A Study of Effects of Wind Energy on Power System Stability and Quality using Probabilistic Methods

Comprehensive and Qualify Examination of Mr.Panom Parinya, Ph.D. Energy Technology Advisor: Dr.Krissanapong Kirtikara Co-advisor: Asst.Prof.Dr.Anawach Sangsawang
27 July 2011

Topics
1. Introduction 2. Characteristics of variation of wind and wind 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

power Impacts of wind power to the power system stability (PS) Impacts of wind power to power quality (PQ) Probabilistic methods for PS and PQ analysis Objectives and scopes of thesis Research methodology Expected results

1. Introduction
n Thailand has possibility for wind power development (small or n n

n n

medium scale), as reported by ASTAE World Bank, that almost 750 sq.km. of areas have good potential with totally about 3,000 MW. The 15 Years Renewable Energy Development Plan (15Years REDP) has targeted for wind power to achieve 800 MW within 2022. Power system stability and power quality are the first important to be studied for grid interconnection standardization, for grid performance improvement and as the basic knowledge for long-term planning of RE development. Wind power affects both PS and PQ since it generates random and fluctuating signal to the power system. This cause system response varies drastically and result in power system instability and/or poor power quality. The stochastic characteristics of winds, varied by space and time, can cause large and random variation of power output. Accordingly, the probabilistic methods are the most relevant tools to overcome the realistic and dynamic conditions.
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Jay Apt, The Spectrum of Power from Wind Turbines, Carnegie Mellon University,12 March 2007.

2. Characteristics of variation of wind and wind power

n Over a large frequency range (0.007 to 900 cycles/hr) of wind speed

spectrum (WSS) at Brookhaven, N.Y., Van der Hoven found that the 2 main phenomena influencing WSS are synoptic scale, and micro-scale dynamics. Meso-scale dynamics has less influence in this area.
synoptic scale (Slow variation) (monsoon) (land sea breeze) Meso-scale (Turbulence) Micro-scale (Fast variation)

H. J. HWANG, POWER DENSITY SPECTRUM OF SURFACE WIND SPEED ON PALMYRA ISLAN, St. Louis University, August 1969.

2. Characteristics of variation of wind and wind power

n At Palmyra island,

Studies by Hwang on characteristic of wind

Barren Island site, Causeway site, and Army site of Palmyra Island in tropical Pacific (5.8 N., 162.2 W.)

Hwang found that WSS at 3 sites are notably different. n Synoptic scale dynamics is, clearly, the most influence for Barren Island, and Causeway. n For Army site, synoptic scale dynamics has less influence to wind speed

H. J. HWANG, POWER DENSITY SPECTRUM OF SURFACE WIND SPEED ON PALMYRA ISLAN, St. Louis University, August 1969.

2. Characteristics of variation of wind and wind power

n Figure below presents that, log-scale PSD has linear relationship

with log-scale frequency during about 0.002 1 Hz

n At about 1 - 2 Hz,
PSD (W2.Hz -1) Grey = original PSD Black = estimated PSD Red = model Green = Avg. error of model from original

fluctuated PSD occurs due to 3p (3 blades passing frequencies of the rotor) or tower shadow effect. n The low wind speed causes PSD trend to keep constant and then fall at frequency higher than 2Hz

Joaqun Mur-Amada, ngel A. Bayod-Rjula, Characterization of Spectral Density of Wind Farm Power Output, Zaragoza University, October 2007.

2. Characteristics of variation of wind and wind power

Subsection conclusions n Synoptic scale dynamics is most influencing to wind speed follow by micro-scale dynamics. n WSS at various sites are significantly different. n During about 0.002 - 1 Hz , log-scale PSD of wind power has linear relationship with log-scale frequency. n About 1 - 2 Hz, wind power is influenced by tower shadow effect. n Higher than 2Hz, the low wind speed cause PSD trend to keep constant and then fall.
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3. Impacts of wind power to the power system stability (PS)

Subsection conclusions
n Wind power can impact to power system stability depends on

level of penetration, system characteristic, fluctuation of wind power (P and Q), mismatch between load and generation.

4. Impacts of wind power to power quality (PQ)

For wind power
n Voltage varied with reactive power. Reactive power

compensation can improve voltage quality. [E.Muljadi et.al.,2006] n Frequency varied with derivative of active power. Reactive power compensation can slightly improve frequency. [E.Muljadi et.al.,2006] n Aggregation of wind farm (separate into many groups) can cause power smoother due to wind power fluctuation is compensated among each group of wind turbines [Pedro Rosas, 2003]
E. Muljadi and C.P. Butterfield1, J. Chacon2, H. Romanowitz3, POWER QUALITY ASPECTS IN A WIND POWER PLANT, 1. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2. Southern California Edison, 3. Oak Creek Energy Systems, Inc., 2006. 9 Pedro Rosas, Dynamic Influences of Wind Power on The Power System, Technical University of Denmark, 2003.

4. Impacts of wind power to power quality (PQ)

n 3p effect (~2.1Hz) is from the rotational turbulence when the 3 blades

passing tower. 1p effect (~0.7Hz) is from the rotor speed variation. 12p effect (~8.4Hz) is from the flexible aeroelastic part of the wind turbine.
n These major 3 flicker

problems are normally found, especially for 3p effect in the areas close to wind farm (turbine).

3p

Power spectral density (kW2.Hz-1) of power from 225kW wind turbine

1p 12p

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Pedro Rosas, Dynamic Influences of Wind Power on The Power System, Technical University of Denmark, 2003.

4. Impacts of wind power to power quality (PQ)

Subsection conclusions
n For wind power impact to PQ, three major problems are voltage variation,

frequency variation and flicker during continuous operation.

n Severity depends on fluctuation and penetration of wind power, point of

common coupling (PCC), reactive power compensation, aggregation of wind farm, distance from wind farm, and wind turbine design.

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5. Probabilistic methods for PS and PQ analysis

n Wind power variation can significantly impact to

dynamic stability and voltage stability. n Wind power fluctuation can cause 3 major PQ problems, that are, 1) voltage variation leads to over/under voltage, 2) frequency variation leads to over/under frequency and 3) flicker during continuous operation. n Therefore, this topic concern only these issues above.

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5. Probabilistic methods for PS and PQ analysis

2 methods for PS and PQ analysis are deterministic and probabilistic methods
Deterministic methods n Deterministic method analyze PS by solving Differential Algebra Equations (DAE) of the power system both static and dynamic n All operating conditions and network parameters are explicitly determined n Therefore, the dynamic response to time-variation of generation input and dynamic (or static) state variables are computed. n The deterministic methods are, for example, Numerical simulation, Equal-area criterion, Direct method, Eigenvalue analysis, V-Q sensitivity analysis and Q-V modal analysis . n However, deterministic methods require enormous exact information to compute highly accurate results which is far from possibility under the realistic random nature of power system and present computer technology.
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Prabha. Kundur, Power System Stability and Control by. 1998.

5. Probabilistic methods for PS and PQ analysis

Probabilistic methods n The power system concerning many uncertainties from, for example, load varying, random occurrence of faults, dispatching of transmission line, operation of control system, and variation of generation such as renewable sources especially wind power. n Spectrum of these uncertainties varies from very low frequency (~0-0.1 Hz) to high frequency (up to 3kHz) with small or large scale affecting to operating condition differently. n To incorporate the real random nature of the complex power system, probabilistic methods were developed and applied for studying the effects of random fluctuated variables.

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Pedro Rosas, Dynamic Influences of Wind Power on The Power System, Technical University of Denmark, 2003.

5. Probabilistic methods for PS and PQ analysis

5.1) Classical probability method for small signal stability analysis n Small signal (or dynamic) stability (SSS) is based on eigenvalues analysis method for the linearized equation of the power system. n Probabilistic method was applied to compute the probability that all eigenvalues (with uncertainty) have negative real part which remains in the stable region. & n For this topic, state space equation are reformed to be X=A X n Unknown uncertainty of eigenvalues () are computed from known multivariate random variables of system parameters (Z) , from i = S ij z j n Since rotor angle influenced by load, increasing of loading factor cause eigenvalues (corresponding to rotor angle) move from negative to close zero. This will increase probability of instability as a result. n Next slide show the process to analyze SSS using classical probabilistic method.
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R. C. Burchett and G. T. Heydt, Probabilistic Methods For Power System Dynamic Stability Studies, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-97, no. 3, May/June 1978.

5. Probabilistic methods for PS and PQ analysis

5.2) Stochastic differential equation (SDE) for dynamic stability analysis n For any dynamical system that is continuously perturbed by noise, cumulative effect of random variation can finally cause the system away off an equilibrium region and thus instability. X(t) is state variables n When the system is perturbed by stochastic variation, matrix the perturbed differential equation becomes
dX(t)=g ( X)dt + dw(t )
g(X) is bounded function matrix

when x exit from boundary of the domain of attraction , parameter while at time 0, x . is diffusion matrix n (x) is determined from the solution of boundary value w(t) is n-dimensional Weiner process problem as,
L( (x)) = -1 for x ) (x) = 0 for x
(Brownian motion)
n 2 1 L ai , j ( x) + g i ( x) ai , j = ( *)i , j xi x j i =1 xi 2 i , j =1 n

n For the exit problem, (x) is mean first exit time (MFPT) ) 0 is a small real

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S.M. Shahidehpour and J. Qiu, Effect of Random Perturbations on the Dynamic Behavior of Power Systems, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL (U.S.A.), Electric Power Systems Research, 11, 1986.

5. Probabilistic methods for PS and PQ analysis

Conclusion for Stochastic differential equation (SDE) for PS n However, wind speed varied with space and time and result in different PSD of wind power over a finite range of frequency. n Therefore, noise intensity and bandwidth will be different depend on location, time, wind turbine technology, and wind farm design. n Noise intensity and bandwidth including wind power in earlier studies still lack of the details and need more information for several aspects such as 1) Weather or not that only noise intensity and bandwidth parameters are enough for studying various PSD characteristics of wind power 2) If enough, how to determine noise intensity and bandwidth with different range of frequency and different factors relating. But if not, what else. 3) How to apply SDE with colored noise to analyze dynamics and voltage stability incorporating wind power 4) How to determine energy function of SDE applying to the problem of power quality especially, voltage variation, frequency variation and flicker. 17
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6. Objectives and Scopes of thesis

Objectives To quantitatively assess the effects of wind energy on power quality and stability of the power system using probabilistic methods to incorporate the stochastic characteristics of wind power. Scopes of thesis 1) The probabilistic methods will be developed for the purpose of assessing the effect of wind power to power quality and stability of the power system to incorporate the stochastic characteristics of winds. 2) The designed power system is based on standard test system as a main part and with case study of Thailand as addition. 3) The wind power system models are from the selection of suitable published researches. Fixed Speed Induction Generator (FSIG) and Dubbly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) will be used in this research.
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6. Objectives and Scopes of thesis

Scopes of thesis 4) For power system stability analysis, dynamic stability and voltage stability are the major part of interest for this research. Theory of Stochastic Differential Equation will be applied for power system stability analysis. 5) For power quality, over/under magnitude from fluctuation of voltage and frequency are the major part of interest for this research. Monte Carlo simulation and analytical probabilistic method will be used for power quality analysis. 6) This research is based on simulation method , therefore, measurement cannot be applied for probabilistic issues. 7) Wind energy potential data is from the reports by ASTAE World Bank and Energy Ministry of Thailand. 8) Wind speed data is from measurement data.
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Thank you very much.

Thank you for your suggestions and questions.

27 July 2011