August 7, 2013 Dear Chief Blair, We have had another look at updated contact card and arrest data

Through an FOI, we requested the updated data, which covers 2008 to end of 2012. As we did the last time, we have prepared a summary (attached) of our preliminary findings. We hope to meet with you to discuss the findings sometime soon. We have looked at both the CIPS data, as we did in 2002 and 2010 and 2012, and the contact card or street check data, as we did in 2010 and 2012. New this time: By officer: A look at contact cards by officer, unit, platoon and area. Due to data limitations, it was not previously possible to look at this over time. A standard deviation analysis of street checks by officer controlling for unit, platoon and patrol area shows there are more than 500 officers with proportionately higher ratios of contacts cards, by particular skin colours, when compared to peer benchmarks. Interestingly, there are officers with higher ratios in each of the four skin colour categories, and some with higher ratios in more than one skin colour category. Internal benchmarking is a tool used by other services in flagging potential problems. We would like to hear from you on why groups of officers card at significantly higher rates for people with a certain skin colour than their peers. Wed also like to know if the service looks at carding by skin colour for individual officers, and, if not, would the service have any interest in doing so. Where people live: An analysis of where people who are carded live, versus where they were carded. Police analysts, as per our request, added data fields that indicate home city, and where the home city is Toronto, also a home patrol zone. We have found that half of the people documented between 2008 and 2012 were stopped and questioned in their home patrol zone or in a zone that was close (within 5 kms) to their home patrol zone. Wed like to re-visit the question of whether you believe it may be possible that police in certain areas have documented every young person of colour who lives there. No skin colour noted: Were noticing that the number of street checks where no skin colour is noted is rising. Wed like to hear your thoughts on why this is happening. Carding on the rise: Between 2008 and end of 2012, the number of street checks has increased 23 per cent. Given all of the critical attention the practice has received and with an internal review of police operations underway and changes coming, we would like to hear your thoughts on what will change with regards to carding, or street checks, now known as community inquiry reports. An officers take: A former Toronto police officer who recently left the service has provided us with his views on street checks and how and why they are conducted. To summarize, he sees them as both necessary in some circumstances,

and as a form of harassment in other circumstances. He describes a system that encourages high card counts and rewards officers with timely access to training opportunities, which lead to scheduled promotions. In short, he describes an unofficial quota system, which we know is official in some divisions, such as 53 Division. The officer, in part, describes the carding process like this: Its a situation where we judge without knowing and to basically find out, we have to go and stop them. But we dont have a reason. So, hopefully, once we run them, well see that there have been contacts with police before. And that becomes our justification. But the truth of the matter is that were pre-judging them, because we really dont know. The officer describes day shifts where officers are expected to keep contact card counts high, and as a result, well actually go out in the parks and whatever and well look for guys who fit a certain description, who may not be wearing fancy clothes, and well harass them, like literally. And we call it shakedown. We would like to hear your thoughts on this. Multiple credits: Our analysis has found that solo officers are receiving multiple credits on single street checks. We would like to know if this is a data glitch or if there are other reasons we are seeing this.

Once again, we have done an analysis that looks at the number of young males aged 15 to 24 who have been documented by patrol zone between 2008 and end of 2012 and the populations of young males, aged 15 to 24, who live in those patrol zones. Ratios of black and brown over-representation remain consistent with our last analysis. As with our last analysis, it is the case that in every patrol zone in the city, the number of young black males documented over a period of several years (this is complicated in several instances by changes in patrol zone boundaries) outnumbers the population of young black males living there. While we again note that this does not mean that every young man of colour living in certain areas has been documented by police, the new home patrol zone data suggests 53 per cent of the people stopped and documented in Toronto live in or near (within 5 kms) of the patrol zone where they were stopped. The overall ratios of over-representation in carding data for blacks, regardless of age, remains the same. The proportion of cards of black people is three times greater than what black people represent in Torontos population. If one looks at the latest New York City stop and frisk data and uses the same baseline population analysis, the overrepresentation of blacks in contact card data in Toronto is actually higher than it is for blacks and stop and frisks in NYC. Blacks remain more likely to be stopped than whites in each of the citys patrol zones. Caveat: Please note that Statistics Canada data was used to calculate populations by patrol zone. We have used the same methodology as we did in 2002, 2010 and 2012 to classify population skin colour as either white, black, brown or other in order to compare with the skin colour classifications in the police data. Because of boundary changes, effective September 2011, we have adjusted the analysis, where appropriate, to reflect the changes.

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Looking at the CIPS data, with some variation, it appears there has been little change in the way people identified as black are treated. For example, blacks are much more likely to be ticketed for out-of-sight driving offences than whites. Also in CIPS, we see that blacks are still more likely to be held for bail than whites when facing a simple drug possession charge. However, due to a change in the way the data was released to the Star, we are no longer able to make meaningful comparisons in the current drug possession analysis to past Star analyses. Also unchanged in CIPS, we see that, when compared to their baseline population, blacks are charged for certain criminal offences, including those for serious violent allegations, at a rate higher than their baseline population in census data. We would like to hear your thoughts on these and other issues in the data analysis that follows. We are well aware that the service is conducting an internal review of operations and that you or may not currently be in a position to discuss what is being looked at when it comes to carding, but we would of course like to hear about any plans. We are available to meet whenever it is convenient for you and, as always, look forward to doing so. Sincerely, Andrew Bailey, Data Analyst Hidy Ng, Mapping Specialist Jim Rankin, Reporter Patty Winsa, Reporter Toronto Star Main contact: Jim Rankin jrankin@thestar.ca 416-869-4431

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Preliminary Toronto Star Analysis of CIPS/FIR - 2013 Quick Background The Star tailored its request in order to avoid personal information, and, in an effort to ensure that charge information could not be used to identify an individual in CIPS, offences have been re-coded by the Star into a couple dozen non-descript offence categories. The TPS, as the Star requested, has released the data in a form that, although not perfect, allows for an analysis of people who are arrested and/or documented multiple times. In other words, if Jim Rankin has been arrested five times and also stopped and documented 15 times, we know that this is the same Jim Rankin, identified not by name but by a unique, random number created by police. The updated data covers a period from 2008 to end of 2012. Skin colour is identified by police as being either White, Black, Brown, or Other. We have used updated projected Census data to compare rates we are seeing in the police data to baseline populations in Toronto proper.
Skin colour Black White Brown (S. Asian, W. Asian, Arab) Other Total % 8.1% 54.1% 14.3% 23.6% 100.0%

Where skin colour was part of the Star analysis, police entries that did not have skin colour specified were excluded. Weve divided the findings into two parts. One deals with the Field Information Report (FIR) database analysis; the second, with the Criminal Information Processing System (CIPS) database.

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1. Field Information Report (FIR) Analysis

On the rise
After peaking in 2007 and dropping in 2008, the number of contact cards has steadily risen through to the end of 2012. Cards with no skin colour entered increased by 16 per cent from 2011 to 2012, while black cards decreased by 3 per cent. Overall, the number of cards filled out annually has risen 23 per cent from 2008 to 2012. Since 2005, the year Bill Blair became chief and Toronto experienced the so-called year of the gun, the number of cards has risen by 62 per cent. The number of 2012 cards 397,713 is just shy of 2007 levels, the top year for card counts in the past decade. SKINCOLOUR Blank Black Brown Other White Total 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 154,735 25,864 20,529 30,396 36,161 41,785 418,507 72,831 84,160 87,659 88,301 85,556 278,920 51,003 53,767 55,077 59,749 59,324 112,096 17,392 19,705 22,293 24,975 27,731 861,534 156,393 166,820 177,875 177,129 183,317 1,825,792 323,483 344,981 373,300 386,315 397,713

PREVIOUS YEARS 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Count of Contacts 238,798 250,994 245,609 342,813 405,747

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The number of individual people carded each year also continues to rise.
YEAR 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Count of Unique Individuals 237105 245963 270075 288242 302719

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Blacks more likely than whites to be documented

Not much has changed since our last analysis of cards. Using updated census population figures as a baseline, blacks in Toronto remain three times more likely than whites to be carded. Looking at patrol zones, it remains the case that blacks are more likely than whites to be documented in each of the citys patrol zones. We have looked at this for the period before boundaries were changed, and afterward. Using this formula for each zone: (black cards/total cards) / (black population/total population) (white cards/total cards) / (white population/total population) Below are some of the highest likelihood differences. . Likelihood Black to White Citywide 3

Highest Zones (Pre) Zone Likelihood 523 9 111 8 325 7 133 7 223 7 222 6 234 6 143 6 Highest Zones (Post) Zone Likelihood 523 10 113 8 223 6 143 6 111 6 325 6 221 6 234 6

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Young men: Documented vs. population within patrol zones

We looked in the past at individuals documented vs. actual populations in the patrol zones, from 2008 to mid-2011. This was complicated this time by the fact the boundaries changed in late 2011. Last time, we looked specifically at young males, aged 15 to 24, by the four skin colour categories, within each of the patrol zones. The data allowed us to control for individuals who were carded multiple times. For that analysis, we looked at individuals who were carded at least once during this three and a half year period in individual patrol zones. We also pulled census data and calculated the populations of young men within each patrol zone, according to the four skin colour categories. Using this formula for each patrol zone: Unique individuals carded by skin colour Patrol zone population by skin colour We produced ratios for each patrol zone for each group of young males, by skin colour. For white young males, the ratios ranged from 23:1 in zone 523 to 0.3:1 in zone 325, but most zones had a ratio of between 1:1 and 2:1. For black males, it ranged from 252:1 in zone 523 to 1.9:1 in zone 424, with most zones in the range of 4:1 to 8:1. For brown young men, the ratios range from a high of 65:1 in zone 523, to a low of 1.2:1 in zone 233. Most zones had a ratio of 2:1 to 8:1. For young men in the other skin colour group, the ratios range from 7.5:1 in zone 523 to 0.2:1 in zone 331. Most zones have a ratio of less than one to one.

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The same analysis for the entire city controlling for individuals who have been carded multiple times, and in multiple patrol zones. Again, this is for the period from 2008 to mid-2011.
Black Cards per young black male carded 2.4 Brown Cards per young brown male carded 2.0 White Cards per young white male carded 1.7 Other Cards per young other male carded 1.3

Young Black cards 20082011 111,383 Young Brown cards 20082011 77,289 Young White cards 20082011 134,558 Young Other cards 20082011 17,396

Young Black Men carded 46,320

Black Males 15-24 in Toronto 13,625

Black Card Ratio 3.40

Young Brown Men carded 39,073

Brown Males 15-24 in Toronto 21,325

Brown Card Ratio 1.83

Young White Men carded 80,099

White Males 15-24 in Toronto 81,142

White Card Ratio 0.99

Young Other Men carded 13,373

Other Males 15-24 40,608

Other Card Ratio 0.33

These numbers, of course, have not changed, but we felt it was not possible to make a meaningful calculation looking at the new data from the post re-drawing of boundaries. As suggested earlier, this analysis raises the question of whether it is possible that, in certain areas of the city, every young black man and brown in some zones may have been stopped and documented by police during this time frame. But it does not, of course, answer it.

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Carding location vs. home location

In an attempt to better explore the extent to which young men in particular have been documented in their home neighbourhoods, we asked police to provide home patrol zone or home city data for individuals. As the patrol zones cover areas ranging from 0.62 to 32.9 square kilometres (zones 513 and 424, respectively), there is no way to determine where within the patrol zones incidences occur, or where in a patrol zone those carded live. Therefore, based on the principle that distance is the shortest separation between two points, we calculated the closest point of every patrol zone to all the other patrol zones. Thus, adjacent patrol zones are given a distance of 0 km between them. This was also done based on the supposition that most people are documented near where they live. To accommodate the boundary changes that occurred on September 26th, 2011, we divided the data into two sets. The first set reflects the old boundaries, with contact cards given from January 1, 2008 to September 25th, 2011. The second set reflects the new boundaries, and contains those records from September 26th, 2011 to December 30th, 2012. We did not use those records where incidences occurred before January 1, 2008, leaving us with 1,824,311 records in total, between the two sets of data. Of those 1,824,311 unique carding records, 61% (1,114,612 records) contained both the zone which the card was given, as well as the home patrol zone of the person carded. Using that 61% as the universe, we determined that 461,673 incidences occurred where they were given to those in their home patrol zone (41%) and the remainder of the incidences (652,939, or 59% of the universe) occurred outside of the carded persons home patrol zone. To put it another way, 25 per cent of people carded (461,673 of 1,824,311) were carded in their home patrol zone. A further 17 per cent of people carded (303,156 of 1,824,311) lived in an area adjacent to the patrol zone where they were carded. Another 11 per cent were carded (193,684 of 1,824,311) in a patrol zone that is not adjacent but is close to their home patrol zone. Looking at this group as a whole, the data shows that half (53 per cent) of the people documented live in or within 5 kms to the patrol zone where they were carded. Below are tables showing more detailed findings of the old set of boundaries, and the new set of boundaries. Its important to note that these tables look only at those who had a home patrol zone other than the patrol zone where they were stopped. They do not include those who were stopped in their home patrol zone. January 1, 2008 - September 25, 2011 In this set of data, we can see in the data that 58.6% of the contact cards were for individuals outside of their home patrol zone. Of those cards outside of an individuals patrol zone, 46% were filled out in a patrol zone adjacent to the individuals home patrol

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zone. Here is a detailed breakdown of the proximity of home patrol zone to the zone where the card was filled out.

September 26, 2011 December 30, 2012 The change in boundaries did not appear to have any effect on the proportion of cards filled out in an individuals home patrol zone. We can see in the data that 58.5% of the contact cards were for individuals outside of their home patrol zone. This table shows a breakdown of the proximity of home patrol zone to the zone where the card was filled out.

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Carding by individual officers

The Star used standard deviation as a way of comparing how individual officers card. Standard deviation is a measure of how spread out numbers are. Its a measure of the dispersion of a set of data from its mean, or more simply, the average distance from the average. The more spread apart the data, the higher the deviation. The analysis takes into account volume of cards, location, unit, platoon and skin colour of the people they documented. The analysis compares individual officers to benchmarks set by their peer groups. Colour rates for officers were established measuring officers in the same unit, zone and platoon against each other. For example, when looking at an individual officer who is attached to TAVIS, we were able to calculate a benchmark set by fellow TAVIS officers who worked in the same patrol zones as that officer, and see how similar or dissimilar the officers carding rates by skin colour were from his fellow TAVIS officers. The analysis considers two standard deviations or more above a peer benchmark as high. Only officers who carded 50 or more individuals in a given patrol zone between 2008 and 2012 were counted in this analysis. Only cards where the reason for contact was general investigation were included in this part of the Star analysis. The rationale behind that is that this category seems to be the most subjective of all of the reasons for contact. In all, 534 officers fell into the high categories for one or more skin colour group. There were 135 Toronto police officers who performed street checks of blacks in certain patrol zones of the city at a standard deviation of two or more higher than their peers. For street checks of people with brown skin, there were 169 officers who were that high. For street checks of people whose skin colour was classified as other, 190 officers were high. For people with white skin, there were 111 officers who had standard deviations of two or more higher than their peers. There were 68 officers who had high rates for more than one skin colour category. For a better comparison, the Star created a score for officers. This score was created by grouping all cards together by Unit, Zone and Platoon. We then counted cards by skin colour and an average rate was determined for each skin colour. We then grouped together all cards by Officer, Unit, Zone and Platoon. Cards were again counted by skin colour and rates were established for these individual officers inside a specific Unit, Zone and Platoon group. Officers had to have at least 50 total cards in a given Unit, Zone & Platoon to be included. These officer rates were then used to create a score using the following formula:
((Officer UnitZonePlatoon Colour Rate)-(Avg. UnitZonePlatoon Colour Rate)/(Standard Deviation of UnitZonePlatoon Colour Rates)) x OfficerUnitZonePlatoon Color Count

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These officers had extremely high black rate scores compared to their colleagues (POC is the internal code for TAVIS): Officer Score OverallCountRank 11th most cards 31476450 2868 POC 81499756 2729 3rd highest - POC 2nd highest count 85705519 1836 - POC 27th highest 25213936 938 POC & D13 80370385 903 26th POC & D23 31704668 879 133rd D13 10202293 811 179th D13 19355114 688 49th - POC 57048799 679 414th D12 55507283 642 237th D51 Other officers had high white rates: Officer Score OverallCountRank 42319166 1031 202nd D32 63565756 992 178th D13 67420624 877 324th D14 Others had high brown rates: Officer Score OverallCountRank 120th D42 & 2265155 468 POC 23572995 392 60th - POC 93474359 377 17th - POC 84764211 366 8th - POC High Other rates: Officer Score 24521939 501 67227084 492 78398135 374

OverallCountRank 148th D52 175th D52 7th - POC

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Officer patterns for the most part remain the same when looking at young male cards (ages 15-24). It should be noted that the data shows that officers who are not classified as POC or TAVIS are sometimes performing TAVIS duties outside of their home divisions. This does not significantly impact the scores. Partners were then assessed in the same manner individual officers were. These officers were in at least 5 partnerships with high black rates: Officer Partnerships 81499756 8 20306216 7 80370385 6 78398135 5 80581353 5 We are interested to hear your thoughts on why these officers have rates different than their peers. Looking at the average ages of people carded where the nature of contact was general investigation, black and brown skinned were younger.
SEX Female Male Black 29.5 27.4 Brown 30.1 26.9 Other 33.1 30.8 White 33.9 33.2 Total 32.6 30.2

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Carding by unit
Looking at all cards from 2008 to end of 2012, TAVIS (POC) officers have the highest card credits per officer of any other unit. Multiple officers can receive credits on a single card.
UNIT POC D54 D53 D14 D42 D11 D51 D43 D23 D55 D12 D22 D32 D41 D31 D13 D52 D33 TSV OSC MTD MAR ETF Officers CardCredits Black 402 452,362 180,748 323 234,782 42,102 294 173,493 12,540 505 277,352 44,031 404 221,631 51,175 324 174,000 35,018 445 224,382 59,401 421 208,756 54,851 413 196,365 76,938 383 178,954 23,683 407 186,520 69,021 374 163,650 23,941 380 163,447 28,094 426 179,459 37,391 569 238,638 94,833 308 128,765 33,640 417 169,694 19,137 323 125,788 22,501 423 98,431 16,337 192 28,971 5,249 95 8,810 1,120 116 4,198 235 117 3,066 648 Brown 78,800 38,435 22,711 24,279 90,145 11,632 19,038 55,530 47,233 17,354 18,159 13,683 15,139 37,051 37,101 9,718 18,093 21,016 13,328 3,073 1,204 441 342 Other 22,770 11,580 10,550 26,114 25,162 9,040 13,540 7,437 5,853 11,277 6,829 5,312 13,161 8,454 10,006 5,863 19,363 15,643 6,004 1,542 490 136 152 White 152,137 126,375 98,730 163,622 42,424 110,633 119,750 71,333 55,588 108,402 82,256 105,648 92,262 78,042 74,151 71,181 97,096 55,936 54,899 17,704 5,438 2,791 1,526 Card Blank Credits/Officer 17,907 1125.3 16,290 726.9 28,962 590.1 19,306 549.2 12,725 548.6 7,677 537.0 12,653 504.2 19,605 495.9 10,753 475.5 18,238 467.2 10,255 458.3 15,066 437.6 14,791 430.1 18,521 421.3 22,547 419.4 8,363 418.1 16,005 406.9 10,692 389.4 7,863 232.7 1,403 150.9 558 92.7 595 36.2 398 26.2

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General Investigation card credits Looking solely at general investigation cards from 2008 to end of 2012, TAVIS officers have the highest card credits per officer of any other unit.
UNIT POC D14 D54 D11 D12 D13 D55 D42 D51 D52 D43 D32 D41 D23 D22 D31 D53 OSC D33 TSV MTD MAR Officers CardCredits Black 398 373,495 148,948 459 107,886 19,700 300 69,444 12,001 301 66,489 16,066 361 78,207 30,663 277 53,256 14,719 358 65,815 9,224 359 65,981 15,375 416 76,186 23,719 381 60,833 6,768 396 60,988 17,261 342 49,538 9,018 384 55,153 11,946 374 51,829 22,460 353 47,442 7,613 529 64,838 28,395 267 30,727 2,632 159 15,486 2,796 286 27,499 6,423 314 19,106 3,438 84 2,193 358 90 1,512 69 Brown 63,732 9,646 11,203 3,921 6,880 3,892 5,740 29,265 5,659 5,431 15,901 5,043 10,737 12,152 3,855 10,132 5,361 1,721 4,736 2,084 350 151 Other White 18,634 126,409 10,120 63,746 2,962 39,112 2,921 41,868 2,446 33,981 2,475 28,644 3,745 43,113 5,201 11,901 4,257 40,726 7,832 36,554 1,688 20,907 3,466 27,989 2,026 25,585 1,135 13,463 1,180 31,963 2,501 20,422 1,523 18,046 778 9,206 2,479 12,239 1,307 11,514 83 1,244 52 797 Card Blank Credits/Officer 15,772 938.4 4,674 235.0 4,166 231.5 1,713 220.9 4,237 216.6 3,526 192.3 3,993 183.8 4,239 183.8 1,825 183.1 4,248 159.7 5,231 154.0 4,022 144.8 4,859 143.6 2,619 138.6 2,831 134.4 3,388 122.6 3,165 115.1 985 97.4 1,622 96.2 763 60.8 158 26.1 443 16.8

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Youth General Investigation card credits (ages 15-24) TAVIS officers are also most likely to be carding youth for general investigation.
UNIT POC D54 D42 D12 D23 D13 D43 D32 D14 D55 D11 D22 D41 D31 D52 D33 OSC D53 D51 TSV MTD Officers CardCredits 396 195,517 277 31,053 325 34,220 326 29,584 337 28,690 246 20,841 374 31,258 311 25,934 419 32,305 317 23,075 277 18,837 312 21,015 352 22,373 492 31,017 338 20,257 250 14,539 125 6,894 248 11,323 379 16,522 244 6,164 73 1,026 Black 80,164 6,322 8,792 13,718 13,878 6,863 10,022 5,363 6,530 4,392 5,504 4,185 5,849 14,980 2,912 3,803 1,480 1,122 6,067 1,387 184 Brown 38,445 6,782 17,243 2,980 6,642 1,639 9,682 2,821 3,768 3,097 1,375 1,987 5,485 4,899 2,662 2,856 871 3,150 1,844 907 214 Other 9,526 1,263 1,733 893 633 814 722 1,751 3,602 1,296 1,094 521 769 1,154 2,166 1,223 336 480 1,011 367 38 White 58,896 15,053 4,655 10,475 6,321 10,228 8,159 14,031 16,964 12,901 10,398 13,241 8,143 8,405 11,092 5,898 3,658 5,674 7,233 3,272 512 Card Blank Credits/Officer 8,486 493.7 1,633 112.1 1,797 105.3 1,518 90.7 1,216 85.1 1,297 84.7 2,673 83.6 1,968 83.4 1,441 77.1 1,389 72.8 466 68.0 1,081 67.4 2,127 63.6 1,579 63.0 1,425 59.9 759 58.2 549 55.2 897 45.7 367 43.6 231 25.3 78 14.1

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TAVIS officers received credits for one out of every three youth cards where the nature of contact was general investigation (GI).
Per cent of GI Credits for Youth GI Youth Cards Cards 195517 31% 34220 5% 32305 5% 31258 5% 31053 5% 31017 5% 29584 5% 28690 5% 25934 4% 23075 4% 22373 4% 21015 3% 20841 3% 20257 3% 18837 3% 16522 3% 14539 2% 11323 2% 6894 1% 6164 1%

UNIT POC D42 D14 D43 D54 D31 D12 D23 D32 D55 D41 D22 D13 D52 D11 D51 D33 D53 OSC TSV

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All cards by skin colour Looking at all cards, TAVIS has the highest black card credit rate per officer. The division with the highest incidence of cards for which there was no skin colour specified is 53 Division, followed by the marine unit.
UNIT POC D31 D23 D12 D51 D43 D13 D42 D41 D11 OSC D54 D33 D32 TSV D14 D22 D55 MTD D52 D53 MAR %Black %Brown %Other %White %Blank 40.0% 17.4% 5.0% 33.6% 4.0% 39.7% 15.5% 4.2% 31.1% 9.4% 39.2% 24.1% 3.0% 28.3% 5.5% 37.0% 9.7% 3.7% 44.1% 5.5% 26.5% 8.5% 6.0% 53.4% 5.6% 26.3% 26.6% 3.6% 34.2% 9.4% 26.1% 7.5% 4.6% 55.3% 6.5% 23.1% 40.7% 11.4% 19.1% 5.7% 20.8% 20.6% 4.7% 43.5% 10.3% 20.1% 6.7% 5.2% 63.6% 4.4% 18.1% 10.6% 5.3% 61.1% 4.8% 17.9% 16.4% 4.9% 53.8% 6.9% 17.9% 16.7% 12.4% 44.5% 8.5% 17.2% 9.3% 8.1% 56.4% 9.0% 16.6% 13.5% 6.1% 55.8% 8.0% 15.9% 8.8% 9.4% 59.0% 7.0% 14.6% 8.4% 3.2% 64.6% 9.2% 13.2% 9.7% 6.3% 60.6% 10.2% 12.7% 13.7% 5.6% 61.7% 6.3% 11.3% 10.7% 11.4% 57.2% 9.4% 7.2% 13.1% 6.1% 56.9% 16.7% 5.6% 10.5% 3.2% 66.5% 14.2%

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General Investigation cards, by skin colour TAVIS also has the 3rd highest rate of general investigation cards for people with black skin. Divisions 31 and 23 had the highest black card credits per officer for general investigation. The division with the highest incidence of general investigation for which there was no skin colour specified is the marine unit, followed by 53 Division.
UNIT D31 D23 POC D12 D51 D43 D13 D11 D33 D42 D41 D14 D32 OSC TSV D54 MTD D22 D55 D52 D53 MAR %Black %Brown %Other %White %Blank 43.8% 15.6% 3.9% 31.5% 5.2% 43.3% 23.4% 2.2% 26.0% 5.1% 39.9% 17.1% 5.0% 33.8% 4.2% 39.2% 8.8% 3.1% 43.5% 5.4% 31.1% 7.4% 5.6% 53.5% 2.4% 28.3% 26.1% 2.8% 34.3% 8.6% 27.6% 7.3% 4.6% 53.8% 6.6% 24.2% 5.9% 4.4% 63.0% 2.6% 23.4% 17.2% 9.0% 44.5% 5.9% 23.3% 44.4% 7.9% 18.0% 6.4% 21.7% 19.5% 3.7% 46.4% 8.8% 18.3% 8.9% 9.4% 59.1% 4.3% 18.2% 10.2% 7.0% 56.5% 8.1% 18.1% 11.1% 5.0% 59.4% 6.4% 18.0% 10.9% 6.8% 60.3% 4.0% 17.3% 16.1% 4.3% 56.3% 6.0% 16.3% 16.0% 3.8% 56.7% 7.2% 16.0% 8.1% 2.5% 67.4% 6.0% 14.0% 8.7% 5.7% 65.5% 6.1% 11.1% 8.9% 12.9% 60.1% 7.0% 8.6% 17.4% 5.0% 58.7% 10.3% 4.6% 10.0% 3.4% 52.7% 29.3%

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Multiple credits?
There are 6230 incidents where officers have multiple IDXs ie the officer shows up multiple times for the same ContactID and the ContactID is for a singular card. These 6230 instances involve roughly 1100 officers. For 585 of these, this only occurred once. However, for the officers in this table, this has happened on 50 or more cards.
Rec 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Row Labels 613259 74199011 3036992 11153394 70169372 17880164 79632409 92513285 39662554 95313144 34227827 434006 78621233 27681490 24812747 16635095 7177190 61787046 90742211 72290001 Count 469 256 159 126 112 92 89 71 70 67 65 60 59 59 58 57 57 56 53 53

Is this a programming glitch? Or, are officers somehow getting multiple credits for single contact cards? If so, how does that happen?

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More on who is documented

Overall, when compared to baseline racial populations in the city, a disproportionately high number of cards were filled out for people who are Black and Brown. Cards filled out for Other were disproportionately low, while cards for Whites were proportionate to the general population. We have drilled down on race demographics within patrol zones to test whether black and brown people remain more likely to be documented in areas where more black and brown people live, and same with other categories. Indeed, the card rates are higher in patrol zones with higher proportions of people in our skin colour categories, but the disproportionate levels of stops, relative to the baseline population within these zones, remains, particularly so for black people. Overall, here is how this looks in the 2008 to 2012 FIR dataset:
%Black %Brown %Other %White 25.0% 16.7% 6.7% 51.6% 8.1% 14.3% 23.6 54.1%

In Contacts Database In General Population

The black card percentage dropped from 25.2 in 2011 to 24 in 2012.

SKINCOLOUR Black Brown Other White Totals 2011 88301 59749 24975 177129 350154 2012 85556 59324 27731 183317 355928 2012% 24.0% 16.7% 7.8% 51.5% 100.0% 2011% 25.2% 17.1% 7.1% 50.6% 100.0%

This is how it looked from 2003 to 2007 in Master Names Index (MANIX):
MANIX Overall - 2003 - 2007 SKIN_COLOUR CountOfCards Per cent Total BL 330446 BR 245361 OT 80978 WH 827176 1483961

22.3% 16.5% 5.5% 55.7% 100.0%

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Highest carding areas for 2012

ZONE 423 541 542 523 232 411 543 552 514 434 Neighbourhood Agincourt - Malvern - Milliken Flemingdon Park East York - The Danforth Entertainment District Rexdale Wexford-Maryvale-Dorset Park Crescent Town - Oakridge East York-Riverdale- Leslieville Cabbagetown South Kingston-Galloway 2008 2009 9531 6274 8254 9911 6848 2010 2011 2012 PcntDiff 11- Total 12 Cards 24.8% -4.2% 4.0% -7.3% -17.4% 10.0% -18.1% 22.7% -0.6% 5.6% 47691 43846 42193 49284 41731 32154 37650 32533 41253 31298

9479 7404 9463 11814 7617 7983 11219 10753 7628 8036 8958 9317 9597 10429 10039 9308 8220 8400 10002 8261 6203 7651 7116 9378 6215 7468 6826 7831 7676 7625 7426 7211

5939 5065 6780 6165

6752 5702 6239 7380 8690 10289 5897 4472 6892

Arrests vs contacts
About one out of every 10 people documented on contact cards between 2008 and 2012 was also arrested and charged by Toronto police during that same time period.
2008-2012 Individuals carded 1118766 Individuals carded & arrested Per cent 127289 11%

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2. Criminal Information Processing System (CIPS) Analysis

Violent charges
Blacks are charged with a disproportionate number of violent crimes. While 8.1 per cent of Torontos population is black, 30 per cent of violent crime charges (coded by us as either Violent Major, Violent Minor, Sex Serious, or Firearm Violent) laid between 2008 and 2012 were laid against blacks.
SKIN_COLOUR Black Brown Other White TOTAL 2008 Pcnt 8628 31% 4908 18% 1665 6% 12791 46% 27992 100% 2009 8348 4881 1784 12859 27872 2010 8168 4657 1685 12119 26629 2011 7709 4573 1933 11696 25911 2012 Pcnt Total Pcnt 7219 31% 40072 30% 3924 17% 22943 17% 1690 7% 8757 7% 10179 44% 59644 45% 23012 100% 131416 100%

Patrol zone with most violent crime charges

Looking at the last two years of the CIPS data, Patrol Zone 434 saw the most charges laid for serious violent offences, which includes charges we re-coded as Violent Major, Violent Minor, Sex Serious, or Firearm Violent.
Grand 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Total 2009/2010 2011/2012 562 482 513 539 465 2561 995 1004 417 478 400 530 411 2236 878 941 591 603 564 519 414 2691 1167 933 468 554 469 446 481 2418 1023 927 472 441 500 465 445 2323 941 910 628 622 547 436 425 2658 1169 861 444 580 450 429 391 2294 1030 820

Zone 434 541 232 423 543 312 411

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One count of drug possession

Blacks charged with one count of simple drug possession of marijuana were released on Form 9s less often than whites facing the same single charge, and held for show cause more often than whites. This has not changed but the gap has narrowed. In 2002, the previous five years of arrest data indicated that blacks were released at the scene 61.8 % of the time; whites 76.5%. Blacks were held for bail 15.5%; whites 7.3. In other words, whites were 1.24 times more likely to be released at scene, and blacks 2.1 times more likely to be held for bail. In 2010, an analysis of 2003 to 2008 data shows that blacks were released at scene (Form 9) 58.3 % of the time; whites 64.5 %. As for bail, blacks held 14.3% of the time; whites 10.2. In other words, whites were 1.1 times more likely to be released at the scene, and blacks 1.5 times more likely to be held for bail. Conversely, it can be said that blacks are about 1.5 times more likely to be taken to the station, and then either released on some other form (some (11.1) with baillike conditions) or held for a bail hearing. Brown and Other, while a small pool, were both treated more like whites, which is consistent with our 2002 findings. In 2012, an analysis of 2008 to mid-2011 data shows, overall, fewer people were being released on Form 9s at the scene and fewer people were held for a show cause, meaning more were processed at the station and released. Blacks were released on Form 9s 47.5 per cent of the time. For whites, it was 56.3 per cent. Looking at bail, blacks were held 9.2 per cent of the time; whites 7.7 per cent. Brown and Other, while a small pool, were both closer to the rates for whites, which is consistent with our 2002 findings. In our current analysis, a change in coding has made it difficult to do any meaningful comparisons. We are no longer able to differentiate between a charge of possession for marijuana and other drugs.

One count of Out-of-Sight Driving Offences

A disproportionate number of blacks have been ticketed for violations that routinely surface only after a traffic stop has been made. Offences that fall into this out-of-sight category of charges include driving while under suspension, failing to carry a licence, failing to change address on licence, and driving without insurance. The numbers today are nearly identical to what they were in 2002. In 2002, the previous five years of data showed black motorists accounted for 33.6% of these offences, while blacks, overall, made up 8.1% of Toronto population. Whites accounted for 52.1% of these offences, while making up 62.7% of population(1996 Census).

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In 2013, our look at the 2008 to 2012 data again shows little change.
Percentages 2008 31.70% 15.80% 5.30% 47.20% 2009 34.40% 15.40% 5.90% 44.30% 2010 30.90% 14.00% 5.90% 49.20% 2011 31.90% 15.80% 5.70% 46.50% 2012 Total 32.10% 13.80% 5.40% 48.70% 32.10% 14.90% 5.70% 47.30%

Skin Colour Black Brown Other White Grand Total

100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

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