Water hammer

Design criteria :
H H0 L D t Qp = = = = = = 53.0 194.0 7349.0 500 8.0 900.0
m m m mm mm m3/ h

Pump head Static head Pipeline length Pipeline diameter = 0.500 m Pipe wall thickness = 0.0080 m Total flow ( pump delivery capacity )

0.25000

m 3 / sec

Pipe material :

1- water velocity in the pipe :

Qp = V x S S= 3.14 x D 2 --------------------4 Q --------S S= 3.14 x 0.500 x 0.500 ------------------------------------------- = 4 1.27328
m/s

0.19634

m2

V=

0.25000 V = ---------------------- = 0.19634

2- Wave velocity :
a = 1 ----------------------------------------------------1 D r x ( + E water t x E pipe )

a : Wave velocity ( m / sec )

r =

1000 Kg/m 3

Water density

E water = 2.1E+09 Pa E pipe = 2.1E+11 Pa g = 9.81 m/sec 2

compression elastisity modulus ( young's modulus ) for water ( pa = n/m2). Tension elastisity modulus ( young's modulus ) for pipe material .( pa = n/m 2 ) Acceleration of gravity
1

a =

---------------------------------------------------------------- =
1 1000 x ( 2.05E+09 + 0.500 0.008 x 2.1 E+11 )

1128.36

m/sec

3- Period of vibration :
T= 2 x L -----------------a T= 2 x 7349.00 -------------------------- = 13.03 sec 1128.4

T : Period of vibration

4- Wave propagation :
Stage 1 : Depression wave Stage 2 : Depression return wave Stage 3 : High pressure wave Stage 4 : High pressure return wave

5- Time of closure

t:

Refering to the previous paragraph : At stages 1 and 2 of wave propagation a depression persist at one side of check valve ; so that the check valve still open at these stages . This mean :

t= T =

13.03 sec

T : Period of vibration t : Check valve closing time .

But in reality ( t ) will be less than ( T ) because of pump and check valve inertia .

6- Maximum pressure variation :

If ( t ) is less or equal to ( T ) then the maximum pressure is given by the following formula :

a x V D h = -----------------g

1128.4 x 1.273 D h = ------------------------- = 9.81

146.5

7- Steady state head friction loss :

L V2 D h hfriction = l x ----- x --------D 2g

L D V g

l = 0.022 1/1 = 7349 m = 500 mm = 1.273 m / sec = 9.81 m/sec 2

Friction coefficient of the pipe

Pipeline length Pipeline diameter = 0.500 Mean water velocity in the pipe Acceleration of gravity

7349. 1.273 x1.273 D h friction = 0.022 x ------------- x -------------------0.500 2 x 9.81

26.7 m

This pressure is supposed to be added to the static pressure plus the friction head loss :

H max = H static + D h

hammer + Dh friction

H max = 194.00 + 146.45 + 26.72

367.2 m