Introduction To Data Communication

E3125/4/1 INTRODUCTION TO DATA COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM
UNIT 4
INTRODUCTION TO DATA COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM
OBJECTIVES
General Objective
: To understand the basic concept of data communications and digital networking.
Specific Objectives : At the end of the unit you will be able to:
sketch a block diagram of a simple data communication system. name three basic configurations by the modes of data transmissions and explain the difference between parallel and serial communications, the terms synchronous and asynchronous.
sketch a block diagram of data communication equipment, and explain the function of each part. define the term modem and explain its basic function, and name three common modem types in use today.
INPUT
4.0
Introduction Information that has been processed, organized, and stored is call data. Data can be alphabetic, numeric, or symbolic and consist of any one or combination of binary-code alpha/numeric symbols, microprocessor op-codes, control codes, user address, program data, or data base information. Data communications simply mean the transferring of digital information (usually in binary form) between two or more points (terminals). At both the source and destination, data are in digital form; however, during transmission, they can be in digital or analog form.
4.1
Applications of Data Communications i. Electronic Mail (e-mail or Email) replaces snail mail. E-mail is the forwarding of electronic files to an electronic post office for the recipient to pick up. ii. Scheduling Programs allow people across the network to schedule appointments directly by calling up their fellow worker's schedule and selecting a time! iii. Videotext is the capability of having a two-way transmission of picture and sound. Games like Red Alert, distance education lectures, etc. use video text. iv. Groupware is the latest network application. It allows user groups to share documents, schedules databases, etc. (ex. Lotus Notes) v. Teleconferencing allows people in different regions to "attend" meetings using telephone lines.
vi.
Telecommuting allows employees to perform office work at home by "Remote Access" to the network.
vii.
Automated Banking Machines allow banking transactions to be performed everywhere: at grocery stores, drive-in machines etc.
viii.
Information Service Providers provide connections to the Internet and other information services. Examples are Genie, Prodigy, America online (AOL), etc.
ix.
Electronic Bulletin Boards (BBS - Bulletin Board Services) are dialup connections (using a modem and phone lines) that offer a range of services for a fee.
x.
Value Added Networks are common carriers such as AGT, Bell Canada, etc. (they can be private or public companies) who provide additional leased line connections to their customers. These can be Frame Relay, ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode), X.25, etc. The leased line is the Value Added Network.
1011011_1011101_1100101 _0101110_0110011ZZzz
4.2
Basic Data Communications Block Diagram
Primary source
Transmission medium Satellite microwave
Secondary (destination)
Peripherals Host Computer DTE
DCE modem Terrestrial microwave
DCE modem DTE
Parallel transmission Local terminals /PC
Serial transmission Metallic, coaxial or fiber optic cable Remote terminals / PC
Refer to figure 4.1, There
Direct digital-to-digital line
Figure 4.1 Simplified block diagram of a data communications network
There is a source of digital information (primary station), a transmission medium (facility) and a destination (secondary station).
Refer to figure 4.1, there is a source of digital information (primary station), a transmission medium (facility) and a destination (secondary station).
The primary source is usually a mainframe computer with its own set of local terminals and peripheral equipment.
The digital information is then transferred by using the transmission medium such as free-space radio transmission (terrestrial and satellite microwave), metallic cable facilities (both digital and analog systems), and fiber-optic cable (light wave propagation).
Data terminal equipment (DTE) refers to the interface equipment used at the station (between the host and modem) to adapt the digital signals from the computer and terminals to a suitable form for transmission. Data communications equipment (DCE) simply means the equipment that converts digital signals to the analog signals and interfaces the data terminal equipment to the analog transmission medium. DCE is nothing but a modem (modulator / demodulator). It converts binary digital signals to analog signals such as FSK, PSK, and QAM, and vice versa. The further details of DCE will be discussed in the next unit.
According to the history book, the earliest form of electronic communication, the telegraph, was a type of data communications. And the earliest code invented was the Morse code.
Example 4.1 There are many types of application for data communication system. Name FOUR (4) types of them.
Solution to Example 4.1 i. ii. iii. iv. Electronic Mail (e-mail or Email) Videotext Automated Banking Machines Teleconferencing
If you found your answer(s) all right, proceed yourself to the activity below
Activity 4A
TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING BEFORE YOU CONTINUE WITH THE NEXT INPUT!
4.1 4.2
Define data communications. The block diagram below shows a simple data communications system. Explain and give examples of the function of each part.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Feedback to Activity 4A
4.1
Data communications is defined as the process of transferring digital information between two or more points.
4.2
The simple block diagram of a data communications system is as shows below:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(a)
Source: The transmitter of data. Examples are terminal(s), computer and mainframe.
(b)
DCE: The interface between the Source & the Medium, and the Medium & the Receiver is called the DCE (Data Communication Equipment) and is a physical piece of equipment.
(c)
Medium: The communications stream through which the data is being transmitted. Examples are Cabling, Microwave, Fiber optic, Radio Frequencies (RF)
(d)
Receiver: The receiver of the data transmitted. Examples are Printer, Terminal, Mainframe and Computer.
You have got your answers to the activity. Now! Proceed to the next input which is more exciting and very informative.
INPUT
4.3
Modes of Data Transmission Modes of Data Transmission is the flow of data between two points. These can be described as: Simplex: data flows in only one direction on the data communication line (medium). Examples are radio and television broadcasts. They go from the TV station to your home television. (as in Figure 4.2)
Figure 4.2 Simplex transmission
Two wire versus four-wire: Two-wire over full duplex: signals propagating in opposite directions must occupy different bandwidth. Four-wire over full duplex: signals propagating in opposite directions are physically separated. Therefore, they can occupy the same bandwidth without interfering with each other.
Half-Duplex: data flows in both directions but only one direction at a time on the data communication line. For example, a conversation on walkie-talkies is a half-duplex data flow. Each person takes turns talking. If both talk at once - nothing occurs!
Bi-directional but only 1 direction at a time! Figure 4.3 Half-Duplex transmission Full-Duplex: data flows in both directions simultaneously. Modems are configured to flow data in both directions. Full duplex (FDX) operation requires 2 separate communication channels, so that simultaneous 2 way communication can occur. Generally, this is accomplished by a 4 wire circuit.
Figure 4.4 Full-Duplex transmission
4.3.1
Serial and Parallel Data Transmission There are two basic ways to transfer binary information from one place to another: serial and parallel. In serial data transfers, each bit of the word is transmitted one after another. Figure 4.5 shows the concept of serial transmission. Due to the sequential nature of the serial data transmission, usually it takes longer time to send this way. Serial transmission is used for long-distance communications.
Clock
4T Figure 4.5 Serial data transmission
However, in parallel data transfer, all the bits of a code word are transferred simultaneously and as a result, it is extremely fast. This concept is illustrated in figure 4.6. In parallel data transmission, there is one wire for each bit of information to be transmitted. This means a multi wire cable must be used. As a general rule, parallel transmission is used for short-distance communications and within a computer.
MSB A3 0 A3
A2
A2
A1 A0
1 0
A1 A0
LSB
T Clock Figure 4.6 Parallel data transmission
4.3.2
Asynchronous and Synchronous Communications In asynchronous transmission, each character is individually
synchronized, usually by the use of start and stop elements. Generally, a frame of information must consist of start bit( binary 0), follow by 5 to 8 data bits, parity bit (even or odd) and stop bit(binary 1). Asynchronous data usually come from low-speed terminals with data rates below 2 kilobits per second (kbps). In these systems, idle transmission lines are in a mark (binary 1) state, as illustrated in figure4.7. A start bit precedes each transmitted character and indicates to the receiving terminal that a character is being transmitted. The receiver detects the start bit first, then the data bits that make up the character. At the end of the transmitted character, one or more stop bits return the line to mark, where it gets ready for the next character. This process is repeated for each character until the entire message is transmitted. The start and stop bits allow the receiving terminal to synchronize its circuitry to the transmitting terminal character by character. Asynchronous transmission is the most common transmission method in data communications simply because there are
more low-speed terminals and small computer applications in which it is used.
Optional Start Mark state bit parity bit Start bit
Data bits Data bits
Mark Space
Frame
Frame
Figure 4.7: Asynchronous
Synchronous Communications With synchronous transmission, an internal clock synchronizes the communication channels transmitter and receiver. When one or more synchronization characters are sensed by the receiving terminal, data transmission proceeds character by character without any intervening start or stop bits. A modulated carrier containing data blocks, or frames, illustrated in Figure 4.8, is a kind of synchronous data format. Synchronous data cannot be stopped once a transmission has begun, or the receiver will lose synchronization.
Mark
Data bits
Sync character
Data bits
Space Frame Frame Frame
Figure 4.8: Synchronous Communications
In synchronous transmission, a clock must be sent with the data. An asynchronous receiver must generate its own clock (and the frequency of the clock must be known to the receiver)
4.4
Transmission Medium Transmission Medium: The communications stream through which the data is being transmitted. The examples are as in to figure 4.1. 4.4.1 Free-space radio transmission (terrestrial and satellite microwave) Microwaves are desirable for communication and radar application because of their high frequency and short wavelength. The high frequency provides wide bandwidth capability. This bandwidth can incorporate all information in all communication system below the microwave range, including AM and FM radio, shortwave radio, broadcast television and mobile radio. Microwave communication systems have the capacity to handle several thousand-telephone channels, several TV channels and a million of bits of digital data.
4.4.2 Fiber optics cables Fiber optic cabling consists of a center glass core surrounded by several layers of protective materials (See fig. 4.9). It transmits light rather than electronic signals eliminating the problem of electrical interference. This makes it ideal for certain environments that contain a large amount of
electrical interference. It has also made it the standard for connecting networks between buildings, due to its immunity to the effects of moisture and lighting. Fiber optic cable has the ability to transmit signals over much longer distances than coaxial and twisted pair. It also has the capability to carry information at vastly greater to speeds. This capacity broadens as video
communication possibilities
include services such
conferencing and interactive services. The cost of fiber optic cabling is comparable to copper cabling;
however, it is more difficult to install and modify. 10BaseF refers to the specifications for fiber optic cable carrying Ethernet signals.
Fig.4.9 Fiber optic cable
Fiber Optic Connector The most common connector used with fiber optic cable is an ST connector. It is barrel shaped, similar to a BNC connector. A newer connector, the SC, is becoming more popular. It has a squared face and is easier to connect in a confined space. 4.4.3 Metallic cable facilities. Cable is the medium through which information usually moves from one network device to another. There are several types of cable which are commonly used in data communications system.
The following sections discuss the types of cables used in networks and other related topics.
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable Twisted pair cabling comes in two varieties: shielded and unshielded. Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) is the most popular and is generally the best option for school networks (See figure 4.10).
Figure 4.10 Unshielded twisted The quality of UTP may vary from telephone-grade wire to extremely high-speed cable. The cable has four pairs of wires inside the jacket. Each pair is twisted with a different number of twists per inch to help eliminate interference from adjacent pairs and other electrical devices. The EIA/TIA (Electronic Industry Association/Telecommunication Industry
Association) has established standards of UTP and rated five categories of wire. Unshielded Twisted Pair Connector The standard connector for unshielded twisted pair cabling is an RJ-45 connector. This is a plastic connector that looks like a large telephonestyle connector (See figure. 4.11). A slot allows the RJ-45 to be inserted only one way. RJ stands for Registered Jack, implying that the connector follows a standard borrowed from the telephone industry. This standard designates which wire goes with each pin inside the connector.
Figure 4.11 RJ-45 connector
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable A disadvantage of UTP is that it may be susceptible to radio and electrical frequency interference. Shielded twisted pair (STP) is suitable for environments with electrical interference; however, the extra shielding can make the cables quite bulky. Coaxial cabling has a single copper conductor at its center. A plastic layer provides insulation between the center conductor and a braided metal shield (See figure4.12). The metal shield helps to block any outside interference from fluorescent lights, motors, and other computers.
Figure4.12 Coaxial cable
Although coaxial cabling is difficult to install, it is highly resistant to signal interference. In addition, it can support greater cable lengths between network devices than twisted pair cable. The two types of coaxial cabling are thick coaxial and thin coaxial.
Coaxial Cable Connectors The most common type of connector used with coaxial cables is the Bayone-Neill-Concelman (BNC) connector (See figure 4.13). Different types of adapters are available for BNC connectors, including a Tconnector, barrel connector, and terminator. Connectors on the cable are the weakest points in any network. To help avoid problems with your network, always use the BNC connectors that crimp, rather than screw, onto the cable.
Figure4.13 BNC connector
Eeh!!! Microwave can also be used to transmit of data signal!! Not only for cooking ??
U A R T (Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter) : An IC that is designed to convert parallel data to serial, and vice versa.
Example 4.2 What are the three types of transmission modes used in data communications? Solution to Example 4.2 Three types of transmission modes are: i. ii. iii. Simplex Half-Duplex Full-Duplex
Example 4.3 Which way of data transmission is used for long-distance communications, serial or parallel? Solution to Example 4.3 Serial transmission is commonly used for long-distance communications.
Activity 4B
TEST OUR UNDERSTANDING BEFORE YOU CONTINUE WITH THE NEXT INPUT!
4.3
True or false, synchronous transmission is faster than asynchronous transmission?
4.4
In serial data transmission, a binary 0 is called a(n) __________ and a binary 1 is called a(n) __________.
4.5
In asynchronous transmissions, _______ and ______ bits are used to signal the beginning and end of a character.
4.6
Which of the following is not a primary type of data communications? a. b. c. Telephone Teletype Telegraph
4.7
The main reason that serial transmission is preferred to parallel transmission is that a. b. c. serial is faster. serial requires only a single channel. serial requires multiple channels.
Feedback to Activity 4B
4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7
True Space, mark Start, stop a b
Yahoo!!....Ive got all my answers right! Lucky I have a reference module for the Telecommunication. I could do my revision whenever I need.
INPUT
4.5
Data Communication Equipment There are many cases where digital data must be carried over an analog-only path. Common analog signal paths include conventional voice telephone lines and radio frequency carriers (wireless system). Whenever a digital signal is to be sent over an analog path, a modem is required. The word modem is a contraction of the words modulator and demodulator. A modem capable of both receiving and transmitting will have both sections.
All right! But make sure all the data in this unit are fully down loaded !! Lets connect and have some internet fun!!!
Networking hardware includes all computers, peripherals, interface cards and other equipment needed to perform data-processing and communications within the network.
Internal modem
Figure 4.14 Data Communication Equipment and Connection This section provides information on the following components:

File Servers Workstations Network Interface Cards Concentrators/Hubs Repeaters Bridges Routers
File Servers A file server stands at the heart of most networks. It is a very fast computer with a large amount of RAM and storage space, along with a fast network interface card. The network operating system software resides on this computer, along with any software applications and data files that need to be shared. The file server controls the communication of information between the nodes on a network. For example, it may be asked to send a word processor program to one workstation, receive a database file from another workstation, and store an e-mail message during the same time period. This requires a computer that can store a lot of information and share it very quickly.
Workstations All of the computers connected to the file server on a network are called workstations. A typical workstation is a computer that is configured with a network interface card, networking software, and the appropriate cables. Workstations do not necessarily need floppy disk drives or hard drives because files can be saved on the file server. Almost any computer can serve as a network workstation.
Network Interface Cards The network interface card (NIC) provides the physical connection between the network and the computer workstation. Most NICs are internal, with the card fitting into an expansion slot inside the computer. Network interface cards are a major factor in determining the speed and performance of a network. It is a good idea to use the fastest network card available for the type of workstation you are using. The three most common network interface connections are Ethernet cards (Shown in Figure 4.15), Local Talk connectors, and Token Ring cards.
Figure 4.15 Ethernet card.
Concentrators/Hubs A concentrator is a device that provides a central connection point for cables from workstations, servers, and peripherals. In a star topology, twisted-pair wire is run from each workstation to a central concentrator. Hubs are multi slot concentrators into which can be plugged a number of multi-port cards to provide additional access as the network grows in size. Some concentrators are passive, that is they allow the signal to pass from one computer to another without any change. Most concentrators are active, that is they electrically amplify the signal as it moves from one device to another. Active concentrators are used like repeaters to extend the length of a network. Concentrators are:

Usually configured with 8, 12, or 24 RJ-45 ports Often used in a star or star-wired ring topology Sold with specialized software for port management Also called hubs Usually installed in a standardized metal rack that also may store net modems, bridges, or routers
Repeaters Since a signal loses strength as it passes along a cable, it is often necessary to boost the signal with a device called a repeater. The repeater electrically amplifies the signal it receives and rebroadcasts it. Repeaters can be separate devices or they can be incorporated into a concentrator. They are used when the total length of your network cable exceeds the standards set for the type of cable being used. A good example of the use of repeaters would be in a local area network using a star topology with unshielded twisted-pair cabling. The length limit for unshielded twisted-pair cable is 100 meters. The most common configuration is for each workstation to be connected by twisted-pair cable to a multi-port active concentrator. The concentrator amplifies all the signals that pass through it allowing for the total length of cable on the network to exceed the 100 meter limit.
Bridges A bridge is a device that allows you to segment a large network into two smaller, more efficient networks. If you are adding to an older wiring scheme and want the new network to be up-to-date, a bridge can connect the two. A bridge monitors the information traffic on both sides of the network so that it can pass packets of information to the correct location. Most bridges can "listen" to the network and automatically figure out the address of each computer on both sides of the bridge. The bridge can inspect each message and, if necessary, broadcast it on the other side of the network. The bridge manages the traffic to maintain optimum performance on both sides of the network. You might say that the bridge is like a traffic cop at a busy intersection during rush hour. It keeps information flowing on both sides of the network, but it does not allow unnecessary traffic through. Bridges can be used to connect different types of cabling, or physical topologies. They must, however, be used between networks with the same protocol.
Routers A router translates information from one network to another; it is similar to a super intelligent bridge. Routers select the best path to route a message, based on the destination address and origin. Figure 4.17 Router
The router can direct traffic to prevent head-on collisions, and is smart enough to know when to direct traffic along back roads and shortcuts. While bridges know the addresses of all computers on each side of the network, routers know the addresses of computers, bridges, and other routers on the network. Routers can even "listen" to the entire network to determine which sections are busiest -- they can then redirect data around those sections until they clear up. If you have a school LAN that you want to connect to the Internet, you will need to purchase a router. In this case, the router serves as the translator between the information on your LAN and the Internet. It also determines the best route to send the data over the Internet. Routers can:

direct signal traffic efficiently route messages between any two protocols route messages between linear bus, star, and star-wired ring topologies
route messages across fiber optic, coaxial, and twisted-pair cabling
4.6
Modems A modem (MOdulator/DEModulator) connects a terminal/computer (DTE) to the Voice Channel (dial-up line).
A telephone modem contains several important sections. The data transmitted from the computer passed into the modulator, which converts the digital serial data (a stream of 1s and 0s) into an analog signal compatible with the telephone line. The demodulator section of a modem receives signals from the telephone line (which are on a modulated carrier from another modem). The demodulator extracts the digital information from the incoming carrier signal and passes it on to the computer (see figure 4.18).
Transmitted digital signal Received analog signal Modulator Figure 4.18 Telephone modem block diagram
Line hybrid
Demodulator
Received analog signal
To Telephone Line
Received digital signal Figure 4.8 Telephone modem block diagram
In digital modulation, the rate of change at the input to the modulator is called bit rate / data rate (bps). The rate of change at the output of the modulator is called BAUD, after J.M.E.Baudot.
A modem is connected to the terminal/computer's RS-232 serial port (25 pins male D connector) and the outgoing phone line with an RJ11 cable connector (the same as on a telephone extension cord). Male connectors have pins, female connectors have sockets. The line hybrid is responsible for interfacing both the modulator and demodulator sections of the modem to telephone line. It performs two functions. Firstly, it isolates dc between the modem circuitry and the telephone line. Secondly, it isolates the modulator and demodulator from each other, so that full duplex operation can be achieved if necessary.
4.6.1
Digital Connection The connection between the modem and terminal/computer is a digital connection. A basic connection consists of a Transmit Data (TXD) line, a Receive Data (RXD) line and many hardware handshaking control lines (See figure 4.9).
Figure 4.9 Digital Connection
The control lines determine whose turn it is to talk (modem or terminal), in the case that the terminal/computer is turned on, as well as the modem is turned on, and if there is a connection to another modem, etc.
4.6.2
Analog Connection The connection between the modem and the outside world (the phone line) is an analog connection. The voice channel has a bandwidth of 0-4
kHz but only 300 - 3400 Hz is usable for data communications (As shown as figure 4.10).
Figure 4.10 Analog Connection
The modem converts digital information into tones (frequencies) for transmitting through the phone lines. The tones are in the 300-3400 Hz Voice Band.
4.6.3
External/Internal Modems There are 2 basic physical types of modems: Internal & External modems. External modems sit next to the computer and connect to the serial port using a straight-through serial cable (Figure 4.11).
Figure 4.11 External Modem
An internal modem is a plug-in circuit board that sits inside the computer. It incorporates the serial port on-board. They are less expensive than external modems because they do not require a case, power supply and serial cable. They appear to the communication programs as if they were an external modem for all practical purposes.
Figure 4.12 Internal Modem
4.6.4
Modem Types There are many types of modems, the most common of which are: i. Optical Modem - Uses optical fiber cable instead of wire. The modem converts the digital signal to pulses of light to be transmitted over optical lines (more commonly called a media adapter or transceiver). ii. Short Haul Modem - A modem used to transmit data over 20 miles or less. Modems we use at home or to connect computers together among different offices in the same building are short haul modems. iii. Acoustic Modem - a modem that couples to the telephone handset with what looks like suction cups that contain a speaker and microphone. Used by traveling salespeople to connect to hotel phones.
iv.
Smart Modem - A modem with a CPU (microprocessor) on board that uses the Hayes AT command set. This allows auto-answer & dial capability rather than manually dialing & answering.
v.
Digital Modem - Converts the RS-232 digital signals to digital signals more suitable for transmission. (also called a media adapter or transceiver)
vi.
V.32 Modem - a milestone modem that uses a 2400 baud modem with 4 bit encoding. This results in a 9600 bps (bits per second) transfer rate. It brought the price of high speed modems below $5,000.
4.6.5
Features of Modems 1. Speed - The speed at which the modem can send data in bps (bits per second). Typical modem speeds are: 300, 600, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, 14.4K, 19.2K, 28.8K, and 56K bps. 2. Auto Dial/Re dial - Smart modems can dial the phone number and auto redial if a busy signal is received. 3. Auto Answer - Most modems have Ring Detect capability and can automatically answer the telephone when an incoming call comes in. 4. Self Testing - Newer modems have self-testing features. They can test the digital connection to the terminal/computer and the analog connection to a remote modem. They can also check the modem's internal electronics. 5. Voice Over Data - Voice Over Data modems allow a voice conversation to take place while data is being transmitted. This requires both the source and destination modems to have this feature.
6.
Synchronous or Asynchronous Transmission - Newer modems allow a choice of synchronous or asynchronous transmission of data. Normally, modem transmission is asynchronous (we send individual characters with just start and stop bits). Synchronous transmission or packet transmission is used in specific applications.
4.7
Baud
Figure 4.13 Baud rate and Bps Baud is the speed at which the analog data is changing on the voice channel and bps is the speed at which the decoded digital data is being transferred.
Since you are downloaded with all the input of unit 6, you may be ready for a test on the understanding of this topic But wait! Try to answer the examples first!!!
Example 4.4 List THREE 3 basic networking hardware that are commonly used in a data communications system.
Solution to Example 4.4 i. ii. iii. Computers Peripherals, and Interface cards
Example 4.5 Name FOUR (4) components that are needed in a data communications network.
Solution to Example 4.5

i.
Workstations Network Interface Cards Concentrators/Hubs, and Repeaters
ii. iii. iv.
Activity 4C
TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING BEFORE YOU CONTINUE WITH THE NEXT INPUT!
4.8 4.9
Define data rate and BAUD. A modem contains both _______________ and _________________circuits.
4.10
Modems convert___________ signals to ____________ signals and vice versa.
4.11
The transmission medium most widely used with modems is the___________________________.
4.12 4.13
Modems are the interface between ________________. What is the purpose of the line hybrid in a modem?
Feedback to Activity 4C
4.8
The rate of change at the input to the modulator is called bit rate / data rate (bps), and the rate of change at the output of the modulator is called BAUD,
4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13
modulator, demodulator analog, digital (binary) telephone network computers The line hybrid is responsible for interfacing both the modulator and demodulator sections of the modem to telephone line.
KEY FACTS
Data Communication ~ The transmission and reception of digital signals from one location to another. Digital Signal ~ A signal characterized by two discrete binary values as a function of time . These two values are a logic 1 and a logic 0. A digital signal can also be an analog waveform with two discrete values, such as two frequencies shifting between each other. DCE ~ Typically a modem or data set used to interface a terminal or computer to the telephone lines. DTE ~ In data communications, an end user or terminating circuit or device (typically a terminal or computer). Two-wire Circuit ~ In two-wire circuit, whether the line is switched or private, the transmitted and received signals share the same two wire. Four-wire Circuit ~ Trunks circuits that permit transmit and receive signals to propagate on physically separate lines. Start Bit ~ The first bit used to frame an asynchronously transmitted character. Its logic level is a 0 (space). Stop Bit ~ The last bit used to frame an asynchronously transmitted character. Its logic level is a 1 (mark). Modems: A modem (MODulator / DEModulator) connects a terminal/computer (DTE) to the Voice Channel (dial-up line). RS-232: The Electronic Industries Association Recommended Standard 232. An interfacing standard that specifies the mechanical, electrical, and functional descriptions for a low-speed serial data interface RS-232D. LAN : (Local Area Network) A group of computers that are connected together within the same building.
SELF-ASSESSMENT
You are approaching success. Try all the questions in this self-assessment section and check your answers with those given in the Feedback on SelfAssessment given on the next page. If you face any problems, discuss it with your lecturer. Good luck.
Question 4-1 a. List 3 (THREE) primary block diagram of a data communications
systems. b. What is the earliest type of data communications?
Question 4-2 a. b. c. d. e. True or False, serial data transfers are faster than parallel transfers? Explain the differences between two-wire and four-wire circuits. Describe the characteristic of the asynchronous data format. Describe the characteristic of the synchronous data format. Refer to your answers for questions (c) and (d), which data format is best suited to long messages, and why? f. g. Define transmission medium. List the types of transmission medium that are used to send data information from one computer to another in long distance.
Question 4-3 a. Briefly describe the terms Network Interface Card, Hubs, Routers, Repeaters and Bridges that are used in data communications system. b. Modem is connected to the terminal/ computer with
a___________________. c. d. e. Draw and labels a telephone modem block diagram. Describe the operation of a line hybrid in a telephone modem. What is the difference between an external modem and an internal modem? f. Name the connection between a modem and the computer. What is the connection between the modem and the telephone line? g. h. Name FOUR most common types of modem. List THREE main features of a modem.
Feedback To Self-Assessment
Have you tried the questions????? If YES, check our answers now.
Answer 4-1 a. The 3 (THREE) primary block diagram of a data communications
systems.
b.
Telegraph is the earliest type of data communications.
Answer 4-2 a. b. False. The differences between two-wire and four-wire circuits are: i. ii. Two-wire circuit is cheaper than four-wire circuit. Over the full duplex mode, signals that are propagating in twowire circuits must occupy different bandwidth. Where as, signals propagating in opposite directions for the four-wire circuits are physically separated. Therefore, they can occupy the same bandwidth without interfering with each other.
c.
i)
Additional overhead characters are added into the data to identify the start and stop of the data flows.
ii)
The receiver in Asynchronous data format generate it own clock.
iii)
Asynchronous data transfers operate a little more slowly than synchronous data transfers.
iv)
Asynchronous data format is more popular because it is more flexible.
d.
i)
An internal clock synchronizes the communication channels transmitter and receiver.
ii)
One or more synchronization characters are sensed by the receiving terminal, data transmission proceeds character by character without any intervening start or stop bits.
iii)
Synchronous data transfers operate faster than asynchronous data transfers.
iv)
Synchronous data cannot be stopped once a transmission has begun, or the receiver will lose synchronization.
e.
Synchronous data format are more suitable for sending long messages because the quantities of the overhead added to the data are relatively smaller than the used of stop and start bits in asynchronous data format.
f.
Transmission Medium is defined as the communications stream through which the data is being transmitted.
g.
The transmission media are : i) ii) iii) Free-space radio transmission (terrestrial and satellite microwave) fiber-optic cables, and Metallic cable facilities.
Answer 4-3 a. The network interface card (NIC) provides the physical connection between the network and the computer workstation. Most NICs are internal, with the card fitting into an expansion slot inside the computer. Network interface cards are a major factor in determining the speed and performance of a network.
A concentrator is a device that provides a central connection point for cables from workstations, servers, and peripherals. A router translates information from one network to another; it is similar to a super intelligent bridge. Routers select the best path to route a message, based on the destination address and origin. The repeater electrically amplifies the signal it receives and rebroadcasts it. Repeaters can be separate devices or they can be incorporated into a concentrator. They are used when the total length of the network cable exceeds the standards set for the type of cable being used. A bridge is a device that allows you to segment a large network into two smaller, more efficient networks. A bridge can connect a new network to an older wiring scheme too. However, they must be used between networks with the same protocol. b. c. Serial interface (RS-232D) The telephone modem block diagram Transmitted digital signal Received analog signal To Telephone Line Received analog signal
Modulator
Line hybrid
Demodulator
Received digital signal
d.
The line hybrid performs two functions. Firstly, it isolates dc between the modem circuitry and the telephone line. Secondly, it isolates the modulator and demodulator from each other, so that full duplex operation can be achieved if necessary.
e.
External modems sit next to the computer and connect to the serial port using a straight-through serial cable. An internal modem is a plug-in circuit board that sits inside the computer. It incorporates the serial port on-board. They are less expensive than external modems because they do not require a case, power supply and serial cable. They appear to the communication programs as if they were an external modem for all practical purposes.
f.
The connection between the modem and the computer is called the digital connection, whereas the connection between the modem and the telephone line is called analog connection.
g.
i) ii) iii) iv)
Optical Modem Short Haul Modem Acoustic Modem, and Smart Modem
h.
Three main features of modems are: i) ii) iii) Speed Auto Dial/Re dial Auto Answer
Well done!! Since you have already finished your self assessment for this topic, I suggest you do some revision on the relevant topic which is unit number 6.

Introduction To Data Communication

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Introduction To Data Communication

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E3125/4/1 INTRODUCTION TO DATA COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION TO DATA COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM

: To understand the basic concept of data communications and digital networking.

E3125/4/2 INTRODUCTION TO DATA COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM

E3125/4/3 INTRODUCTION TO DATA COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM

E3125/4/4 INTRODUCTION TO DATA COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM

Basic Data Communications Block Diagram

Transmission medium Satellite microwave

Peripherals Host Computer DTE

DCE modem Terrestrial microwave

DCE modem DTE

Parallel transmission Local terminals /PC

Serial transmission Metallic, coaxial or fiber optic cable Remote terminals / PC

Refer to figure 4.1, There

Direct digital-to-digital line

Figure 4.1 Simplified block diagram of a data communications network

E3125/4/5 INTRODUCTION TO DATA COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM

E3125/4/6 INTRODUCTION TO DATA COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM

E3125/4/7 INTRODUCTION TO DATA COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM

E3125/4/8 INTRODUCTION TO DATA COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM

The simple block diagram of a data communications system is as shows below:

E3125/4/9 INTRODUCTION TO DATA COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM

E3125/4/10 INTRODUCTION TO DATA COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM

Figure 4.2 Simplex transmission

E3125/4/11 INTRODUCTION TO DATA COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM

Figure 4.4 Full-Duplex transmission

E3125/4/12 INTRODUCTION TO DATA COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM

4T Figure 4.5 Serial data transmission

E3125/4/13 INTRODUCTION TO DATA COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM

Asynchronous and Synchronous Communications In asynchronous transmission, each character is individually

E3125/4/14 INTRODUCTION TO DATA COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM

more low-speed terminals and small computer applications in which it is used.

Optional Start Mark state bit parity bit Start bit

Data bits Data bits

Figure 4.7: Asynchronous

Space Frame Frame Frame

Figure 4.8: Synchronous Communications

E3125/4/15 INTRODUCTION TO DATA COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM

E3125/4/16 INTRODUCTION TO DATA COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM

include services such

Fig.4.9 Fiber optic cable

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E3125/4/18 INTRODUCTION TO DATA COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM

Figure 4.11 RJ-45 connector

Figure4.12 Coaxial cable

E3125/4/19 INTRODUCTION TO DATA COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM

Figure4.13 BNC connector

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E3125/4/21 INTRODUCTION TO DATA COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM

True or false, synchronous transmission is faster than asynchronous transmission?

E3125/4/22 INTRODUCTION TO DATA COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM

4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7

True Space, mark Start, stop a b

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E3125/4/24 INTRODUCTION TO DATA COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM

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E3125/4/26 INTRODUCTION TO DATA COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM

Figure 4.15 Ethernet card.

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E3125/4/29 INTRODUCTION TO DATA COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM

E3125/4/30 INTRODUCTION TO DATA COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM

route messages across fiber optic, coaxial, and twisted-pair cabling

Modems convert_ signals to __ signals and vice versa.