PARTICLES AND WAVES

PARTICLES

Particle Indivisible: cannot give rise to simultaneous clicks of two detectors Like a tiny ball that cannot be divided into smaller ones Properties Mass, velocity, momentum, energy, charge,...

THE STANDARD MODEL

WAVES

Wave Divisible: can give rise to simultaneous clicks in many detectors Examples: sound waves, ocean waves, electromagnetic waves Properties Amplitude, frequency, phase, length, interference

d2 x m 2 = Fx SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION dt

Time development

(t) = A cos(! t
displacement from equilibrium at time t amplitude

')
phase

1 2 2 2 K (t) = m! A sin (! t 2

angular frequency: 2*pi* frequency = 2*pi/period

')

dt

d2 x 1 m 2 = Fx 2 2 2 dt ENERGY IN SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION K (t) = 1m! 2 A2 sin ') 2 (! t K (t) = 2 m! A sin (! t ') (t) = A cos(! t ') (2) 2

Energy at time ( t) = At cos(! t

kinetic energy at time t

')
')

1 K (t) = m! 2 A2 sin2 (! t 2

1 1 2 2 2 A2 22 (! t VV (t() = m ! cos ') (3) t) = m A cos (! t ') 2 2

potential energy at time t

Total energy at time t Time independent = conserved Can take arbitrary value
1 V (t) = m! 2 A2 cos2 (! t 2 ')

1 K (t) = m! 2 A2 sin2 (! t 2

')

1 E = m! 2 A 2 2

Energy averaged over one cycle

1 K = V = m! 2 A 2 4

1 K = V = m! 2 A 2 4
kinetic and potential energy averaged over one cycle

(x, t) = A sin(kx

! t)

LINEAR AND HOMOGENOUS EQUATIONS

v = /T = = ! /k

Linear: no higher-power of displacement and its derivatives Homogenous: no terms independent of displacement

d2 = d t2

Superposition principle Sum of any solutions is also a solution

1.0 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5

10

+
-0.5 -1.0

10

0.5

10

-0.5

-0.5

-1.0

-1.0

1 2 2 K 1= V2 =2 m ! A 2 TRAVELING WAVES 4 ( ! t ') V ( t) = m! A cos

2

Space-time development 2 2 ! t) (K x, = t) V == A1 sin( kx m! A 4

displacement from equilibrium of point x at time t amplitude

angular frequency

wavenumber: 2*pi/wavelength

(x, t) = A sin(kx

! t)

Wave velocity Travels one wavelength in one period

v = /T = = ! /k

WAVE EQUATION

sin(x) = cos(x

2)

Allowed spatiotemporal relations

2 @2 @ 2 (x, t) = v (x, t) 2 2 @t @x

dt
WAVE REFLECTION

cos(x) = sin(x + 2)
Reflection from hard and soft boundary

sin(x) = cos(x

2)

2 @2 @ 2 ( x, t ) = v (x, t) 2 2 @t @x

(x, t) =

(x, t) +

! (x, t)

STANDING WAVES

Superposition of waves traveling in opposite directions

STANDING WAVES

Generated by reflection from loose or fixed end

ALMOST A STANDING WAVES

Generated by reflection at impedance discontinuity

LONGITUDINAL SOUND WAVE

BEATS

Superposition of waves with slightly different frequencies

YOUNG'S DOUBLE-SLIT EXPERIMENT

Interference of waves.Young's original sketch.

Light intensity Sum of all relevant waves, squared

WAVES IN 2D

Plane wave

WAVE VECTOR

Wave vector Along direction of propagation Length = wavenumber Components = wave vectors of the corresponding waves