Theory of Plates

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Ramadas Chennamsetti
Introduction
When a body is bounded by surfaces, flat
in geometry, whose lateral dimensions are
large compared to the separation between
the surfaces is called a PLATE
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Plates are initially flat structural elements
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Introduction
Plates are subjected to transverse loads loads
normal toitsmid surface normal to its mid-surface
Transverse loads supported by combined bending
and shear action
Plates may be subjected to in-plane loading also
=> uniform stress distribution => membrane
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Membrane action in-plane loading
Plate bending plates mid-surface doesnt
i i bl t t hi t ti
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experience appreciable stretching or contraction
In-plane loads cause stretching and/or contraction
of mid-surface
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of mid-surface
Introduction
Plate stretching
N
x
N
x
x
z
t
x
Uniform stretching of the plate => u
o
q
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Axial deformation due to transverse load
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Net deformation = Algebraic sum of uniform stretching
and axial deformation due to bending load
Introduction
For plates -
2000
1
10
1
> >
b
t
Thin & thick plates
Thin plate => b = smallest side
b t 20 <
2000 10 b
Thick plate =>
Small deflections deflection in the order
b t 20 >
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of thickness
Thin plate theory Kirchoffs Classical
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Plate Theory (KCPT)
Thick plate theory Reissner Mindlin
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Plate Theory (MPT)
KCPT - Assumptions p
Assumptions
Thicknessismuchsmaller thantheother physical Thickness is much smaller than the other physical
dimensions
vertical deflection w(x, y, z) = w(x, y) ( y ) ( y)
Displacements u, v & w are small compared to
plate thickness
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Governing equations are derived based on undeformed
geometry
Inplanestrainsaresmall comparedto unity
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In plane strains are small compared to unity
consider only linear strains
Normal stresses in transverse direction are small
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compared with other stresses neglected
KCPT - Assumptions p
Material linear elastic Hookes law holds good
Middle surface remains unstrained during bending
neutral surface
Normals to the middle surface before deformation
remain normal to the same surface after
d f ti >d t i l h ti
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deformation => doesnt imply shear across section
is zero transverse shear strain makes a negligible
contributiontodeflections
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contribution to deflections.
Transverse shear strains are negligible
Rotaryinertiaisneglected
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Rotary inertia is neglected
Sign convention g
Following sign convention will be followed
z
z
M
y
M
z

z
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x
M
x

x

y
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c
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x
x
Positive moments Positive rotations
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Bending deformations g
z
Bending takes
place in both planes
y
place in both planes
D
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x
z
A
A
Rotation =>
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A
B
z
x
B
B

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B
View D
Bending deformations g
Deformation in x direction
( ) y x z z y x u
y
, ) , , ( =
Deformation in y direction
( )
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( ) y x z z y x v
x
, ) , , ( =
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Vertical deformation
) ( y x w w
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) , ( y x w w =
Engineering strain g g
d
v c
u dx
u
u
c
+
dy
y
v
c
+
C
D
C
D
x
u
dx
u dx
x
u
x
c
c
=

c
+
= c
dy
C
D
y
v
dy
v dy
y
v
v
y
c
c
=

c
c
+
= c
.
i
n
dx
x
u
u
c
c
+
dy
A(u,v)
B
dx
x
u
u
c
c
+
y
y dy c
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c
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dx
A
B
x c
x
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Engineering strain g g
|
|

| c c v u
C
|
|
|

| c
+ dy
v
v u,
C
D
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+ dy
y
v
v dy
y
u
u ,
C
D
|
|
.

\
c
+ dy
y
v u,
C
D
|
|

|
c c v u u
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i
n
| |
cu
dy
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+ dx
x
v
v dx
x
u
u ,
B
u
u
2
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c
o
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+ v dx
x
u
u ,
dx
A
B
A(u,v)
B
y
1
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x
Engineering strain g g
Shear strain Change in the angle
Initial angle => 90
0
Final angle => (90
0
- u
1
- u
2
)
Ch i l u u u Change in angle => u = u
1
+ u
2
v dx
v
v
c

c
+
u dy
u
u
c
+
.
i
n
v
x
v
dx
x
c
c
c
=
c
=
1
tanu
y
u
dy
y
y
c
c
c
=
c
=
2
tanu
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x
v
c
c
~
1
u
y
u
c
c
~
2
u
v u c c
u u
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x y
xy
c
+
c
~ + =
2 1
u u
Engineering strain g g
The six strain components
Normal strains Normal strains
x
u
x
c
c
= c
y
v
y
c
c
= c
z
w
z
c
c
= c
Shear strains
v u c
+
c

v w c
+
c

u w c c
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i
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x y
xy
c
+
c
=
z y
yz
c
+
c
=
z
u
x
w
zx
c
c
+
c
c
=
Indices notation -
( )
i j j i ij
u u
1
+ = c
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c
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( )
i j j i ij
u u
, ,
2
+ c
Infinitesimal strains => Green-Lagrange
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strain = Engineering Strain
Engineering strain g g
Rigid body rotations
~ ~ ~
'
U OP OP + =
y
P(x
P(y x)
U
'
~
~ ~
OP
OP
j x i y
j y i x
+ =
+ =
P(x,
y)
P(y, -x)
O
~
~ ~
OP j x i y + =
Linear strains
1 0
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n
x
O
c
xx
= c
yy
= -1,
xy
= 0
Non-linear strains
c
xx
= c
yy
= 0,
xy
= 0
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Rotated by 90
0
Linear strains cant capture large rotations use
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Linear strains cant capture large rotations use
non- linear strains
Engineering strain g g
Assuming engineering linear strains
(
(

c
1 1
Strain tensor
| |
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

=
yz y xy
xz xy x
yz y xy
xz xy x
c
c
c c c
c c c
c
2
1
2
1
2 2
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(
(
(

(
(

y yz xz
y y y
y yz xz
y y y
c
c c c
2
1
2
1
2 2
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c
ij
Tensorial strain

ij
Engineering shear strain
c
1
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ij
g g
ij ij
c
2
=
Strains
Assumption out of plane shear strain -
negligible
w u
xz
=
c
c
+
c
c
= 0
w w
x z
y y xz
xz
c
c
= => =
c
c
+ = =>
c c

0
.
i
n
w v
x x
yz
y y xz
=
c
+
c
=
c c

0
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c
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w w
y z
yz
c
= => =
c
+ = =>
c c

0
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y y
x x yz
c
= => =
c
+ = => 0
Strains
Non-zero strains
w
z z
u
y
xx
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
2
2

c
w
z z
v
x x x
x
xx
c c c
c c c
2
2

c
.
i
n
y
z
y
z
y
yy
c c c
c
=
c
=
c
=
2
2
c
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c
o
y x
w
z
x
v
y
u
xy
c c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
=
2
2
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Stresses
Thin plate out of plane shear strains vanish out
f l h t l i h of plane shear stresses also vanish
0 , 0 = =
yz xz
t t
yz xz
y
z
t
yz
x
z
t
xz
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Out of planenormal stressisalsoassumedtobe
y
t
yz
t
xz
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Out of plane normal stress is also assumed to be
zero logical thin structure plane stress
conditions
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Stresses
Non-zero stress components
z
o
xx
y
o
yy
o
yy
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x
yy
t
xy
t
xy
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o
o
.
c
o
x
o
xx
All three stress components, o
xx
, o
yy
, t
xy
in-plane
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t ee st ess co po e ts, o
xx
, o
yy
, t
xy
pa e
Curvatures
Curvature reciprocal of radius of bending
Rate of change of slope
z
w c
.
i
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R
x
dx
x
w
w*

y
dx
x
w
c
c

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.
c
o
dx
w
y
c
c
= = = - rotation slope
xx
y
w
k

=
c
c
=
c
c
=
2
2
curvatue
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x
y
c
p
xx
x x c c
2
Curvatures
Similarly bending in yz plane introduces a
curvature
2
w c
= k
Twistingof plate
2
y
yy
c
= k
.
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Twisting of plate
w c
2
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c
o
y x
w
xy
c c
c
= 2 k
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Constitutive law
Linear elastic isotropic Hookean material
Three stress and strain components
Writing all three equations in
o
u
o
c =
E E
yy
xx
xx

(
(

xx xx
o u c 0 1
1
g q
matrix form
.
i
n
o
u
o
c =
E E
xx
yy
yy

)

(
(
(

+
=

xy
yy
xy
yy
E
t
o
u
u

c
) 1 ( 2 0 0
0 1
1
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@
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a
h
o
o
.
c
o
( ) u
t t
+ = = 1 2
E G
xy xy
xy

(
(
(
(

yy
xx
yy
xx
E
c
c
u
u
u
o
o
1
0 1
0 1
1
2
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E G

(
(

xy
yy
xy
yy

u
u
t
2
1
0 0
1
Constitutive law
Express strains in terms of curvatures

c
c
c
(
(
(

w
x
w
Ez
xx
2
2
2
0 1 u o

c
c
c
(
(
(
(

w
y
w Ez
xy
yy
2
2 2
2
2
1
0 0
0 1
1
u
u
u
t
o
.
i
n

c c y x
2
Variation of stresses across thickness is linear
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.
c
o
Basis thin plates plane section remain plane after
bending variation of axial deflection is linear across
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thickness strains also vary linearly
Equilibrium equations q q
Equilibrium of an infinitesimal element
y
z
dx
dy
o
xx
.
i
n
x
t
t
*
dy
xx
t
xy
t
xy
t
*
y
x
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@
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h
o
o
.
c
o t
yz
dx o
*
yy
o
yy
t
*
xy
t
*
xz
t
yz
Forces acting on an infinitesimal
element dx dy dz
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o
*
xx
t
*
xy
Equilibrium equations q q
Equilibrium in x direction
=
+ +
dzdx dxdy dydz
dzdx dxdy dydz
yx zx xx
t t o
t t o
* * *
0
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+ =
=
dx
dzdx dxdy dydz
xx
xx xx
yx zx xx
o
o o
t t o
*
0
.
i
n
|
|

|
c
+ =
|
.

\
c
dz
x
zx
xx xx
t
t t
*
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@
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h
o
o
.
c
o
|
|
|

|
c
+
|
.

\
c
+
dy
dz
z
yx
zx zx
t
t t
t t
*
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|
|
.

\
c
+ = dy
y
y
yx yx
t t
Equilibrium equations q q
Substitute the following equation is
obtained
(1) 0 =
c
+
c
+
c
xz
xy
xx
t
t
t
(1) - 0 =
c
+
c
+
c z y x
Similarly take equilibrium in y and z directions
.
i
n
(2) - 0 =
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
z y x
yz yy xy
t t t
h
@
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h
o
o
.
c
o
c c c z y x
(3) 0
c
+
c
+
c
zz
yz
xz
t
t
t
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(3) - 0 =
c
+
c
+
c z y x
zz
y
xz
Shear stresses
From equation (1) shear stress t
xz
can be
computed
Use stress deflection/curvature relations
z y x
w Ez
y y
w
x
w Ez
x
xz
2
2
2
2
2
2
0
1 1
=
c
c
+
(

c c
c
+

c
c
+
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c

c
c t
u
u
u
.
i
n
( )
y x
w
y x
w
x
w Ez
z
z y x y y x x
xz
2
3
2
3
3
3
2
1
1
1 1
|
|
.
|

\
|
c c
c
+
c c
c
+
c
c
|
.
|

\
|
=
c
c
c

c c + c

|
.

\
c c c
u u
u
t
u u
h
@
y
a
h
o
o
.
c
o
( ) w
x
Ez
z
y x y x x z
xz
2
2
1
1
V
c
c
|
.
|

\
|

=
c
c
|
.

\
c c c c c
. \
c
u
t
u
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28
x z 1 c
. \
c u
Integrate this across thickness to get shear stress
Shear stresses
Integrate from mid plane to top surface of
z
plate
( ) ( )
| |
2
2
2
2
0
h h
z
z
z =h/2
( ) ( )
( )
( |
c
V c

=
c
V c
|
.
|

\
|

=
} } }

1 1
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
0
2
2
0
dz z
x
w E
dz
x
w Ez
d
h
h
z
h
xz
xz
u u
t
t
.
i
n
( )
( )
| |
V c
(

\
|
c
V c

=
2 1
2 2
2
2 2
2
h E
z
x
w E
h
z
xz
u
t
h
@
y
a
h
o
o
.
c
o
( )
( )
( )
|
|

|
V c
|
|
.
|

\
|

c
V c

= =>
4 1 2
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
h w E
z
h
x
w E
xz
u
t
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29
( )
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|

c
V c

= =>
4 1 2
2
2
h
z
x
w E
xz
u
t
Parabolic variation
Moments
Moment wrt y axis
d dF
| |
c c
= =
=
2 2
E
dz z zdF dM
dz dF
xx xx y
xx xx
o
o
Neutral plane
z
|
|

|
c c
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c

=
2 2 2
2
2
2
2
2
1
w w Ez
x
w
x
w Ez
xx
u
u
o
dz
.
i
n
|
|

|
c c
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c

= =>
}
+ 2
2
2 2
2 2 2
1
w w E
y
w
x
w Ez
dM
h
y
u
u
y
o
xx
z
dx
h
@
y
a
h
o
o
.
c
o
|
|

|
c c
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c

=
}

2 2 3
2
2
2 2 2
1
w w Eh
M
dz z
y
w
x
w E
M
h
y
u
u
x
dy
r
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rd_mech@yahoo.co.in
Ramadas Chennamsetti
30
( )
|
|
.

\
c
+
c
=
2 2 2
1 12 y x
M
y
u
u
Moments
Moment wrt x axis
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c

=
2
2
2
2
2
3
) 1 ( 12 y
w
x
w Eh
M
x
u
u
. \
) ( y
Neutral plane
z
Twisting moment due to shear
stress t
.
i
n
t
xy z
dz
stress t
xy
( )
w Eh
M
xy
c
=
2
2
3
1 u
h
@
y
a
h
o
o
.
c
o
x
y
dy
dx
( )
y x
xy
c c
2
) 1 ( 12 u
3
Eh
D
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c
rd_mech@yahoo.co.in
Ramadas Chennamsetti
31
x
) 1 ( 12
2
u
=
Eh
D Compare with section
modulus of beam
Shear forces
Vertical equilibrium of
plate
d
Q
Q Q
dx Q dy Q qdxdy dx Q dy Q
x
y x y x
c
= + +
*
* *
0
z
q
dy
Q
Q Q
dx
x
Q
Q Q
y
y y
x
x x
c
+ =
c
c
+ =
*
*
.
i
n
y
Q
*
x
Q
*
y
Q
y
Q
x
y
y
Q Q
y y
c
Substitute these and simplify
h
@
y
a
h
o
o
.
c
o
x
y
dy
dx
q
Q
Q
y
x
=
c
c
+
c
c
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rd_mech@yahoo.co.in
Ramadas Chennamsetti
32
x
q
y x c c
Shear forces
Shear forces across thickness can be
computed by integrating shear stress across
thickness
d Q
h
}
+ 2
it idth
h w E
dz Q
h
yz y
|
|

|
V c
=
}

) (
2
2
2
2
t per unit width
.
i
n
h w E
h
z
y
w
h
yz
|
|

|
V c
|
|
.
|

\
|

c
V c

=
}
+
) (
4
) (
) 1 ( 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
u
t
h
@
y
a
h
o
o
.
c
o
w w Eh
dz
h
z
y
w E
Q
h
y
V c V c
|
|
.
|

\
|

c
V c

=
}

) ( ) (
4
) (
) 1 ( 2
2 2 3
2
2
2
u
r
d
_
m
e
c
rd_mech@yahoo.co.in
Ramadas Chennamsetti
33
y
w
D
y
w Eh
Q
y
c
V c
=
c
V c

=
) ( ) (
) 1 ( 12
2
u
Governing equation g q
Similar expression for Q
x
x
w
D Q
x
c
V c
=
) (
2
S b tit t Q d Q i th f ll i i ti l Substitute Q
x
and Q
y
in the following expression vertical
equilibrium
q
y
Q
x
Q
y
x
=
c
c
+
c
c
.
i
n
( ) ( ) q w
y
D
y
w
x
D
x
y x
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
V
c
c

c
c
+
|
.
|

\
|
V
c
c

c
c
c c
2 2
h
@
y
a
h
o
o
.
c
o
( ) ( )
D
q
w
y
w
x
y y
= V
c
c
+ V
c
c
=>
. \
. \
2
2
2
2
2
2
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Ramadas Chennamsetti
34
( )
D
q
w
y x
= V
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=>
2
2
2
2
2
Governing equation g q
Governing equation
D
q
w
y x
= V
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
2
2
2
2
2
( )
D
q
w = V V =>
2 2
.
i
n
D
q
= V =>
4
q w w w c c c
4 4 4
h
@
y
a
h
o
o
.
c
o
D
q
y
w
y x
w
x
w
=
c
c
+
c c
c
+
c
c
4 2 2 4
2
r
d
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Ramadas Chennamsetti
35
Bi-harmonic equation
Compare with beam equation