7.7SD5 7SD61 Diff Principle en

Power Transmission and Distribution
Energy Automation
7SD5 / 7SD61 Differential Algorithm and Principle
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Energy Automation Page 2
Principle of the Differential Protection Basics
Definition of the differential current:

=
=
N
i
i Diff
I I
0
The differential current is the amplitude of the complex summation of all
currents (phasors of the fundamental frequency component) from all ends of a
given line.
Station A
Station B
SD
SD
I
A
I
B
Protection Data
Interface
(PDI)
Protection Data
Interface
(PDI)
I
A
=A e
-j(et+|)
I
B
=B e
-j(et+|)
No. 1 with
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0
0
= =

=
N
i
i Diff
I I
C
N
i
i Diff
I I I = =

=0
At an ideal healthy line the
differential current is zero.
Station A Station B
SD
SD
I
A
I
B
Protection Data
Interface
(PDI)
Protection Data
Interface
(PDI)
I
A
=A e
-j(et+|)
I
B
=B e
-j(et+|)
On a real and healthy line the
differential current is equal to the
capacitive load current of the line (I
C
).
3
2
|
LL
B C
U
l C f I ~
C`
B
= neutral line capacity [F/km]
l = line length [km]
f = signal frequency [Hz]
U
LL
= Line-Line voltage [V]
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
=
=
N
i
i stra
I I
0
int Re
At a classical differential relay the
restraint current is calculated as :
Station A Station B
SD
SD
I
A
I
B
Protection Data
Interface
(PDI)
Protection Data
Interface
(PDI)
With the differential and the
restraint current and the tripping
characteristic the relay can make a
trip decision, but..
|I
A
|=A |I
B
|=B
CAUTION:
The 7SD5 / 7SD61 is different !
trip
area
restraint
area
I
Diff
I
Restraint
No. 1 with
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Principle of the Differential Protection Tripping
The 7SD5 / 7SD610 has an
other tripping characteristic:
if I
Diff
> AI
Rest
then TRIP !!!
Where I
Rest
= P-I
Diff>
+ oI
P-I
Diff>
= Parameter 1210
oI
i
= I
CT-Err.
+ I
Signal-Err
+I
Sync-Err
Remark:
I
Restraint
was replaced by AI
Rest
just to have a
different name
Station A Station B
SD
SD
I
A
I
B
Protection Data
Interface
(PDI)
Protection Data
Interface
(PDI)
=
=
N
i
i
I I
0

trip
area
restraint
area
I
Diff
f
o
r
b
i
d
d
e
n
a
r
e
a
P-I
Diff>
AI
Rest
No. 1 with
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Principle of the Differential Protection oI-Phasor
The oI-Phasor can be drawn as a normal phasor in a
complex area with a circle at the end. The circle with the
radius oI is representing all errors of the phasor.
The oI is the summation of:
oI
i
= oI
CT-Err.
+ oI
Signal-Err.
+oI
Sync-Err.
Where
oI
CT-Err.
= CT - Errors
oI
Signal-Err
= Error due to signal distortion
oI
Sync-Err
= Synchronization Errors
Im { I }
Re { I }
I =A e
-j(et+|)
oI
No. 1 with
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Principle of the Differential Protection oI-Phasor
Station A Station B
SD
SD
I
A
I
B
Protection Data
Interface
(PDI)
Protection Data
Interface
(PDI)
Both relays exchange the
oI-Phasor via the Protection
Data Interface (PDI). Each relay
combines the phasors
(local and remote).
I
Diff
= I
A
+ I
B
(summation of 2 complex values)
oI = oI
A
+ oI
B
(simple summation of two values)
The summation is done for all
3 phases separately.
The differential protection in the
7SD is phase segregative!
Im { I }
Re { I }
oI
A
I
A
=A e
-j(et+|)
I
B
=B e
-j(et+|)
oI
B
oI
A
oI
B
oI = oI
A
+ oI
B
I
Diff
= I
A
+ I
B
No. 1 with
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Principle of the Differential Protection Parameter P-I
DIFF>
How to see the different components which lead to the AI
Rest
AI
Rest
= P-I
Diff>
+oI
P-I
Diff>
= Parameter 1210
The Parameter P-I
Diff>
(1210) can directly be seen in the
fault record.
I
A
= 0 at both ends
(AI
Rest
) iS1 ~ I
Diff>
No. 1 with
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Principle of the Differential Protection Parameter P-I
DIFF>
Rest
AI
Rest
= P-I
Diff>
+oI
P-I
Diff>
Switch On= Parameter 1213
If a Switch On is recognized by the relay the Parameter
P-I
Diff>
-Switch-On (1213) becomes active for the given time
parameterized in parameter 1132A.
P
1213 P
1210
P
1132A
No. 1 with
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Principle of the Differential Protection CT-Errors
Rest
AI
Rest
= P-I
Diff>
+oI ; oI = oI
CT-Errors
+ oI
Signal-Errors
+ oI
Sync-Errors
CT Errors:
The figure below shows a real CT error curve (blue) and
one possibility of the approximation of this curve (red)
real CT error
curve at rated
burden
approximation of
the CT error curve
I
CT
[A]
cI
CT
[A]
I
N-Sec
k
scc
-I
N-Sec
No. 1 with
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How to see the different components which leads to the AI
Rest
AI
Rest
= P-I
Diff>
+oI ; oI = oI
CT-Errors
+ oI
Signal-Errors
+ oI
Sync-Errors
CT Errors:
The CT-Errors are represented by 3 parameters
c
CT
[%]
I
CT
/I
N-Relay-sec
P
253
P
254
P
251
c
CT
[A]
I
Relay-sec
[A]
I
N-Relay-sec
*P
251
Slope P
253
Slope P
254
The parameters 253 and 254 are defining two slopes. The
parameter 251 defines the switching over between the two
slopes.
No. 1 with
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The CT Errors can also be seen in the fault record at the
restraint current (IS).
Example:
Parameter 251 : K_ALF/K_ALF_N = 1
Parameter 253 : E% ALF/ALF_N = 5%
Parameter 254 : E% K_ALF_N = 10%
Current thru the relay 0.5A and 1.5A secondary (P-I
Diff>
= 0.3 A)
312 mA+5%0,5A=336 mA
312 mA+10%1,5A=462 mA
No. 1 with
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Principle of the Differential Protection Signal-Errors
Rest
I
Rest
= P-I
Diff>
+oI ; oI = oI
CT-Errors
+ oI
Signal-Errors
+ oI
Sync-Errors
__
measured signal
__
phasor calc. out of the measured signal
deviation between the measured signal and the calculated phasor
Principle:
The 7SD measures a current signal i
(t)
(red curve). Out of this signal the
7SD calculates the phasor from the fundamental frequency component
I = A e
-j(et+|)
(blue curve) and compares both signals. The deviation
between both curves (green area) is a criteria for the signal distortion
(Signal Error).
Important: The restraining against the signal disturbance has NO
parameters. It is an adaptive measurement.
No. 1 with
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Principle of the Differential Protection Signal-Errors
The additional restraint due to the signal disturbance can
also be seen in the fault record at the restraint current
(AI
Rest
).
Example:
1
st
violet graph : sine ordinary undisturbed current.
1
st
green graph : disturbed current (e.g. due to CT Saturation).
2
nd
violet graph : only restraining due to CT-Errors.
2
nd
green graph : restraining due to CT Errors plus restraining due to
signal distortion.
Additional restraining due to
signal disturbance
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Principle of the Differential Protection Sync-Errors
To get a better understanding why the synchronization
error is important it is useful to understand:
what is the root cause of this error,
how the synchronization works,
why the synchronization is needed and
what are the side effects if the
synchronization fails
the use of the GPS
Rest
I
Rest
= P-I
Diff>
+oI ; oI = oI
CT-Errors
+ oI
Signal-Errors
+ oI
Sync-Errors
No. 1 with
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Station A Station B
SD
SD
I
A
I
B
Protection Data
Interface
(PDI)
Protection Data
Interface
(PDI)
T
A->B
T
B->A
Com-Network
Synchronization errors only appear if the PDI of the 7SD
operates against a telecommunication network.
The reason for the synchronization error is an asymmetrical
transmission time, i.e. the transmission time of a telegram
from station A to station B (T
A->B
) is not the same as the
transmission time of a telegram from station B to station A
(T
B->A
). T
A->B
is unequal to T
B->A
.
Better: |T
A->B
- T
B->A
| > c with c < 50 s; measurement accuracy of the relay
No. 1 with
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How the synchronization works:
The synchronization of the 7SD is based on a simple principle
Pilot example:
A pilot starts his flight from Frankfurt to New York. While taking off he looks at the airport
clock and he notes down the local time. Landing in New York he looks at the airport clock
and he also notes down the local time.
After a few hours he starts his flight back to Frankfurt .
During starting in New York and landing in Frankfurt he looks at the airport clock and he
notes down both local times.
Assuming that both flights have taken the same time it is possible to calculate the flight time
and the time zone difference between Frankfurt and New York
Takeoff Frankfurt : 6:00 Landing New York: 7:00
Takeoff New York: 10:00 Landing Frankfurt : 23:00
Time zone difference : ((6:00 7:00) + (23:00 10:00)) /2 = 6 H
Flight time : ((7:00 6:00) + (23:00 - 10:00))/ 2 = 7 H
Compared to the 7SD devices:
Time zone difference
DTO : Device Time Offset, difference between 2 local Device Time Bases (TB)
Flight time
TD : Transmission Delay = (T
AB
+ T
BA
)/2
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DTO
TD
DTO
TD
Device at
Station A
Device at
Station B
send
receive
A1 A2 A3
B1 B2 B3
B1 B2 B3
send
receive
A1 A2 A3
T
A->B T
B->A
A4
A4
B4
B4
Sync. Function
t
A
A1S
(t
A
A1S,
t
A
B1R
)
t
A
B1R
(t
A
A1S,
t
A
B1R
)
(t
B
A1R,
t
B
B1S
)
(t
B
A1R,
t
B
B1S
)
Sync. Function
t
B
B1S
t
B
A1R
t
B
t
A
Functional overview of the synchronization in the 7SD
All timestamps are taken at the receiving and transmitting of the
last bit of a telegram
No. 1 with
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Why synchronization is needed:
Two devices in Station A and B are sampling asynchronously the
same signal. Out of the sampled signal both devices are calculating
there phasors and the oI with the different window times (T
WindowA
and
T
WindowB
). The time difference between the windows is At
Window
.
SD
T
Window A
B
At
Window
A
SD
Station A
Station B
i
(t)
=A sin(et+|)
i
t
T
Window B
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After the computation of the phasors the devices exchange their
phasors via the PDI. Station B receives the phasor from station A.
Before station B can compute the differential current it has to translate
the time base from station A into its own time base and the device has
to rotate the phasor to eliminate the window time difference At
Window
.
But what happens
to the oI ???
Phasor received
in B from A in
time base from A
Phasor received
in B from A in
time base from B
Shifting angle to eliminate
the window difference (At)
|
shift
= 2tf
signal
At
(rad)
Im { I }
Re { I }
No. 1 with
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The handling of the oI is a little more difficult. The additional error due
to the synchronization is o|
shift
-|I
A
|. Where in o|
shift
the most important
components are ot and of
signal
.
Phasor received
in B from A in
time base from A
Phasor received
in B from A in
time base from B
A|
shift
= 2tf
signal
At
(rad)
Im { I }
Re { I }
oI
A
in Time of A
oI
A
in Time of B
=oI
A
in Time of A
+o|
shift
*|I
A
|
o|
shift
= 2tf
signal
ot + 2tof
signal
At
(rad)
o|
shift
*|I
A
|
No. 1 with
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Im { I }
Re { I }
oI
A
in Time of A
oI
A
in Time of B
= oI
A
in Time of A
+o|
shift
*|I
A
|
o|
shift
= 2tf
signal
ot + 2tof
signal
At
(rad)
o|
shift
*|I
A
|
The of
signal
is the accuracy how the devise can compute the signal
frequency. Here is the reason why it is useful to connect VTs to device.
ot mainly depends on the parameter 4506A for PDI 1 (4606A for PDI 2).
The user has to know the max.
transmission time difference
(0.250.. 0.500 ms is suitable
for most SDH/PDH networks).
No. 1 with
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Last question is how the user can see the additional oI
Sync-Error
due to
the parameter 4506A in the device e.g. in the fault record.
Example: -- Two 7SD devices station A P
4506A
= 0.4ms and station B P
4506A
= 0ms
-- thru flowing current = 1 A
-- all other parameters, e.g. I
DIFF>
; CT error etc. are assumed to be
identical in both stations.
Station A
Station B
SD
SD
I
A
=1A
in Phase A
I
B
=1A
in Phase A
Protection Data
Interface
(PDI)
Protection Data
Interface
(PDI)
Com-Network
P
4506A
=0ms P
4506A
=0.4ms
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In the fault record below the additional restraint due to the
synchronization (parameter 4506A) can be seen.
126 mA
additional restraint
Verification of the measurement:
Station A P
4506A
= 0.4ms and Station B P
4506A
= 0 o|
shift
*|I
A
| where o|
shift
= 2tf
signal
ot + 2tof
signal
At
0
|I
A
| 2tf
signal
ot = 1A-2t-50Hz-0.4ms= 0.1256 A
No. 1 with
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Side Effects:
To calculate the differential current you must sum up two
phasors (I
A
and I
B
). The phasors must have the same
frequency and the same time. A wrong synchronization (t
0
)
leads to a phase shift of the phasor (I
B
) and in the end to a
differential current (I
Diff
) if the phasors are added. If the 7SD
does not restrain against the sync. errors the relay will trip!
I
A
=A e
-j(et+|)
I
B
=B e
-j(et+|)
I
B
=B e
-j(e(t+t0)+|)
I
Diff
No. 1 with
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How to see such effect in the 7SD
Example:
Station A Station B
SD
SD
I
A
=1A
in Phase A
I
B
=1A
in Phase A
Protection Data
Interface
(PDI)
Protection Data
Interface
(PDI)
Com-Network
P
4506A
=0ms P
4506A
=0.4ms
T
A->B
=0 T
B->A
= 0.7ms
The result of asymmetrical
transmission times is shown in the
vector diagram.
The reason for the differential current
is a result of a wrong synchronization
of the device.
CAUTION: This was a lab test. Do
not try this in the real world, because
you can not distinguish between a
capacitive load current and a wrong
synchronization.
No. 1 with
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The use of GPS
In some telecommunication network where the asymmetrically
transmission time is not known, extremely high or the variation is
very high an other additional synchronization method is needed.
This method is based on an independent external clock source
with possibility to generate a pulse at same physical time with a
micro second accuracy of the e.g. the rising edge of the pulse
regardless of the position of the clock source.
One solution such a clock source is a GPS Clock with an 1PPS*
output. *1PPS one pulse per second
Station A Station B
SD
SD
I
A
I
B
Protection Data
Interface
(PDI)
Protection Data
Interface
(PDI)
T
A->B
T
B->A
Com-Network
No. 1 with
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The use of GPS
The sketch above shows the basic hardware set up for the use of
the GPS-Synchronization.
One GPS- antenna and clock is needed on every end of the
installation. The 1 PPS must be connected to the Port A of the
relay.
Station A Station B
SD
I
A
I
B
Protection Data
Interface
(PDI)
T
A->B
T
B->A
Com-Network
GPS -
Clock
Port A
1 PPS
GPS Antenna
SD
Protection Data
Interface
(PDI)
Port A
GPS -
Clock
GPS Antenna
1 PPS
No. 1 with
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How the synchronization works with GPS:
Coming back to the pilot example:
Pilot example:
A pilot starts his flight from Frankfurt to New York. While taking off he looks at the airport
clock and he notes down the local time. Landing in New York he looks at the airport clock
and he also notes down the local time.
After a few hours he starts his flight back to Frankfurt .
During starting in New York and landing in Frankfurt he looks at the airport clock and he
notes down both local times.
With the GPS-Synchronization the pilot ring somebody in New York and
he asks for the local time in New York. With this New York time and his
local time he able to calculate the time zone difference between
Frankfurt and New York.
The 7SD devices are doing also. Each device capture the GPS-Pulse
and exchange the time stamp over the PDI. With this principle
asymmetrical transmission times can be eliminated.
No. 1 with
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Principle of the Differential Protection total summation
Station A Station B
SD
SD
I
A
I
B
Protection Data
Interface
(PDI)
Protection Data
Interface
(PDI)
The figure shows the total
summation including all
operations at Side A.
Lets go thru it in detail:
Im { I }
Re { I }
oI
A
I
A
=A e
-j(et+|)
I
B
=B e
-j(et+|)
oI
B
oI
A
oI
B
oI = oI
A
+ oI
B
I
Diff
= I
A
+ I
B
I
B
receive
|
shift
Parameter:
I
DIFF>
No. 1 with
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Station A Station B
SD
SD
I
A
I
B
Protection Data
Interface
(PDI)
Protection Data
Interface
(PDI)
Side A calculates its local
oI-Phasor and receives
the oI-Phasor from side B.
Im { I }
Re { I }
oI
A
I
A
=A e
-j(et+|)
oI
B
I
B
receive
No. 1 with
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Station A Station B
SD
SD
I
A
I
B
Protection Data
Interface
(PDI)
Protection Data
Interface
(PDI)
Side A has to synchronize
the two oI-Phasors
therefore it has to shift
the received oI-Phasor
from side B with the angle
|
shift
.
Im { I }
Re { I }
oI
A
I
A
=A e
-j(et+|)
I
B
=B e
-j(et+|)
oI
B
I
B
receive
|
shift
No. 1 with
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Station A Station B
SD
SD
I
A
I
B
Protection Data
Interface
(PDI)
Protection Data
Interface
(PDI)
After the two oI-Phasors
are synchronized they
can be added to a
complex I
Diff
-Phasor.
Im { I }
Re { I }
oI
A
I
A
=A e
-j(et+|)
I
B
=B e
-j(et+|)
oI
B
I
Diff
= I
A
+ I
B
I
B
receive
|
shift
No. 1 with
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Station A Station B
SD
SD
I
A
I
B
Protection Data
Interface
(PDI)
Protection Data
Interface
(PDI)
Next the oI-restraint is
added to the I
Diff
-Phasor.
Im { I }
Re { I }
oI
A
I
A
=A e
-j(et+|)
I
B
=B e
-j(et+|)
oI
B
oI
A
oI
B
oI = oI
A
+ oI
B
I
Diff
= I
A
+ I
B
No. 1 with
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Station A Station B
SD
SD
I
A
I
B
Protection Data
Interface
(PDI)
Protection Data
Interface
(PDI)
To make a trip decision
the Parameter 1210
P-I
DIFF>
has to be added.
If the origin is part of the
last circle around the
I
Diff
-Phasor the relay is
stable.
If the origin is not part the
relay trips.
Im { I }
Re { I }
oI
A
I
A
=A e
-j(et+|)
I
B
=B e
-j(et+|)
oI
B
oI = oI
A
+ oI
B
I
Diff
= I
A
+ I
B
Parameter:
I
DIFF>
No. 1 with
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Principle of the Differential Protection Advantages
=
=
N
i
i stra
I I
0
int Re
Comparing the classical and new
characteristic of the line differential.
Station A Station B
SD
SD
I
A
I
B
Protection Data
Interface
(PDI)
Protection Data
Interface
(PDI)
The new huge advance of the new differential
characteristic is that every error is considered
independently.
This is an advantage if different CTs are used
in the installation, where one CT may saturate
earlier than the other (e.g. due to different
remanence).
trip
area
restraint
area
I
Diff
I
Restraint
trip
area
restraint
area
I
Diff
f
o
r
b
i
d
d
e
n
a
r
e
a
P-I
Diff>
AI
Rest
I
Rest
= P-I
Diff>
+ oI
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Principle of the Differential Protection Advantages
=
=
N
i
i stra
I I
0
int Re
Comparing the classical and new
characteristic of the line differential.
Station A Station B
SD
SD
I
A
I
B
Protection Data
Interface
(PDI)
Protection Data
Interface
(PDI)
Furthermore the classical characteristic is derived
from the old mech. relays.
The initial issue of the second slope was to cover
CT-saturation. Further investigation and fault
record from digital relays has shown that CT
saturation may happened even at currents below
two times of the nominal CT current (ext. fault
condition with large decaying e-component), were
the second slope do not effect the restraining. To
overcome this problem the differential protection
has be de-sensitive under normal operation
condition with the first slope (so the protection
gets blind for low current internal faults).
trip
area
restraint
area
I
Diff
I
Restraint
trip
area
restraint
area
I
Diff
f
o
r
b
i
d
d
e
n
a
r
e
a
P-I
Diff>
AI
Rest
I
Rest
= P-I
Diff>
+ oI
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Principle of the Differential Protection 3 and more
Until now the differential protection was only explained at
two ended line. The question is:
How the differential protection operates at a three
and more ended line.
Station A Station B
SD SD
PDI 1
Station C
SD
PDI 2
PDI 1 PDI 2
PDI 1
The figure shows a three ended
installation in chain topology.
Every station measure its local
current, compute the oI phosor and
transmits this phasor via the PDI.
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
The important thing happen at station B. Station B receives
at PDI 2 the oI-Phasor from Station A and add its computed
local oI-phasor to this phasor before it sends the partial
summation of both phasor to station C via the PDI 1.
Station C receives the partial
summation from station B and can
compute the total differential
and oI current.
This happen in both directions in
parallel, so in the end every relay
can make its own trip decision.
Station A Station B
SD SD
PDI 1
Station C
SD
PDI 2
PDI 1 PDI 2
PDI 1
I
C
oI
C
oI
B
+oI
C
I
B
oI
A
+oI
B
oI
A
I
A
oI
A
+oI
B
+oI
C
oI
A
+oI
B
+oI
C
oI
A
+oI
B
+oI
C
If an other station
is added to the
constellation, the
added station only
do the partial
summation.
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
The figure shows a 4 ended ring topology. If all other links are
healthy the connection from station D PDI 1 to station A PDI 2 is in
hot standby i.e. it is not needed for the differential protection. If one
of the other links fail the information are rerouted and the link get
into differential service.
Station A Station B
SD SD
PDI 1
Station C
SD
PDI 2
PDI 1 PDI 2
PDI 1
I
C
I
B
oI
A
I
A
oI
A
+oI
B
+oI
C
+oI
C
SD
PDI 1 PDI 2
Station D
I
D
PDI 2
oI
A
+oI
B
+oI
C
+oI
C
oI
A
+oI
B
+oI
C
+oI
D
oI
A
+oI
B
+oI
C
+oI
D
oI
B
+oI
C
+oI
D
oI
A
+oI
B
oI
C
+oI
D
oI
A
+oI
B
+oI
C
H
o
t
s
t
a
n
d
b
y
H
o
t
s
t
a
n
d
b
y
H
o
t
s
t
a
n
d
b
y
I
C
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
The figure below shows the reaction of the 7SD5 is one link fails in
a 4 ended ring topology.
The reaction is similar to every ring topology regardless of the
numbers of ends.
Station A Station B
SD SD
PDI 1
Station C
SD
PDI 2
PDI 1 PDI 2
PDI 1
I
C
I
B
oI
A
I
A
oI
A
+oI
B
+oI
C
+oI
C
SD
PDI 1 PDI 2
Station D
I
D
PDI 2
oI
A
+oI
B
+oI
C
+oI
D
oI
A
+oI
B
+oI
C
+oI
D
oI
A
+oI
B
+oI
C
+oI
D
oI
B
oI
A
+oI
C
+oI
D
oI
B
+oI
C
I
C
broken link broken link broken link
oI
B
+oI
C
+oI
D
oI
A
+oI
D
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Compared to a 3 ended chain topology the 3 ended ring topology
works a little bit different. Here all devices talk directly to each
other and can exchange the oI-phasors directly. If one link fails the
devices switch back to a chain topology with the partial summation.
Station A Station B
SD SD
PDI 1
Station C
SD
PDI 2
PDI 1 PDI 2
PDI 1
I
C
oI
C
oI
B
I
B
oI
B
oI
A
I
A
oI
A
+oI
B
+oI
C
oI
A
+oI
B
+oI
C
oI
A
+oI
B
+oI
C
PDI 2
oI
C
oI
A
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Principle of the Differential Protection I-DIFF>
Right now the first differential
protection algorithm (I-DIFF>)
has been explained.
So it is time to start with the
second one (I-DIFF>>)
Station A Station B
SD
SD
I
A
I
B
Protection Data
Interface
(PDI)
Protection Data
Interface
(PDI)
trip
area
restraint
area
I
Diff
f
o
r
b
i
d
d
e
n
a
r
e
a
P-I
Diff>
AI
Rest
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Principle of the Differential Protection I-DIFF>>
The second differential protection algorithm (I-DIFF>>) is
based on a charge summation. The principle here is that
you can apply the 2
nd
Kirchhoffs Law not only to phasors.
The 2nd Kirchhoffs Law is also applicable to charges
(the time integral of the current).
Both algorithms run absolutely in depended and in parallel
in the 7SD. --- Lets see how the second algorithm works:
Station A Station B
SD
SD
I
A
I
B
Protection Data
Interface
(PDI)
Protection Data
Interface
(PDI)
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
The figure below shows the principle of the charge
computing. The charge window length is 5ms (integration
window). The offset between two windows is 2.5 ms. The
start and the end time of a window must not be synchronous
to the samples of the device. In general a charge window
consist of three sub windows Q1, Q2 and Q3.
The Q1 is the first
interpolation
between the window
start time and the
first sample. Q2 is
the integration of the
full samples in the
window and Q3 is
interpolation from
the last full sample
to the window end
time .
i
(t)
=A sin(et+|)
t
0
t
1
t
2
t
3
t
4
t
5
t
6
t
7
t
8
t
9
i
1 sample
charge integration
window (5ms)
2,5ms
window offset
t
10
t
11
Q
3
Q
2
Q
1
t
start
t
end
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
) ( ) (
2
1
) (
) _ ( ) 1 ( 1 1
) 0 ( 0
0 1
) 0 ( ) 1 (
) _ (
Start t t start
t Start
t t
Start t
i i t t Q
i t t
t t
i i
i
+ - =
+
=
The interpolation between the start time and the first sample
is done like:
t
0
t
1
t
2
Q
2
Q
1
i
(t start)
i
(1)
t
start
Similar for Q
3
Q
2
is calculate to:

) 5 ( ) 4 ( ) 3 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 ( 2
2 2 2
2
1
t t t t t Sample
i i i i i T Q + + + + =
The total charge is the
summation of all three
partial charges
Q
total
=Q
1
+Q
2
+Q
3
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
=
=
N
i
i Diff
Q Q
0
After the computation of the charge the devices exchange
their charges via the PDI. The differential charge and the
restraint charge (Q
DIFF
and oQ) is calculation in analogy to
the differential current.
Station A Station B
SD
SD
I
A
(Q
A
)
Protection Data
Interface
(PDI)
Protection Data
Interface
(PDI)
I
B
(Q
B
)
and
=
= A
N
i
i
Q Q
0
But take care the tripping characteristic is different.

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Q Q
Diff
A >
The tripping decision of the charge summation is made as
described in the following formula:
Station A Station B
SD
SD
I
A
(Q
A
)
Protection Data
Interface
(PDI)
Protection Data
Interface
(PDI)
I
B
(Q
B
)
Trip if:
>>
>
Diff Diff
Q P Q and
Where AQ is the restraint charge
and P-Q
Diff>>
is the Parameter 1233
trip
area
restraint
area
AQ
Rest
Q
DIFF
P-I
DIFF>>
(P-Q
DIFF>>
)
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
How the I-DIFF>> is restraint (AQ):
The I-DIFF>> is restraint against CT errors and
synchronization errors.
For the CT errors only the parameter 254 is relevant.
I-DIFF>> was designed to have fast clearance on high current fault therefore
only the high error is needed.
The handling of the synchronization error in I-DIFF>> is equal
to the handling of the synchronization error in I-DIFF>.
CAUTION: I-DIFF>> block if parameter 4506A (PDI1 and 4606A
PDI2) exceeds 0.85 ms.
Station A Station B
SD
SD
I
A
(Q
A
)
Protection Data
Interface
(PDI)
Protection Data
Interface
(PDI)
I
B
(Q
B
)
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Station A Station B
SD
SD
I
A
(Q
A
)
Protection Data
Interface
(PDI)
Protection Data
Interface
(PDI)
I
B
(Q
B
)
Some fact and hints about the I-DIFF>> algorithm:
The charge summation can not be restrain against
signal distortion. The charge summation will block
immediately after the current as exceed a certain limit
and CT saturation is expected.
Here is the reason why the 7SD need 5 ms CT saturation free time.
If a transformer is in the protected zone the parameter
1233 has to be higher than the maximal expected inrush
current of the transformer.
The differential and the restraint charge can not be seen
in an fault record.
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
The last question regarding the I-DIFF>> algorithm is:
Can I-DIFF>> also handle installation with more than 2 ends
??
The answer is : YES
Station A Station B
SD SD
PDI 1
Station C
SD
PDI 2
PDI 1 PDI 2
PDI 1
So lets see how this works !
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
The I-DIFF>> algorithm uses the same principle as the I-
DIFF> algorithm the partial summation.
The figure below gives an overview how the partial
summation for I-DIFF>> works.
Station A Station B
SD SD
PDI 1
Station C
SD
PDI 2
PDI 1 PDI 2
PDI 1
I
C
oQ
C
oQ
B
+oQ
C
I
B
oQ
A
I
A
oQ
A
+oQ
B
+oQ
C
PDI 2
oQ
B
+oQ
A
oQ
A
+oQ
B
+oQ
C
oQ
A
+oQ
B
+oQ
C
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Station A Station B
SD
SD
I
A
(Q
A
)
Protection Data
Interface
(PDI)
Protection Data
Interface
(PDI)
I
B
(Q
B
)
High-Speed Charge summation offers high speed tripping
and a fast decision for internal or external fault condition.
Charge summation doesn't suppress DC-components
and harmonics. (simple integration)
Therefore recommended setting is > I
Load,max
(1.2 - 2 IN).
Charge summation decides in 5 ms for internal or external
faults (5 ms window)
Internal: Immediate trip command (trip time typical 12 ms for
2 or 3 end topology) for differential currents IDiff > 1.2 - 2 IN
External: If I
Fault
> 2.5P-IDiff>> setting: immediate blocking of the
charge summation. Reason:
CT-saturation possible. Avoids any risk for stability due to
differential current from current comparison.
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Principle of the Differential Protection
THE END

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But take care the tripping characteristic is different.

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