole bonds
An ionic bond generally occurs when an element on the far
left side of the periodic table combines with an element on
the far right side, ignoring noble gases.
A positively charged cation formed from the element on the
left side attracts a negatively charged anion formed from the
element on the right side. An example is sodium chloride,
NaCl.
Ionic Bonding Electron Transfer
NaCl.
Na (metal)
Cl (nonmetal)
Occurs between + and - ions.
Requires electron transfer.
Large difference in electronegativity required.
Example: NaCl
Ionic Bonding
Na (metal)
unstable
Cl (nonmetal)
unstable
electron
+
-
Coulombic
Attraction
Na (cation)
stable
Cl (anion)
stable
He
-
Ne
-
Ar
-
Kr
-
F
4.0
Cl
3.0
Br
2.8
Li
1.0
Na
0.9
K
0.8
H
2.1
Be
1.5
Mg
1.2
Ca
1.0
Ti
1.5
Cr
1.6
Fe
1.8
Ni
1.8
Zn
1.8
As
2.0
CsCl
MgO
CaF
2
NaCl
O
3.5
Examples: Ionic Bonding
Give up electrons Acquire electrons
-
Xe
-
Rn
-
2.8
I
2.5
At
2.2
0.8
Rb
0.8
Cs
0.7
Fr
0.7
1.0
Sr
1.0
Ba
0.9
Ra
0.9
Adapted from Callister 6e.
Requires shared electrons
Example: CH4
C: has 4 valence e,
needs 4 more
shared electrons
from carbon atom
H
CH
4
Covalent Bonding
needs 4 more
H: has 1 valence e,
needs 1 more
Electronegativities
are comparable.
shared electrons
from hydrogen
atoms
H
H
H
C
Adapted from Callister 6e.
Hydrogen forms one covalent bond.
When two hydrogen atoms are joined in a NONPOLAR covalent
bond, each has a filled valence shell of two electrons. It is
nonpolar due to equal sharing of es.
Bonding in Molecular Hydrogen (H
2
):
Covalent Bonding Electron Sharing
nonpolar due to equal sharing of es.
He
-
Ne
-
Ar
-
Kr
-
F
4.0
Cl
3.0
Br
2.8
Li
1.0
Na
0.9
K
0.8
H
2.1
Be
1.5
Mg
1.2
Ca
1.0
Ti
1.5
Cr
1.6
Fe
1.8
Ni
1.8
Zn
1.8
As
2.0
SiC
C(diamond)
H
2
O
C
2.5
H
2
Cl
2
F
2
Si
1.8
Ga
1.6
Ge
1.8
O
2.0
c
o
l
u
m
n

I
V
A
Examples: Covalent Bonding
3.5
Molecules with nonmetals
Molecules with metals and nonmetals
Elemental solids (RHS of Periodic Table)
Compound solids (about column IVA)
-
Xe
-
Rn
-
2.8
I
2.5
At
2.2
0.8
Rb
0.8
Cs
0.7
Fr
0.7
1.0
Sr
1.0
Ba
0.9
Ra
0.9
1.5 1.6 1.8 1.8 1.8 2.0 1.6
GaAs
1.8
Sn
1.8
Pb
1.8
Adapted from 6e. (Fig. 2.7 is
adapted from Linus Pauling, The Nature of the Chemical Bond, 3rd edition
Prevalent in ceramics and polymers
Arises from a sea of donated valence electrons
(1, 2, or 3 from each atom).
+ + +
Metallic Bonding
Primary bond for metals and their alloys
high electrical conductivity.
Why? What about ionic/covalent?
+ + +
+ + +
Adapted from Callister 6e.
Metallic versus Ionic Bonding
Much easier to deform materials with metallic
than with ionic bonding. Why?
Sliding atom planes over each other (deformation) very
unfavorable energetically in ionic solids!
metals are ductile & ceramics (ionic) are brittle
Arises from interaction between dipoles
Fluctuating dipoles
H H H H
H
2
H
2
secondary
bonding
ex: liquid H
2
asymmetric electron
clouds
+ - + -
secondary
bonding
Adapted from Callister 6e.
Secondary Bonding
Permanent dipoles-molecule induced
+ -
secondary
bonding
+ -
H Cl H Cl
secondary
bonding
s
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
b
o
n
d
in
g
bonding
-general case:
-ex: liquid HCl
-ex: polymer
Adapted from Callister 6e.
Adapted from Fig. 2.14,
Callister 6e.
Adapted from Fig. 2.14,
Callister 6e.
Ionic
Covalent
Large!
Variable
large-Diamond
small-Bismuth
Type Bond Energy Comments
Nondirectional (ceramics)
Directional
(semiconductors, ceramics
polymer chains)
Summary: Bonding
Metallic
Secondary
small-Bismuth
Variable
large-Tungsten
small-Mercury
smallest
polymer chains)
Nondirectional (metals)
Directional
inter-chain (polymer)
inter-molecular
Ceramics
(Ionic & covalent bonding):
Large bond energy
large Tm
large E
small a
Metals
(Metallic bonding):
Variable bond energy
moderate Tm
moderate E
Summary: Bonding In Materials
moderate E
moderate a
Polymers
(Covalent & Secondary):
s
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
b
o
n
d
in
g
Secondary bonding dominates
small T
m
small E
large a