Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Advisory Board:
Conference sponsorships:
Pfizer Singapore Janssen-Cilag Merck, Sharpe & Dohme
Reporting AST
Results that impact clinician antimicrobial prescribing and make a difference in patient outcomes.
Time Resistance results Caveats against certain drugs Evidence-based guidance
Schematic
Time to Antibiotics
Susceptibility Results
Blood culture: MRSA
PENICILLIN AMPICILLIN CLOXACILLIN CEPHALOTHIN GENTAMICIN COTRIMOXAZOLE CLINDAMYCIN VANCOMYCIN CIPROFLOXACIN FUSIDIC ACID RIFAMPICIN R R R R S S R S S S S
Comment: intrinsic and inducible ampC production cephalosporins and penicillins not recommended for treatment of severe infections
Comment: intrinsic and inducible ampC production cephalosporins and penicillins not recommended for treatment of severe infections
Message: This is not to be regarded as a contaminant. The optimal antibiotics according to current guidelines are IV Vancomycin or IV Daptomycin (in the absence of MRSA pneumonia). Please repeat blood cultures and exclude endocarditis by echocardiography.
Intermission
Treatment Spectrum
Physician Risk-Aversion Practices
Treatment Spectrum
Adverse Outcome
Mortality/Morbidity Higher cost/stay Antibiotic resistance Drug adverse effects Broader-Spectrum Antibiotics
Narrower-Spectrum Antibiotics
ASP: Objectives
Reduce inappropriate prescribing and use of antimicrobials. Reduce emergence of antimicrobial resistance.
Reduce preventable adverse drug events and length of stay for patients due to infections.
Improve cost-effective use of antimicrobials.
Safety.
Forms of Stewardship
Prospective audit and feedback. Antibiotic restriction.
Permission required for prescription
Automatic stop orders
Antibiotic cycling
Other elements:
Education of providers Guidelines Computerized clinical decision support
Patient is on ceftriaxone
Summary of data
ARUS-C helps you stop Ceftriaxone unless you want to keep by over-riding ARUS-C
Continued opposition from prescribers due to perceived challenge to autonomy. Lack of awareness and adherence to guidelines and clinical pathways.
Hierarchy of prescribing:
Senior doctors decide, junior doctors prescribe.
Thank You!
Email: hsuliyang@gmail.com
Antibiotic Resistance Surveillance: Cumulative Antibiogram & Software for Resistance Surveillance
Hsu Li Yang 27th September 2013
Advisory Board:
Conference sponsorships:
Pfizer Singapore Janssen-Cilag Merck, Sharpe & Dohme
Pandrug-resistant (PDR):
Resistant to all drugs in all antibiotic categories.
Magiorakos AP, et al. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012;18:268-81.
Acinetobacter baumannii
Carbapenems
Carbapenems
Correlation: Prescription/Resistance
Antibiogram
periodic summary of antimicrobial susceptibilities of local bacterial isolates Uses: 1. Assess local susceptibility rates 2. Guide to empiric therapy 3. Formulating guidelines & formulary 4. Monitoring resistance trends 5. Quality control tool
Antibiogram: limitations
Representative population Duplicate patients / isolates Isolates, not infection Aggregate data may not reflect local data
No clinical data
ANTIBIOTIC SURVEILLANCE
Period of surveillance: Site of isolation: Jan 2012 - Dec 2012 URINE CULTURE
Klebsiell
21.4% n 1900 1901 1896 1900 1896 1883 1900 1901 1901 1899 1900 1899 1901 %S 98 74 75 71 39 35 53 83 100 100 95 95 55 Antibiotic
2012 Organism 1 n 1901 663 477 227 185 136 127 (%) 43 15 11 5 4 3 3 2 2 2 2
ESBL positive Antibiotic name Amikacin Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid Aztreonam Ceftriaxone Cefuroxime axetil Cephalothin Ciprofloxacin Gentamicin Imipenem Meropenem Nitrofurantoin Piperacillin/Tazobactam Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole
ESBL positi
Amoxicillin
Piperacillin
Ceftriaxon
Cefuroxime
Aztreonam
Ertapenem Imipenem
8 Streptococcus, beta-haem. Group B 100 9 96 93 78 10 Klebsiella pneumoniae ssp. pneum 11 Citrobacter koseri (diversus)
Meropenem Amikacin
Gentamicin
Ciprofloxac
Trimethop
Nitrofurant
80%
70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% R I S
Quality control
Boehme MS et al. Systematic Review of Antibiograms: A National Laboratory System Approach for Improving Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Practices in Michigan. Public Health Rep. 2010; 125(Suppl 2): 6372.
Guidance documents
Hindler, J. F., & Stelling, J. (2007). Analysis and presentation of cumulative antibiograms: a new consensus guideline from the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 44(6), 867-873.
Guidance
1. definitions for classifying isolates as clinically relevant or as contaminants 2. definitions of duplicate isolates 3. procedures for eliminating contaminant and duplicate isolates from data sets 4. criteria for classifying isolates as susceptible or resistant on the basis of current published criteria 5. criteria to define and separate isolates recovered from inpatients from those recovered from outpatients 6. criteria for the minimal number of isolates necessary for statistical analysis.
Wilson ML. Assuring the Quality of Clinical Microbiology Test Results. Clin Infect Dis. 2008; 47: 1077-1082.
Tools
Tools
Tools
WHONET Software
WHONET Software
WHONET Software
WHONET Software
WHONET Software
Mermel LA, Jefferson J, Devolve J. Knowledge and Use of Cumulative Antimicrobial Susceptibility Data at a University Teaching Hospital. Clin Infect Dis. 2008; 46: 1789-1789.
Thank You!
Email: hsuliyang@gmail.com