Sediment Transport in Rivers

19-Feb-09
EAH 225: HYDRAULICS
Sediment Transport in Rivers

ZORKEFLEE ABU HASAN REDAC
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION TO SEDIMENT TRANSPORT RIVER MORPHOLOGY AND QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS SEDIMENT PROPERTIES INCIPIENT MOTION MODE OF TRANSPORT FLOW RESISTANCE BED LOAD TOTAL BED MATERIAL LOAD STABLE CHANNEL DESIGN REFERENCES ASSIGNMENTS
19-Feb-09
EAH 225: HYDRAULICS
Sediment Transport in Rivers

ZORKEFLEE ABU HASAN REDAC
INTRODUCTION
19-Feb-09
INTRODUCTION
y Fluvial sediment transport is the study of the
interaction between channelized, unidirectional flows of relatively clear water and natural, generally non-cohesive, sediment. y Sediment transport is an important in engineering b because it helps h l answer questions l like k h how can we keep sediment out of these turbines?
INTRODUCTION
y AN ALLUVIAL RIVER GENERALLY IS
CONTINUALLY CHANGING ITS POSITION AND SHAPE AS A CONSEQUENCE OF HYDRAULIC FORCES ACTING ON ITS BED AND BANKS. y THESE CHANGES MAY BE SLOW OR RAPID AND MAY RESULT FROM NATURAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES OR FROM CHANGES CUSED BY MANS ACTIVITIES
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INTRODUCTION
y WHEN A RIVER CHANNEL IS MODIFIED
LOCALLY, THE CHANGE FREQUENTLY CAUSES CHANGES IN CHANNEL CHARACTERISTICS BOTH UP AND DOWNSTREAM y EXAMPLES OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES ARE CONSTRUCTION OF DAM AND RIVER STRAIGHTENING y NATURAL CAUSES ARE EARTHQUAKES AND HEAVY RAINFALL
River System
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Figure 3.3 Typical Meandering River
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River Corridor
NATURAL RIVERS
Sungai Kampar @ Kg Jahang, Gopeng
Sungai Ulu Paip, Kulim
Sungai Sedim, Kulim Sungai Kulim, Kedah
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Example of River Rehabilitation in Japan

Nuki River (Kitakyushu City, Fukuoka Prefecture)
Before construction ( October 1991 )
23 months after construction (July 1995) Sediment was deposited on which vegetation grew, Creating a natural water space.
Immediately after construction (August 1993)
Man made river at Kampus Kejuruteraan USM

Low Flow(22 Mei 2003)
High Flow(19 Mei 2003)
(a) Completed works 30 January 2003
(b) 4 months after construction
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River Equilibrium
SEDIMENT TRANSPORT CONCEPT
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MODE OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT

WASH LOAD
TOTAL LOAD
SUSPENDED LOAD BED MATERIAL LOAD
BED MATERIAL
TOTAL BED MATERIAL LOAD
(Featherstone & Nalluri 1993)
Shields Diagram
No Sediment Transport
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Bed Form in Natural Waterways
RIVER WORKS DESIGN
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Mannings n for River Design

2 1 3S 2 V =1 R n
n= d50 21.1
1/ 6
Uniform Sediment (Cu = d60 / d10 3)
n = d90 26
1/ 6
Non -Uniform Sediment (Cu = d60 / d10 > 3)
Suggested Manning s n
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River Reconstruction After 19th November 1997 Flood (Sungai Pari)
Critical Shear Stress

(Van Rijn, 1984)
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Critical Velocities, (m/s) for various conduit materials
Sediment Transport Equations

Type yp of Equation q Equation q Shields Meyer-Peter-Muller Bed Material Load Einstein Brown Einstein Graf Total Bed Material Load Engelund & Hansen Yang Ackers & White Data Range g 1.56 < d50(mm) < 2.47 3.17 < d50(mm) < 28.6 < 10 0.785 < d50(mm) < 28.6 0 09 < d50(mm) < 2 0.09 2.78 78 0.19 < d50(mm) < 0.93 0.137 < d50(mm) < 1.71 yo(m) < 1.0 m 0.04 < d50(mm) < 4.94
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River sediment data measurement
Data Measurement
(a) Flow Discharge:
Current Meter Swoffer 2100 for wading
Current Meter Model Neyrflux Type 80 for deep flow
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Data Measurement
(b) Bed Material:
Van Veen Bed Material Sampler
Data Measurement
(c) Bed load sampler:.
Low Flow
Helley-Smith Bed Load Sampler
High Flow
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Data Measurement
(d) Suspended Load :
DH48 -Low Flow
DH59 High Flow
Data Measurement
(d) Channel Slope: (f) Water Temperature:
Survey Equipment
Thermometer
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Sediment Data Measurement
Data Measurement
Sample Sediment Data
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Particle Size Distribution of River Bed Material

Stesen SP7 Sg. Pari
Peratus Telus (%)
100 00 100.00 90.00 80.00 70.00 60.00 50.00 40.00 30 00 30.00 20.00 10.00 0.00 0.01 0.10 Sampel 1 1.00 10.00 Saiz Partikel (mm) Sampel 2 Sampel 3 100.00 Purata
d90 d65 d60 d50 d35
d10
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN FLOW AND SEDIMENT LOAD
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DATA ANALYSIS
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) Relationship between flow discharge and total sediment load discharge. R l ti Relationship hi between b t flow fl di discharge h dan d total t t l bed b d material load. Relationship between flow discharge and bed load discharge. Relationship between flow parameter and transport parameter. parameter Sediment Rating Curve for sediment size distribution. Assessment of common sediment transport equations. River Modelling
DATA ANALYSIS
Relationship between flow discharge dan total sediment load (Tj)
100
10
0.1 0.1 1 Pari @ 10 Sungai Manjoi Q (m 3 / s) 100
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DATA ANALYSIS
Flow Parameter () and Transport Parameter ()
1000 100
=10.39()-2.52
Parameter Aliran,
10
0.1
=0.5()-2.52
0.01
0.001 0.001 Sg Sg Sg Sg Sg
0.01 Pari @ Tmn Merdeka Kinta Kampar @ KM 34 Langat @ Kajang Semenyih @ Kg Sg Rinching
Parameter Pengangkutan,
Sg Pari @ Manjoi Sg Raia @ Kg Tanjung Sg Kerayong Sg Langat @ Dengkil Persamaan Graf (1968)
0.1
10 Sg Pari @ Buntong Sg Raia @ Bt Gajah Sg Kulim Sg Lui @ Kg Lui Persamaan Modified Graf (4.4)
100
DATA ANALYSIS
Sediment Rating Curve
6.00 5.00 T i (k g g/s ) 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00 9.00
Sungai Pari @ Manjoi
14.00
19.00
> 10.00 mm 2.00 mm - 3.35 mm 0.43 mm -0.60 mm < 0.08 mm
24.00 29.00 34.00 39.00 44.00 49.00 54.00 Q (m 3/s) 5.30 mm - 10.0 mm 4.00 mm - 5.30 mm 3.35 mm - 4.00 mm 1.18 mm - 2.00 mm 0.71 mm - 1.18 mm 0.60 mm - 0.71 mm 0.30 mm - 0.43 mm 0.15 mm - 0.30 mm 0.08 mm - 0.15 mm
0.80 0.70 0 60 0.60 T i (k g/s ) 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00 Q (m 3/s) 5.30 mm - 10.0 mm 4.00 mm - 5.30 mm 3.35 mm - 4.00 mm 1.18 mm - 2.00 mm 0.71 mm - 1.18 mm 0.60 mm - 0.71 mm 0.30 mm - 0.43 mm 0.15 mm - 0.30 mm 0.08 mm - 0.15 mm
Sungai g Pari @ Buntong g
> 10.00 mm 2.00 mm - 3.35 mm 0.43 mm -0.60 mm < 0.08 mm
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RIVER MODELLING
EXAMPLE
FLUVIALFLUVIAL -12
FLOW CHART FLUVIAL-12

mula data input t = t + t penghalaan air tempohmasa telah diliputi?
tidak
ya tamat
penghalaan endapan
penyesuaian geometri saluran
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RIVER MODELLING
STUDY REACH Sungai g Pari
STUDY REACH Sungai Pari
Permodelan Sungai
Alor Limpah Batu, Ch. 1220 ( 25 Julai 2001)
Taman Merdeka, Ch. 2475 ( 21 Oktober 2002)
Ch. 3020 ( 21 Oktober 2002)
Jambatan Manjoi, Ch. 3380 ( 21 Oktober 2002)
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Permodelan Sungai
Ch. 3600 ( 21 Oktober 2002)
Tokong Buddha, Ch. 4160 ( 21 Oktober 2002)
Jambatan Silibin, Ch. 4540 ( 21 Oktober 2002)
Kuala Sungai Pari ( 22 July 2001 )
Permodelan Sungai
WATER LEVEL Paras Air
39.00 38.00
Paras Air Cerapan Perbezaan Paras Air Sungai Paras Air Cerapan Sungai Pari Pari
Paras, m
37 00 37.00 36.00 35.00 34.00 2000
WATER LEVEL
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Ke ratan Rentas, m
P. Air 7/10/2002 (35.00 Cumecs) P. Air 9/10/2002 (47.80 Cumecs) P. Air 21/10/2002 (7.05 Cumecs) P. Air 8/10/2002 (34.70 Cumecs) P. Air 10/10/2002 (14.15 Cumecs)
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RIVER MODELLING
Pu n cak Hid r o g r af T ah u n 2000 Su n g ai Par i 120 Kadarali ir, m 3/s 100 80 60 40 20 0 2390 2400 2410 2420 M as a, jam 2430 2440 2450
HYDROGRAPH
Profil Aliran Berhayun Sungai Pari

40.0 39.0
Paras Air, m
38.0 37.0 36.0 35.0 34.0 33.0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
OSCILATING FLOW
Masa, jam
RIVER MODELLING
0.25
Output Enda apan, Qs (m 3/s)
0.20 0.15 0 10 0.10 0.05 0.00 0.00
SEDIMENT RATING CURVE
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
Masa (jam)
100.00
Taburan Purata Saiz Endapan Bahan Dasar Untuk Sungai Pari
90.00 80 00 80.00 Peratus Telus, % 70.00 60.00 50.00 40.00 30.00 20.00 10.00 0.00 0.01
d50 = 1.80 mm
d50 = 2.50 mm
0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00
Saiz Partikel, mm Cerapan Dasar Hilir Cerapan Dasar Hulu
BED MATERIAL
RIVER BANK MATERIAL
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RIVER MODELLING
38.00 37.50 37.00 36.50 36.00 35.50 35.00 34.50 2000 Paras, m
Flood Hydrograph Year 2000
2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 Keratan Rentas, m Paras air simulasi (FL-12) Paras air cerapan
Profil Paras Air Sungai Pari Bagi Kadaralir Q=15 m3/s
38.50 38.00 Paras, m 37 50 37.50 37.00 36.50 36.00 35.50 2000 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 Keratan Rentas, m Paras air simulasi (FL-12) Paras air cerapan 2500
Simulation FluvialFluvial-12
Profil Paras Air Sungai Pari Bagi Kadaralir Q=48 m3/s
River modelling
Hidrograf Tahun 2000
42.00 40.00 38.00 36.00 34.00 32.00 1000
Perbandingan Penyelakuan FLUVIALFLUVIAL -12 dan FLUVIAL FLUVIAL-14 Bagi Sungai Pari
Paras, ,m
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Keratan Rentas, m P Das ar Sim ulas i FL14 P Air Sim ulas i FL14 P. Das ar Mula P. Das ar Sim ulas i FL12 P. Air Sim ulas i FL12
Perbandingan Penyelakuan Paras Dasar dan Air Sungai Pari ( Waktu Puncak )
42.00 40 00 40.00
Paras (m)
38.00 36.00 34.00 32.00 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Keratan Rentas (m)

P. Air FL-14 P. Dasar FL-12 P. Air FL-12 P. Air Pada Puncak P. Dasar FL-14
Perbandingan Penyelakuan Paras Dasar dan Air Sungai Pari ( Akhir Penyelakuan )
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River modelling
Perbandingan Penyelakuan FLUVIALFLUVIAL -12 dan FLUVIAL FLUVIAL-14
Halaju, m/s 2.00 1 50 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 1000
Hidrograf Puncak Tahun 2000
Bagi Sungai Pari
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Keratan Rentas, m
Perbandingan Penyelakuan Halaju FLUVIAL-12

1.00 0.80
Halaju pd 2399 hr
Halaju pd 2407 hr
Halaju pd 2442 hr
Halaju, m/s
0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Keratan Rentas, m
Perbandingan Penyelakuan Halaju FLUVIAL-14
Halaju pd 2407 hr (Puncak) Halaju pd 2444 hr (Akhir)
Halaju pd 2399 hr (Initial)
River modelling
41.00 40.00
Pa aras, m
20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 Jarak Dari Tebing Kiri, m P. Dasar Awal P. Air Awal P. Dasar Simulasi FL-12 P. Air Simulasi FL-12 P. Dasar Simulasi FL-14 P. Air Simulasi FL-14 10.00
39.00 38.00 37.00 36.00

0.00
Perbandingan Keratan Rentas Ch. 2475, Taman Merdeka Hidrograf Tahun 2000 ( Waktu Puncak )
41.00 40.00 Paras, m 39 00 39.00 38.00 37.00 36.00 35.00 0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 Jarak Dari Tebing Kiri, m P. Dasar Awal P. Air Awal P. Dasar Simulasi FL-12 P. Air Simulasi FL-12 P. Dasar Simulasi FL-14 P. Air Simulasi FL-14
Perbandingan Keratan Rentas Ch. 3020 Hidrograf Tahun 2000 ( Waktu Puncak )
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River modelling
40.00 39.00 Pa ras, m 38.00 37.00 36 00 36.00 35.00 34.00 0.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 Jarak Dari Tebing Kiri, m P. Dasar Awal P. Air Awal P. Dasar Simulasi FL-12 P. Air Simulasi FL-12 P. Dasar Simulasi FL-14 P. Air Simulasi FL-14 10.00
Perbandingan Keratan Rentas Ch. 3380, Jambatan Manjoi Hidrograf Tahun 2000 ( Waktu Puncak )
40.00 39.00 Paras, m 38 00 38.00 37.00 36.00 35.00 34.00 0.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 Jarak Dari Tebing Kiri, m P. Dasar Awal P. Air Awal P. Dasar Simulasi FL-12 P. Air Simulasi FL-12 P. Dasar Simulasi FL-14 P. Air Simulasi FL-14 10.00
Perbandingan Keratan Rentas Ch. 3600 Hidrograf Tahun 2000 ( Waktu Puncak )
USM_ USM_REDAC_2003 REDAC_2003
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RIVERMORPHOLOGYAND QUALITATIVEANALYSIS
Objectives
Studentsbeableto understandbasicconceptofriver morphology Predictqualitativeresponseof riversystem
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StreamflowandFluvialProcesses (rivermorphology)
Streamsarepowerful erosive i agentsmoving i materialfromtheirbed andbanks Streams also deposit vast amounts of sediment on the terrestrial landscape and within lakes and ocean basins.
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TheLongProfileofStreams
Attheirheadwaters:thegradeisusuallysteep Asstreamsgetclosertosealevel,theangleof thegradebecomesmoregentlysloping. Nearthemouthofthestream,thegrade becomesalmostflat.
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Crosssections
Streamchannelnearthe h d t headwaters.
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Crosssections
Streamchannelnear th middle the iddl of fatypical t i l streamprofile
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Crosssections
Streamchannelnearthe mouth thof fastream t
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Historicalproblems
Manychannelsarealreadyclogged(dueto erosionfrompreviousgenerations). generations) Erosioncontrolprogramshavereduced sedimentloadstochannels. Channelshavebeenstraightened. Riparianareashavebeencleared. Roadsandbridgesconstrainchannels.
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Currentproblems
Ourchannelsarefindinganewequilibrium. Somewillgetworsebeforetheygetbetter. Manyarenotstable.
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Reasonsforinstability
Peakflowstoohigh g (urbanization) ( ) Sedimentloadtoohigh(watershedsources) Removalofriparianvegetation Changeofgrade S i h i of Straightening fchannels h l Wideningofchannels
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Morereasonsforchannelinstability
Lackoffloodplain Restrictionofflow(bridgeorculvert) Channelization Depositioninchannel formationofpoint barsandislands Trashordebris
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STABILITYOFRIVERCHANNEL?
RIVERWILLBEINTHESTATEOFINEQUILBRIUMIF THEREARECHANGESINTHERIVERAND/ORITS SURROUNDINGS THERESULT:SCOURANDDEPOSITIONWHICH CHANGESTHECHARACTERISTICOFTHERIVER. EFFECT:LOSSORGAINOFLANDDUETONEWLY FORMEDMEANDERS,DAMAGETOHYDRAULICS STRUCTURESDUETOSCOUROR/ANDDEPOSITION
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Effectsofinstability
Headcutting Banksloughing Meandering Formationofpointbarsandislands Braidingofstream Erosionofbanks Lossofaquatichabitat
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EFFECTSOFSCOUR&DEPOSITION
EXAMPLES LOCALISED DAMAGE OF BANK PROTECTION STRUCTURES SCOUR AT THE BRIDGE PIERS DEPOSITION AT THE CULVERTS SCOUR UNDER THE HYDRAULICS STRUCTURES ...
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Head Cutting
Grade change down stream and steep channel grade cause upstream migration of head cut.
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Bars, Islands, and other obstructions
Obstruction of the channel causes erosion of the banks.
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DefinitionofStableChannel
A stable channel carries all the water and sediment it receives without changing shape or pattern. This means:
there should be neither erosion nor deposition.
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Transportcapacitymaybetoohighortoolow
Toohightransportcapacity
Channeltoosteep Nofloodplain Lackofriparianvegetation
Toolowtransportcapacity
Toomuchsedimentload(fromwatershed) Obstructionsinchannel
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Channelmustcarryallthesediment andwatercompletelythroughthe reach.
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Whichchannelismoreefficient?
C Channel
Straight Channel
E Channel
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TheCChannelismostefficient
Cchannelcarrieswaterandsedimentmost efficiently. ffi i tl Straightchannelhasnofloodplain.
Depositionoccursunderlowflow. Erosionoccursunderhighflow.
E E channelhastootightcurves. curves
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Sinuosityreducesgrade.
100
90 Medium grade Steep grade Low grade

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StreamBankStabilization Armoring
Armoringastreambankisexpensive. Armoringoneplacecausesanotherto blowout. Armoringgivespooraesthetics. Armoringgivespooraquatic (andterrestrial)habitat.
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StreamBankStabilization BioEngineering
protecting banks with vegetation
preferred if it will work may not stand the highest flows may be selfhealing
may incorporate some structural support Less expensive than all structures
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StreamRestoration
Reestablish meander pattern Reestablish profile Reestablish riffle and pool structure Slope back high banks Establish bank vegetation egetation Establish riparian vegetation
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Howmuchisworthdoing?
Before investing large budget, determine if the stream is stable.
If not stable, will it recover by itself? or Is restoration needed?
Riparian area value may be its own justification.
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QUALITATIVERESPONSEOFRIVER SYSTEM
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QualitativeResponseofRiverSystem
Nearlyallchannelsareformed,maintained, and daltered lt dby b water t and dsediment di tthey th carry Channelsareinequilibriumwhenhydraulics andsedimentvariablesareinbalance
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QualitativeResponseofRiverSystem Manyrivershaveachievedastateofapproximate equilibriumthroughoutlongreaches. Regardlessofthedegreeofchannelstability, manslocalactivitiesmayproducechangesin rivercharacteristicsbothlocallyandthroughout anentirereach. Alltoofrequentlythenetresultofriver improvementisagreaterdeparturefrom equilibriumthanthatwhichoriginallyprevail.
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An extreme example of habitat simplification. On the left is the original urban stream in an Eastern European city. Note the good riparian vegetation, and the varied water velocities in the channel. On the right is the channel after it has been channelised for flood control. Note the simplification of the stream with uniform flow, and a single reed species at the waters edge.
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QualitativeResponseofRiverSystem Goodengineeringdesignmustinvariablyseekto enhance h th thenatural t lt tendency d of fth thestream t towardspoisedcondition. Predictingtheresponsetochanneldevelopment isaverycomplextask. Therearealargenumberofvariablesinvolvedin theanalysis.
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Studiestoinvestigatechannelresponseto natural t land dimposed i dchanges h b byL Lane(1955) (1955), LeopoldandMaddock(1953),Schumm (1971),SantosandSimon(1972),Simon,Li andAssociates(1982)supportthefollowing generalrelationship
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Depth of flow (y) Channel width (W) Channel shape, expressed as W/y Channel slope (S) Sinuosity Si it (s) ()
[sinuosity: stream channel length divided by length of meander belt axis or by valley length]
Water discharge (Q) Water discharge (Q) and Sediment Discharge (Qs) Sediment Discharge (Qs)
1/ Water discharge (Q) V ll slope Valley l
1/ Sediment Discharge (Qs)

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Transport of bed material (Qs) Stream Power (oV)
Concentration of fine material (Cf) 1/ Bed material diameter (d50)
Adopted from Simon and Senturk (1992)
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ApplicationofQualitativeAnalysis
Geomorphicprinciplesareusefulfor qualitativeanalysisofriverresponsewithout describingtransientbehaviour Awellknowngeomorphicrelationship proposedbyLane(1955),depictingconceptof equilibrium Qsd50 QS Thisprincipleasillustratedasarelationshipof balance
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ApplicationofQualitative Analysis
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DamConstruction
aggradation
degradation
Aggradation (deposition) upstream of dam will reduce Qs downstream. downstream Assuming fall diameter and water discharge remain constant, slope must decrease downstream of dam
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Loweringofmainriverbed
From Qsd50 QS, it can be seen that the increase in slope S must be balance by increase in sediment transport Qs. Thus under the new imposed condition, local gradient of the tributary stream significantly increased headcutting. headcutting .
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ChannelStraightening
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ChannelStraightening
Theinitialshorteningofchannelincreaseits slope l and dthus th stream t velocity, l it which hi hi increase thestreamscapacitytotransportsediment Sedimentationoccursatthedownstreamend duetoreductionofvelocity
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ChannelWidening
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ChannelWidening
Theenlargedcrosssectionattheupstream end dof fthe th widened id dreached h dcausesanabrupt b t decreaseinstreamvelocity induces sedimentationinthereachwithgreatest depositionoccuringneartheupstreamend. Gradually, y,thestreamdevelops p anarrow, , meanderingchannelthroughthedeposits
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ChannelWidening
Theenlargedcrosssectionproducesdrawdown effect ff twhich hi hb begins i at tth theupstream t end dof fth the widenedreachandextendupstream. Resultingincreasedvelocitiescauseerosionof theupsteamnaturalchannel,andtheerosion progresses p g upstream p
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APPLICATIONOFQUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
Extractedfrom: SEDIMENTTRANSPORTTECHNOLOGY, WATERANDSEDIMENTDYNAMIC DarylB.Simons andFuat Senturk
SEDIMENT PROPERTIES
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RIGID BOUNDARY AND LOOSE BOUNDARIES FLOW
RIGID BOUNDARY CHANNEL z No movement at the boundaries of flow. LOOSE BOUNDARY CHANNEL z The sediment grains moves after a Threshold Condition [Incipient Motion]. z The sediment movement is influenced by the hydraulic and sediment characteristics.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RIGID BOUNDARY AND LOOSE BOUNDARIES FLOW
RIGID BOUNDARY CHANNEL z Channel boundary does not change z Wetted perimeter is impermeable LOOSE BOUNDARY CHANNEL z Channel eometry changes z Wetted perimeter is not impermeable. Hence, the flow does not stop at the flow boundary
Channel boundary
Flow in loose boundary channel goes beyond the boundary.
CHANNEL GEOMETRY CHANGES
Channel x x-section chanes with channel discharges

P e r b a n d in g a n B e n tu k K e r a ta n A n d a ia n P a r a s T id a k B e r u b a h d i T itik m
0 .7 0 0 .6 0 0 .5 0 Ara as Dasar [m] 0 .4 0 0 .3 0 0 .2 0 0 .1 0 0 .0 0 0 2 L e b a r [ m ] 4 6 Y q 1 .5 9 Y q 0 .5 1 Y q 0 .6 0 Y q 0 .3 0
3 .9
Sediment Properties
Terms Sign / Desctiptions Symbol Unit
a b
Density Specific weight Specific gravity
= g s /
Mass per unit volume Weight per unit volume. Where g is the gravitional accelaration Ratio of specific weight of a given material (s) to the specific weight of water t () at t 4oC. C Average A specific ifi weight of sediment is 2.65
Kg/m3 Kg/m3, N/m3
Fall velocity
The average terminal fall velocity of a m/sec , cm/s particle falling alone in quiescent, distilled water of infinite extent. The ratio of dynamic of dynamic viscosity to mass density m2/s
Kinematic Viscosity
Water Properties
Yang (1996)
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Incipient motion
Consider a plain stationary bed consisting of loose cohesionless (mobile) solid particles of uniform size flowing over it. As soon as liquid starts flowing, hydrodynamic forces are exerted upon the solid particles of the bed at the wetted perimeter of the conveyance system. A further increase in the flow in flow intensity causes an increase in the magnitude of these forces. For a particular stationary bed, a condition is eventually reach at which particles in the movable bed are unable to resist the hydrodynamic forces and, thus, get first dislodge and eventually stars to move. Graf (1984)
o = gRS
Shear stress
o < c
c
CHANNEL BED
Critical Shear stress
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o < c
CHANNEL BED
Critical condition, or initial scour, or incipient motion [threshold condition]
o c
CHANNEL BED
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Incipient motion
Incipient motion can be determined by using critical velocity and Shields Diagram
Critical Velocity / Permissible Velocity

Defined as the maximum mean velocity of a channel that will not cause erosion of the channel boundary [Chang, 1988] Hjulstrom and ASCE Studies: Hjulstorm prepare the curves based on the data of several investigators. ACSE Task Committee presented a graphical relationship showing the critical water velocities fro quartz sediment as a function of mean grain size.
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Frontier and Scobeys Study (1926): They d an extensive t i fi ld survey of f made field maximum permissible value of mean velocities in canal. The permissible velocities for canals of different materials are as summerized
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Shields Diagram
Shields introduce the concept of the dimensionless entrainment function
as function of shear Reynold number

[nalluri, pg353]
Re* = U * d /
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Shields Diagram
Important factors are shear stress , sediment diameter d, kinematic viscosity , density , and accelaration due to gravity g. These factors are group into two dimensionless functions:
( c / f ) 1/ 2 dU * d =
c c = d ( s f )g d [( s / f ) 1]
s and f sediment density and fluid density, specific weight of water, U* shear velocity [(o/)] , and c critical shear stress.
Shields Diagram
When flow is fully turbulent around the bed material ( (Re e* > 400 and d > 4 mm ) the Shield criterion can be written as
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Shields Diagram
Relationship between these parameters is derived from researches by y Shields and other researchers:
p of Application pp Example : determine armour size to protect river bank and bed erosion
Shields Diagram
The Shields diagram contains the critical value for *c as an implicit th t cannot that t be b obtained bt i d di directly. tl T To overcome this difficulty, the ASCE Sediment Manual (1975) utilize a third dimensionless parameter
d v s 0.1 1 gd
1/ 2
Which appears as a family of parallel lines in the diagram From the value of the third parameter diagram. parameter, the value of critical Shields stress is obtained at the intersection with the Shields curve which can be calculated.
Chang [pg83]:
19-Feb-09
Shields Diagram
Shields Diagram
19-Feb-09
Computation Example
A wide channel having a slope of 0.001 d fl i at t0 3md th E i th and flowing 0.3 depth. Examine the stability of the bed material if the mean diameter is 1.0 mm.
Computation Example
10
19-Feb-09
Mode of Transport
z
When the flow characteristics (velocity, average ) in an alluvial channel exceed shear stress etc.) the threshold condition for the bed material the particles moves in different modes along the flow direction. Some particle roll or slide along the bed inermittently and some others saltate (hopping and bouncing along the bed). Fi Finer particles ti l (with ( ith l low f fall ll velocities) l iti ) are entrained in suspension by the fluid turbulence and transported along the channel in suspension.
[nalluri, pg357]
transport determinants
particle size z particle shape z particle specific gravity z velocity z sediment discharge g
z
19-Feb-09
Mode of Sediment Transport

There are two common classifications of th load the l di in th the stream t [ [chang, h pg 131] z First: divide the load into bed load and suspended load z Second: separates the load into bed material load and wash load
z
bedload
z
sediment that moves by sliding, rolling, or saltating (bouncing) on or very near the bed.
Leopold et al (1992) Fluvial Processes in Geomorphology
19-Feb-09
types of suspended load

z
suspended load z wash load sediment sediment load of a stream which is composed of particles sizes smaller than those found in appreciable quantities in the shifting portions of the stream bed TOO SMALL TO DEPOSIT z suspended load particles which are moved b and by d suspended d di in th the water t column, l b but t can settle in locations where the travel velocity is low or settling depth is small. CAN DEPOSIT UNDER SOME CONDITIONS.
Garde and Raju (2000) Mechanics of Sediment Transport and Alluvial Stream Problems.
washload
generated from caving of streambanks of a tributary and washes through a reach without appreciable deposition. simplification - these particles pass through the river system relatively unrelated to the hydraulic condition in a given reach the wash load is independent of the discharge; i t d depends instead, d d on erosion/availability i / il bilit of f fine materials from upstream. Einstein recommended that washload include the particle size for which 10 % of the bed material is finer. (Einstein H.A. 1950)
19-Feb-09
Federal Interagency Stream Restoration Working Group (FISRWG). (1998).
(ASCE, 1997)
19-Feb-09

WASH LOAD
TOTAL LOAD
SUSPENDED LOAD BED LOAD
BED MATERIAL
(Nalluri & Featherstone, 2001)
19-Feb-09
Classification of alluvial channels. Schumms classification system relates channel stability to kind of sediment load and channel type.[Figure 7.10, (FISRWG,1998).
SEDIMENT TRANSPORT
FLOW RESISTANCE
RESISTANCE OF FLOW IN ALLUVIAL CHANNEL

Resistance of an alluvial channel varies considerably with flow velocities z The bed forms are flow induced and directly affect the roughness or flow resistance z Variation of bed form roughness has i important t t effects ff t on the th stage-discharge t di h relationship during the passage of flood in the short term.
z
2

z
a) b)
Stage-discharge predictor is a flowresistance relationship used to determine the depth or hydraulic radius of flow for a given discharge, channel shape, channel slope, bed material properties, and temperature The relationship between mean velocity (V) the depth (yo) or hydraulic radius (R) (V), (R), slope (S) and sediment size (d), can be divided into 2 categories Total Resistance approach Grain and form resistance approach

z z z
Total Resistance approach Lacey Equation (Lacey, 1930) One of the earliest resistance relationship for alluvial channel flow based on the regime canal data from India India.
V = 10.8 R2/3 So1/3
(SI unit)
4

Total Resistance approach 2) Japanese J E Equation ti (Sugio, (S i 1974) z The equation developed using data from Japan.
V = K R0.54 So0.27
z

(SI unit)
K values for different bed form are

K = 6.51 for ripple K = 9.64 for dunes K = 11.28 for transition regime
5
Bed forms of sand bed channels (Simons and Richardson, 1966) [source Yang, 1996)

Total Resistance approach 3) Garde G d Ranga R R j (1966) Raju z Garde and Ranga Raju analysed data from flume, canals and natural streams. z A graphical relationship between parameter
K1 V/(gR) versus K2(R/d)1/3S/

z
K1 and K2 are functions of sediment size

7
Total Resistance approach 3) Garde Ranga Raju j ( (1966) )

K1 V/(gR gR) ) versus K2(R/d)1/3S/ [Fig 14.2, Featherstone and Nalluri, Nalluri, 1995]
[Fig 14.3, Featherstone and Nalluri, 1995]

Grain and form resistance approach z This Thi equation ti introduces i t d the th concept t of f splitting the overall resistance into grain resistance and form resistance z Grain resistance: resistence contributed by the surface drag (tangential force) z Form resistance: cause by pressure different between the front and back surfaces of the bed form
9
(Chang, 1988)
Bed forms of sand bed channels (Simons and Richardson, 1966) [source Yang, 1996)
10
Grain and form resistance approach z The divided resistence approach can be expressed in terms of the energy gradient as S = S + S z or for hydraulic radius R = R + R z There Th are many methods th d f for staget dischare prediction. Only Einstein and Barbarossa (1952) is explained
11
Grain and form resistance approach z Einstein and Barbarossas Method (1952) Under fully rough condition, R is obtained from
V = average flow velocity U* = (gRSo ) [U* = Shear velocity related to grain size]
12
Grain and form resistance approach z Einstein and Barbarossas Method (1952) For cases where grain roughness does not produce fully rough condition, R is computed from Manning equation
The form roughness is assumed to be related to the sediment transport rate along the channel bed because flow resisance due to bed forms is a function of flow to which the sediment rate may be related Cont
13
Einstein and Barbarossas Method (1952) cont A functional relationship suggested for the lower flow regime g
z
The functional relationship between V/U* was determined from field data as shown in next slide
14
Einstein and Barbarossas Method (1952)
Yang, 1996)
15
Sample Calculation
0.56 m
16
Sample Calculation
17
Sample Calculation
18
Sample Calculation
[E[E -B: Yang, pg 73]
19
Sample Calculation
20
10
Sample Calculation
21
22
11
23
24
12
25
26
13
SEDIMENT TRANSPORT BED LOAD

ZORKEFLEE ABU HASAN

WASH LOAD
TOTAL LOAD
SUSPENDED LOAD BED LOAD
BED MATERIAL
SEDIMENT TRANSPORT BEDLOAD

Several empirical equations from laboratory have been proposed with basic assumptions that the sediment is homogenous and non cohesive. z The results differ appreciably and it is dangerous to transfer the information to outside the limit of the experiment experiment. z The following are the most commonly used equations
z
3

a1. Shields Equation (1936): qb = bed load per unit width q = unit discharge in channel = (s/) 1 o = gRSo c = from Shields Diagram [ranges 0.06 < < 3.2; 1.56mm < d50 < 2.47 mm]
SEDIMENT TRANSPORT BEDLOAD a2.Shields Equation z Critical Shear Stress [Van Rijn 1984]
z
Category
Dgr Dgr <4 4< Dgr <10 10< Dgr <20 20< Dgr <150 Dgr >150
c/(gd50) 0.24xDgr-1.0 0.14xDgr-0.64 0.04xDgr-0.1 0.013xDgr0.29 0.059
Category
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
s 1 g Dgr = d 50 2
1/ 3

b. Meyer Meyer-Peter Peter-Muller Equation (1948) [MPM]:

c. Einsteins Equation/Approach:
z
Einstein ste introduce t oduce p probability obab ty co concepts cepts o of sed sediment e t movement and developed an emphirical relationship The relationship is expressed in the plot of versus functions Einstein defined the transport function as
= f()
z z
q bw s g ( s ) d
qbw = bed load discharge by weight per unit channel width
Relationship between versus for Einstein bed load functions
[Yang, 1996]

d. Einstein - Brown Equation; B Brown (1950) d developed l dab bed-load dl dt transport t function based on Einsteins (1942) equation:
1 = 40
For < 10, The relationship is expressed in the plot of versus functions
9
Relationship between = f(1/) for
EinsteinEinstein -Brown equation
Yang, 1996 10
DISCREPANCY RATIO
Discrepancy Ratio is one of the methods to select l t the th suitable it bl sediment di tt transport t equation for a particular river reach. z DISCREPANCY RATIO (DR) is the ratio between computed sediment load against measured load. Acceptable range is: DR 2
z
11
Sample Computation
z z z z z z z z z z
Flow Discharge, Flow velocity, y, Surface width, Flow Area, Hydraulic radius, Bed Gradient, Water Temperature, Bed load, Suspended load, Mean diameter,
Q = 0.6 m3/s V = 0.42 m/s B = 5.70 m A = 1.43 m2 R = 0.24 m2 So = 0.001 T = 25 oC Qb = 9.48 x 10-6 m3/s Qs = 9.60 x 10-6 m3/s d50 = 1.1 mm
12
Sample Computation
z
Assumptions Sediment specific gravity gravity, Water specific gravity, Water Density Gravity Kinematic viscosity
s = 2.65 2 65 = 1.0
= 1000 kg/m3 g = 9.81 m/s2 = 1 x 10-6 m2/s
DISCREPANCY RATIO (DR) DR 2

13
Sample Computation: EinsteinEinstein -Brown Equation

Transport Parameter,
1 = 40
3
Flow Parameter,
Volumetric concentration, Cv = Qb/Q

14
Sample Computation: EinsteinEinstein -Brown Equation
15
Sample Computation: Shield Equation
16
Sample Computation: Shield Equation
17
Sample Computation: Meyer - Peter - Muller
18
EAH 225: HYDRAULICS (2008/09) SEDIMENT TRANSPORT

ZORKEFLEE ABU HASAN

Based on the mode of transport, total load i th is the sum of f bed-load b d l d and d suspended d d load. z The following approaches describe some of the available direct methods of estimating total bed material load
z
SEDIMENT TRANSPORT
a. Grafs Equation
= 10.39( )
2.52
s 1 d 50 = RS o
= C v VR s 3 1 g d 50
3
Range: 10-2 < <103
SEDIMENT TRANSPORT
TOTAL BED MATERIAL LOAD b. Ackers - White Equation
0.1 R Ag gr 11.3 d 50 K= n/ 2 s 8 1 n
V s g d 50 1
/m = K 1 + JC1 v
s =
8 gRSo V2
R d 50 J=
A gr BR C
1 n
s 8
n/ 2
1 /m
SEDIMENT TRANSPORT TOTAL BED MATERIAL LOAD
b. Ackers - White Equation (cont)

D gr s g 1 = d 50 2
1/ 3
= kinematic velocity
Coefficient
Fine Dgr <1.0
Transitional 1.0 < Dgr 60 n = 1.00 1 00 0.56 0 56 log Dgr Agr = 0.14 + 0.23/ ( Dgr ) m = 1.34 + 9.66/ Dgr log C = 2.86 log Dgr - (log Dgr)2 -3.53
Coarse Dgr > 60 0 00 0.00 0.17 1.50 0.025

Source: Pg.155, Yang, 1996
5
n Agr m C
10 1.0
Range: 0.04 <d (mm) < 4.0 ; Fr 0.8
SEDIMENT TRANSPORT TOTAL BED MATERIAL LOAD
c. Yangs Equation
logCT = 5.435 0.286 log WS d 50 U 0.457 log * WS
WS d 50 U * VS VcSo + 1.799 0.409 log 0.314 log W W W log S S S Vc 2.5 for 1.2 < U * d 50 < 70 + 0.66 = WS U d log * 50 0.06
Vc = 2.05 WS
where
f for
70
C v (ppm ) =
C T (ppm ) s
U * d 50
Sample Computation
Sample Computation
ANSWER YANG EQUATION
10

Vc = WS 2.5 + 0.66 U *d 50 log 0 06 0.06
11
12
13
ANSWER ACKERSACKERS -WHITE EQUATION
14
15
16
17
ANSWER GRAF EQUATION
18
STABLE CHANNEL DESIGN

ZORKEFLEE ABU HASAN
Application of Beginning of Motion to Practical Problems

z
z z
The initiation of motion is involved in many hydrauics problem such as local scour scour, slope stability, stable channel design, etc. The design of stable channels is very important. Incipient motion criteria presented earlier (Incipient Motion) apply to the channel bottom. Certain modifications of incipient motion criteria are needed before they can be applied to stable channel design.
2
Stability of a particle on a sloping surface
Source: Chang, 1988

z
For particle on a side slope, there is a gravitional force component acting parallel to the slope which tends to roll the particle down. Forces acting on a particle at point A; FD tractive force W submerged weight
Lane (1953) developed stable t bl channel h ld design i curve for trapezoids with different typical slope.[Fig 2.14, Yang (1996)]
4
Source: Yang, 1996

z
z z z
Figure 2.14 (Yang, 1996) are based on maximum allowable tractive force Fig 2.14a: for the channel sides Fig 2.14b: for the channel bottom Fig 2.14 indicates that shear h stress t at: t channel bottom = d50S channel slope = 0.75 d50S
Source: Yang, 1996
6

z
The shear stress on channel side at incipient motion
tan 2 w = Ws cos tan 1 2 tan
1/ 2
At channel bottom, = 0,
b = Ws tan
Ratio of limiting forces acting on the channel side and channel bottom
tan 2 w = cos K = 1 tan 2 b
1/ 2
sin 2 1 sin 2
7

z
z z
Value of b can be obtained from Shield Diagram or US Bureau of f Reclamation R l ti - Angle of repose as Fig 2.13, Yang (1996) Value K can be estimated from Fig 5.7, Chang (1988)
Source: Yang, 1996
Source: Chang, 1988

9
Sample Computation
10
11
12
13
14
15
REFERENCES
1. 2.
CIVIL ENGINEERING HYDRAULICS, C. NALLURI AND R.E. FEATHERSTONE SEDIMENT TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY, WATER AND SEDIMENT DYNAMICS, DARYL B. SIMONS AND FUAT SENTURK
3. 4. 5.
FLUVIAL PROCESSES IN RIVER ENGINEERING, HOWARD H. CHANG SEDIMENT TRANSPORT, THEORY AND PRACTICE, CHIH TED YANG KAJIAN PENGUMPULAN DATA DAN ANALISIS ENDAPAN SUNGAI, LAPORAN AKHIR, REDAC

Sediment Transport in Rivers

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Sediment Transport in Rivers

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19-Feb-09

EAH 225: HYDRAULICS